{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:23:42Z","timestamp":1784679822619,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Restoration of axillary nerve function is one of the main priorities of brachial plexus surgery. Neurotization, the transfer of a functional but less important donor nerve to a nonfunctional, more important recipient nerve, has become a leading treatment option. A variety of donor nerves, from different segmental levels of the spinal cord, have been used to reinnervate the axillary nerve. This study aimed to describe the clinical results of commonly used donor nerves.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A group of 206 patients with a minimum follow-up period of 24 months was analyzed. Axillary nerve injuries were part of C5\u20136 injuries in 68 patients, C5\u20137 injuries in 61 patients, and complete injuries in 55 patients. Twenty-two patients had an isolated axillary nerve injury. The median age was 31 years, and the median time between trauma and surgery was 6 months. The following were used as donor nerves: the thoracodorsal nerve in 69 patients, triceps branch of the radial nerve in 25 patients, lower subscapular nerve in 19 patients, long thoracic nerve in 38 patients, intercostal nerves in 27 patients, and fascicle transfer from the ulnar or median nerve in 23 patients. Successful deltoid recovery was defined as a Medical Research Council grade above 3, electromyographic signs of reinnervation, and an increase in deltoid muscle mass.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The overall success rate was 60.19% but varied greatly between different types of brachial plexus injuries and available donors. Upper brachial plexus injuries had a success rate of 75.0%, C5\u20137 injuries had a rate of 65.5%, and complete injuries had a rate of 29.0%. Patients with isolated axillary nerve injuries had a success rate of 77.27%. Donor nerves with the highest success rate were the triceps branch of the radial nerve (80%), followed by the subscapular nerve (78.9%), fascicle transfer from the ulnar or median nerve (73.9%), and thoracodorsal nerve (71.1%). Lower success rates were associated with the long thoracic nerve (36%) and intercostal nerves (29.6%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors conclude that nerve transfers can be effective treatment options for axillary nerve injuries. Knowing the potential success rates of the less used donor nerves, i.e., from different segmental levels of the spinal cord, is of utmost importance, especially for extensive brachial plexus injuries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.11.spine24637","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T21:30:37Z","timestamp":1741383037000},"page":"659-666","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Nerve transfers for axillary nerve repair in brachial plexus injuries: results from 206 patients"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Pavel","family":"Haninec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Hradecky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Ouzky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filip","family":"Samal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Libor","family":"Mencl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"b1","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"345.e1","article-title":"The anterior approach for transfer of radial nerve triceps fascicles to the axillary nerve","volume":"44","author":"Bauer AS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bauer AS, Rabinovich RV, Waters PM. The anterior approach for transfer of radial nerve triceps fascicles to the axillary nerve. J Hand Surg Am. 2019;44(4):345.e1\u2013345.e6."},{"issue":"2","key":"b2","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"218","article-title":"Nerve transfer to deltoid muscle using the intercostal nerves through the posterior approach: an anatomic study and two case reports","volume":"32","author":"Malungpaishrope K","year":"2007","unstructured":"Malungpaishrope K, Leechavengvongs S, Uerpairojkit C, Witoonchart K, Jitprapaikulsarn S, Chongthammakun S. Nerve transfer to deltoid muscle using the intercostal nerves through the posterior approach: an anatomic study and two case reports. J Hand Surg Am. 2007;32(2):218\u2013224."},{"issue":"1","key":"b3","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1","article-title":"Motor nerve transfers: a comprehensive review","volume":"78","author":"Ray WZ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ray WZ, Chang J, Hawasli A, Wilson TJ, Yang L. Motor nerve transfers: a comprehensive review. Neurosurgery. 2016;78(1):1\u201326."},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Practical Management of Pediatric and Adult Brachial Plexus Palsies","article-title":"Reconstructive procedures for the upper extremity","author":"H\u00e9bert-Blouin MN","year":"2012","unstructured":"H\u00e9bert-Blouin MN, Spinner RJ, Bishop AT, Shin AY. Reconstructive procedures for the upper extremity. In: Chung KC, Yang LJS, McGillicuddy JE, eds.Practical Management of Pediatric and Adult Brachial Plexus Palsies. Elsevier;2012."},{"issue":"6","key":"b5","series-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res","first-page":"1095","article-title":"C5\/C6 brachial plexus palsy reconstruction using nerve surgery: long-term functional outcomes","volume":"106","author":"Pages L","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pages L, Le Hanneur M, Cambon-Binder A, Belkheyar Z. C5\/C6 brachial plexus palsy reconstruction using nerve surgery: long-term functional outcomes. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2020;106(6):1095\u20131100."},{"issue":"2","key":"b6","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"E131","article-title":"Double-nerve transfer to the axillary nerve in traumatic upper trunk brachial plexus injuries using an axillary approach: anatomical description and preliminary case series","volume":"19","author":"Lafosse T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lafosse T, Gerosa T, Serane J, Bouyer M, Masmejean EH, Le Hanneur M. Double-nerve transfer to the axillary nerve in traumatic upper trunk brachial plexus injuries using an axillary approach: anatomical description and preliminary case series. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2020;19(2):E131\u2013E139."},{"issue":"1","key":"b7","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"135","article-title":"Lower subscapular nerve transfer for axillary nerve repair in upper brachial plexus palsy","volume":"162","author":"Haninec P","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haninec P, Hradecky J, Mencl L. Lower subscapular nerve transfer for axillary nerve repair in upper brachial plexus palsy. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2020;162(1):135\u2013139."},{"issue":"12","key":"b8","series-title":"Injury","first-page":"2804","article-title":"Nerve transfers in the upper extremity: a review","volume":"51","author":"Moucharafieh RC","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moucharafieh RC, Badra MI, Boulos KA,  Nerve transfers in the upper extremity: a review. Injury. 2020;51(12):2804\u20132810."},{"issue":"9","key":"b9","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open","first-page":"e3096","article-title":"Radial to axillary nerve transfer outcomes in shoulder abduction: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Wells ME","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wells ME, Gonzalez GA, Childs BR, Williams MR, Nesti LJ, Dunn JC. Radial to axillary nerve transfer outcomes in shoulder abduction: a systematic review. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2020;8(9):e3096."},{"issue":"1","key":"b10","series-title":"J Musculoskelet Surg Res","first-page":"47","article-title":"The evolution of nerve transfer restoration of shoulder function","volume":"3","author":"Power D","year":"2019","unstructured":"Power D, Parthiban S, Nassimizadeh M, Jimulia D, Turner L, Jones R. The evolution of nerve transfer restoration of shoulder function. J Musculoskelet Surg Res. 2019;3(1):47\u201352."},{"issue":"3","key":"b11","series-title":"Hand Surg Rehabil","first-page":"151","article-title":"Upper limb nerve transfers: a review","volume":"36","author":"Forli A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Forli A, Bouyer M, Aribert M,  Upper limb nerve transfers: a review. Hand Surg Rehabil. 2017;36(3):151\u2013172."},{"issue":"1","key":"b12","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"131","article-title":"Reconstruction of C5 and C6 brachial plexus avulsion injury by multiple nerve transfers: spinal accessory to suprascapular, ulnar fascicles to biceps branch, and triceps long or lateral head branch to axillary nerve","volume":"29","author":"Bertelli JA","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bertelli JA, Ghizoni MF. Reconstruction of C5 and C6 brachial plexus avulsion injury by multiple nerve transfers: spinal accessory to suprascapular, ulnar fascicles to biceps branch, and triceps long or lateral head branch to axillary nerve. J Hand Surg Am. 2004;29(1):131\u2013139."},{"issue":"2","key":"b13","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","first-page":"212","article-title":"Isolated and combined lesions of the axillary nerve. A review of 146 cases","volume":"81","author":"Bonnard C","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bonnard C, Anastakis DJ, van Melle G, Narakas AO. Isolated and combined lesions of the axillary nerve. A review of 146 cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1999;81(2):212\u2013217."},{"issue":"3","key":"b14","series-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg","first-page":"208","article-title":"Surgical algorithm and results of isolated traumatic axillary nerve injuries","volume":"32","author":"Chen WA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen WA, Schippert DW, Daws SB, Koman LA, Li Z. Surgical algorithm and results of isolated traumatic axillary nerve injuries. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2016;32(3):208\u2013214."},{"issue":"7","key":"b15","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"1257","article-title":"Outcome after brachial plexus injury surgery and impact on quality of life","volume":"159","author":"Rasuli\u0107 L","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rasuli\u0107 L, Savi\u0107 A, \u017divkovi\u0107 B,  Outcome after brachial plexus injury surgery and impact on quality of life. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2017;159(7):1257\u20131264."},{"issue":"2","key":"b16","series-title":"Hand (N Y)","first-page":"71","article-title":"Posterior approach for double nerve transfer for restoration of shoulder function in upper brachial plexus palsy","volume":"1","author":"Colbert SH","year":"2006","unstructured":"Colbert SH, Mackinnon S. Posterior approach for double nerve transfer for restoration of shoulder function in upper brachial plexus palsy. Hand (N Y). 2006;1(2):71-77."},{"issue":"11","key":"b17","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"e405","article-title":"Axon counts yield multiple options for triceps fascicular nerve to axillary nerve transfer","volume":"41","author":"Khair MM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khair MM, Schreiber JJ, Rosenblatt L, Byun DJ, Lee SK, Wolfe SW. Axon counts yield multiple options for triceps fascicular nerve to axillary nerve transfer. J Hand Surg Am. 2016;41(11):e405\u2013e410."},{"issue":"8","key":"b18","series-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthetic Surg","first-page":"1072","article-title":"The anatomy of the subscapular nerves: a new nomenclature","volume":"65","author":"Saleh DB","year":"2012","unstructured":"Saleh DB, Callear J, McConnell P, Kay SPJ. The anatomy of the subscapular nerves: a new nomenclature. J Plast Reconstr Aesthetic Surg. 2012;65(8):1072\u20131075."},{"issue":"03","key":"b19","series-title":"Open J Mod Neurosurg","first-page":"269","article-title":"Muscles transfer around the shoulder in cases of brachial plexus birth palsy","volume":"09","author":"El Sobkey H","year":"2019","unstructured":"El Sobkey H. Muscles transfer around the shoulder in cases of brachial plexus birth palsy. Open J Mod Neurosurg. 2019;09(03):269\u2013280."},{"issue":"3","key":"b20","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"610","article-title":"Axillary nerve repair by fascicle transfer from the ulnar or median nerve in upper brachial plexus palsy","volume":"117","author":"Haninec P","year":"2012","unstructured":"Haninec P, Kaiser R. Axillary nerve repair by fascicle transfer from the ulnar or median nerve in upper brachial plexus palsy. J Neurosurg. 2012;117(3):610\u2013614."},{"issue":"1","key":"b21","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"233","article-title":"Axillary nerve reconstruction in 176 posttraumatic plexopathy patients","volume":"125","author":"Terzis JK","year":"2010","unstructured":"Terzis JK, Barmpitsioti A. Axillary nerve reconstruction in 176 posttraumatic plexopathy patients. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2010;125(1):233\u2013247."},{"issue":"2","key":"b22","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"303","article-title":"Results of nerve transfer techniques for restoration of shoulder and elbow function in the context of a meta-analysis of the English literature","volume":"26","author":"Merrell GA","year":"2001","unstructured":"Merrell GA, Barrie KA, Katz DL, Wolfe SW. Results of nerve transfer techniques for restoration of shoulder and elbow function in the context of a meta-analysis of the English literature. J Hand Surg Am. 2001;26(2):303\u2013314."},{"issue":"12","key":"b23","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"1995","article-title":"Complications of intercostal nerve transfer for brachial plexus reconstruction","volume":"35","author":"Kovachevich R","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kovachevich R, Kircher MF, Wood CM, Spinner RJ, Bishop AT, Shin AY. Complications of intercostal nerve transfer for brachial plexus reconstruction. J Hand Surg Am. 2010;35(12):1995\u20132000."},{"issue":"122","key":"b24","series-title":"Clin Anat","first-page":"118","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of the axillary nerve branches to the deltoid muscle","author":"Leechavengvongs S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Leechavengvongs S, Teerawutthichaikit T, Witoonchart K,  Surgical anatomy of the axillary nerve branches to the deltoid muscle. Clin Anat. 2015(122):118-122."},{"issue":"2","key":"b25","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"613","article-title":"Suprascapular nerve reconstruction in 118 cases of adult posttraumatic brachial plexus","volume":"117","author":"Terzis JK","year":"2006","unstructured":"Terzis JK, Kostas I. Suprascapular nerve reconstruction in 118 cases of adult posttraumatic brachial plexus. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;117(2):613\u2013629."},{"issue":"3","key":"b26","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"689","article-title":"End-to-side neurorrhaphy in brachial plexus reconstruction","volume":"119","author":"Haninec P","year":"2013","unstructured":"Haninec P, Mencl L, Kaiser R. End-to-side neurorrhaphy in brachial plexus reconstruction. J Neurosurg. 2013;119(3):689\u2013694."},{"issue":"7","key":"b27","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"1351","article-title":"Long-nerve grafts and nerve transfers demonstrate comparable outcomes for axillary nerve injuries","volume":"39","author":"Wolfe SW","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wolfe SW, Johnsen PH, Lee SK, Feinberg JH. Long-nerve grafts and nerve transfers demonstrate comparable outcomes for axillary nerve injuries. J Hand Surg Am. 2014;39(7):1351\u20131357."},{"issue":"4","key":"b28","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"628","article-title":"Nerve transfer to deltoid muscle using the nerve to the long head of the triceps, part I: an anatomic feasibility study","volume":"28","author":"Witoonchart K","year":"2003","unstructured":"Witoonchart K, Leechavengvongs S, Uerpairojkit C, Thuvasethakul P, Wongnopsuwan V. Nerve transfer to deltoid muscle using the nerve to the long head of the triceps, part I: an anatomic feasibility study. J Hand Surg Am. 2003;28(4):628\u2013632."},{"issue":"4","key":"b1","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"345.e1","article-title":"The anterior approach for transfer of radial nerve triceps fascicles to the axillary nerve","volume":"44","author":"Bauer AS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bauer AS, Rabinovich RV, Waters PM. The anterior approach for transfer of radial nerve triceps fascicles to the axillary nerve. J Hand Surg Am. 2019;44(4):345.e1\u2013345.e6."},{"issue":"2","key":"b2","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"218","article-title":"Nerve transfer to deltoid muscle using the intercostal nerves through the posterior approach: an anatomic study and two case reports","volume":"32","author":"Malungpaishrope K","year":"2007","unstructured":"Malungpaishrope K, Leechavengvongs S, Uerpairojkit C, Witoonchart K, Jitprapaikulsarn S, Chongthammakun S. Nerve transfer to deltoid muscle using the intercostal nerves through the posterior approach: an anatomic study and two case reports. J Hand Surg Am. 2007;32(2):218\u2013224."},{"issue":"1","key":"b3","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1","article-title":"Motor nerve transfers: a comprehensive review","volume":"78","author":"Ray WZ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ray WZ, Chang J, Hawasli A, Wilson TJ, Yang L. Motor nerve transfers: a comprehensive review. Neurosurgery. 2016;78(1):1\u201326."},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Practical Management of Pediatric and Adult Brachial Plexus Palsies","article-title":"Reconstructive procedures for the upper extremity","author":"H\u00e9bert-Blouin MN","year":"2012","unstructured":"H\u00e9bert-Blouin MN, Spinner RJ, Bishop AT, Shin AY. Reconstructive procedures for the upper extremity. In: Chung KC, Yang LJS, McGillicuddy JE, eds.Practical Management of Pediatric and Adult Brachial Plexus Palsies. Elsevier;2012."},{"issue":"6","key":"b5","series-title":"Orthop Traumatol Surg Res","first-page":"1095","article-title":"C5\/C6 brachial plexus palsy reconstruction using nerve surgery: long-term functional outcomes","volume":"106","author":"Pages L","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pages L, Le Hanneur M, Cambon-Binder A, Belkheyar Z. C5\/C6 brachial plexus palsy reconstruction using nerve surgery: long-term functional outcomes. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2020;106(6):1095\u20131100."},{"issue":"2","key":"b6","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"E131","article-title":"Double-nerve transfer to the axillary nerve in traumatic upper trunk brachial plexus injuries using an axillary approach: anatomical description and preliminary case series","volume":"19","author":"Lafosse T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lafosse T, Gerosa T, Serane J, Bouyer M, Masmejean EH, Le Hanneur M. Double-nerve transfer to the axillary nerve in traumatic upper trunk brachial plexus injuries using an axillary approach: anatomical description and preliminary case series. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2020;19(2):E131\u2013E139."},{"issue":"1","key":"b7","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"135","article-title":"Lower subscapular nerve transfer for axillary nerve repair in upper brachial plexus palsy","volume":"162","author":"Haninec P","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haninec P, Hradecky J, Mencl L. Lower subscapular nerve transfer for axillary nerve repair in upper brachial plexus palsy. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2020;162(1):135\u2013139."},{"issue":"12","key":"b8","series-title":"Injury","first-page":"2804","article-title":"Nerve transfers in the upper extremity: a review","volume":"51","author":"Moucharafieh RC","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moucharafieh RC, Badra MI, Boulos KA,  Nerve transfers in the upper extremity: a review. Injury. 2020;51(12):2804\u20132810."},{"issue":"9","key":"b9","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open","first-page":"e3096","article-title":"Radial to axillary nerve transfer outcomes in shoulder abduction: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Wells ME","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wells ME, Gonzalez GA, Childs BR, Williams MR, Nesti LJ, Dunn JC. Radial to axillary nerve transfer outcomes in shoulder abduction: a systematic review. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2020;8(9):e3096."},{"issue":"1","key":"b10","series-title":"J Musculoskelet Surg Res","first-page":"47","article-title":"The evolution of nerve transfer restoration of shoulder function","volume":"3","author":"Power D","year":"2019","unstructured":"Power D, Parthiban S, Nassimizadeh M, Jimulia D, Turner L, Jones R. The evolution of nerve transfer restoration of shoulder function. J Musculoskelet Surg Res. 2019;3(1):47\u201352."},{"issue":"3","key":"b11","series-title":"Hand Surg Rehabil","first-page":"151","article-title":"Upper limb nerve transfers: a review","volume":"36","author":"Forli A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Forli A, Bouyer M, Aribert M,  Upper limb nerve transfers: a review. Hand Surg Rehabil. 2017;36(3):151\u2013172."},{"issue":"1","key":"b12","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"131","article-title":"Reconstruction of C5 and C6 brachial plexus avulsion injury by multiple nerve transfers: spinal accessory to suprascapular, ulnar fascicles to biceps branch, and triceps long or lateral head branch to axillary nerve","volume":"29","author":"Bertelli JA","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bertelli JA, Ghizoni MF. Reconstruction of C5 and C6 brachial plexus avulsion injury by multiple nerve transfers: spinal accessory to suprascapular, ulnar fascicles to biceps branch, and triceps long or lateral head branch to axillary nerve. J Hand Surg Am. 2004;29(1):131\u2013139."},{"issue":"2","key":"b13","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","first-page":"212","article-title":"Isolated and combined lesions of the axillary nerve. A review of 146 cases","volume":"81","author":"Bonnard C","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bonnard C, Anastakis DJ, van Melle G, Narakas AO. Isolated and combined lesions of the axillary nerve. A review of 146 cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1999;81(2):212\u2013217."},{"issue":"3","key":"b14","series-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg","first-page":"208","article-title":"Surgical algorithm and results of isolated traumatic axillary nerve injuries","volume":"32","author":"Chen WA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen WA, Schippert DW, Daws SB, Koman LA, Li Z. Surgical algorithm and results of isolated traumatic axillary nerve injuries. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2016;32(3):208\u2013214."},{"issue":"7","key":"b15","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"1257","article-title":"Outcome after brachial plexus injury surgery and impact on quality of life","volume":"159","author":"Rasuli\u0107 L","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rasuli\u0107 L, Savi\u0107 A, \u017divkovi\u0107 B,  Outcome after brachial plexus injury surgery and impact on quality of life. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2017;159(7):1257\u20131264."},{"issue":"2","key":"b16","series-title":"Hand (N Y)","first-page":"71","article-title":"Posterior approach for double nerve transfer for restoration of shoulder function in upper brachial plexus palsy","volume":"1","author":"Colbert SH","year":"2006","unstructured":"Colbert SH, Mackinnon S. Posterior approach for double nerve transfer for restoration of shoulder function in upper brachial plexus palsy. Hand (N Y). 2006;1(2):71-77."},{"issue":"11","key":"b17","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"e405","article-title":"Axon counts yield multiple options for triceps fascicular nerve to axillary nerve transfer","volume":"41","author":"Khair MM","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khair MM, Schreiber JJ, Rosenblatt L, Byun DJ, Lee SK, Wolfe SW. Axon counts yield multiple options for triceps fascicular nerve to axillary nerve transfer. J Hand Surg Am. 2016;41(11):e405\u2013e410."},{"issue":"8","key":"b18","series-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthetic Surg","first-page":"1072","article-title":"The anatomy of the subscapular nerves: a new nomenclature","volume":"65","author":"Saleh DB","year":"2012","unstructured":"Saleh DB, Callear J, McConnell P, Kay SPJ. The anatomy of the subscapular nerves: a new nomenclature. J Plast Reconstr Aesthetic Surg. 2012;65(8):1072\u20131075."},{"issue":"03","key":"b19","series-title":"Open J Mod Neurosurg","first-page":"269","article-title":"Muscles transfer around the shoulder in cases of brachial plexus birth palsy","volume":"09","author":"El Sobkey H","year":"2019","unstructured":"El Sobkey H. Muscles transfer around the shoulder in cases of brachial plexus birth palsy. Open J Mod Neurosurg. 2019;09(03):269\u2013280."},{"issue":"3","key":"b20","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"610","article-title":"Axillary nerve repair by fascicle transfer from the ulnar or median nerve in upper brachial plexus palsy","volume":"117","author":"Haninec P","year":"2012","unstructured":"Haninec P, Kaiser R. Axillary nerve repair by fascicle transfer from the ulnar or median nerve in upper brachial plexus palsy. J Neurosurg. 2012;117(3):610\u2013614."},{"issue":"1","key":"b21","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"233","article-title":"Axillary nerve reconstruction in 176 posttraumatic plexopathy patients","volume":"125","author":"Terzis JK","year":"2010","unstructured":"Terzis JK, Barmpitsioti A. Axillary nerve reconstruction in 176 posttraumatic plexopathy patients. 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J Hand Surg Am. 2010;35(12):1995\u20132000."},{"issue":"122","key":"b24","series-title":"Clin Anat","first-page":"118","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of the axillary nerve branches to the deltoid muscle","author":"Leechavengvongs S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Leechavengvongs S, Teerawutthichaikit T, Witoonchart K,  Surgical anatomy of the axillary nerve branches to the deltoid muscle. Clin Anat. 2015(122):118-122."},{"issue":"2","key":"b25","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"613","article-title":"Suprascapular nerve reconstruction in 118 cases of adult posttraumatic brachial plexus","volume":"117","author":"Terzis JK","year":"2006","unstructured":"Terzis JK, Kostas I. Suprascapular nerve reconstruction in 118 cases of adult posttraumatic brachial plexus. 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