{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:02:36Z","timestamp":1787508156047,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"abstract":"\n OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n The aim of this study was to examine female authorship in research from collaborations between high-income countries (HICs) and lower-middle-income and low-income countries (LMICs\/LICs) across two time periods: 2018\u20132020 and 2021\u20132023.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS<\/jats:title>\n A bibliometric analysis of neurosurgical research articles from the Scopus database, published between 2018 and 2023, was performed to investigate collaboration trends between HICs and LMICs\/LICs. Only neurosurgical publications were included, and female authors were identified based on names traditionally associated with female gender identity, verified through online searches and tools such as Genderize.io. Articles with more than 25 authors, commentaries, letters, and news items were excluded to ensure a focus on original research. The selected articles spanned various neurosurgical specialties and were restricted to English-language journals with an impact factor greater than 1. The country affiliations of first, corresponding, and last authors were categorized using the 2018 World Bank classification to understand collaboration patterns across income levels.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n The analysis revealed a steady increase in neurosurgical publications from 2018 to 2023, with a notable rise in the second triennium (2021\u20132023). Authors from HICs consistently held the majority of first, corresponding, and last authorship positions. Concerning first authorship, authors with affiliations from HICs increased from 66% in the first triennium to 75% in the second. Similarly, corresponding authors from HICs increased from 75% to 82% over the same period. Male authors dominated all key authorship roles, with 127 male-led first authorships compared with 46 female-led first authorships in the second triennium. This male predominance persisted in corresponding and last author roles as well.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n Global neurosurgical research is growing but significant gender disparities persist, especially in LMICs\/LICs, with female researchers underrepresented in key authorship roles, requiring targeted efforts to address systemic barriers and promote gender equity in academic leadership.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.12.focus24815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T04:32:41Z","timestamp":1740803561000},"page":"E14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Female authorship in global research: a bibliometric study of high- and low-income country collaborations"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Totis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filippo Emanuele","family":"Colella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Safa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Stefini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, ASST Ovest Milano Legnano Hospital, Legnano, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delia","family":"Cannizzaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, ASST Ovest Milano Legnano Hospital, Legnano, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e661","article-title":"Assessing the gap in female authorship in neurosurgery literature: a 20-year analysis of sex trends in authorship","volume":"141","author":"Farhan SA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Farhan SA, Shahid I, Siddiqi J, Khosa F. Assessing the gap in female authorship in neurosurgery literature: a 20-year analysis of sex trends in authorship. World Neurosurg. 2020;141:e661\u2013e669."},{"key":"b2","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"129","article-title":"Women in neurosurgery: from a matter of fortuitous occasions toward a conscious choice","volume":"148","author":"Graziano F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Graziano F, Gerardi RM, Scalia G, Women in neurosurgery: from a matter of fortuitous occasions toward a conscious choice. World Neurosurg. 2021;148:129\u2013135."},{"issue":"3","key":"b3","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E6","article-title":"Women\u2019s role in neurosurgical research: is the gender gap improving","volume":"50","author":"Pastor-Cabeza M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pastor-Cabeza M, Torn\u00e9 R, Garc\u00eda-Armengol R, Women\u2019s role in neurosurgical research: is the gender gap improving? Neurosurg Focus. 2021;50(3):E6."},{"issue":"4","key":"b4","series-title":"Neurol India","first-page":"1338","article-title":"Role of women in global neurosurgery","volume":"70","author":"Kato Y","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kato Y. Role of women in global neurosurgery. Neurol India. 2022;70(4):1338\u20131339."},{"issue":"2","key":"b5","series-title":"Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol","first-page":"417","article-title":"Female and low- and middle-income authorship trends in high-impact ENT journals (2011-2020)","volume":"8","author":"Jashek-Ahmed F","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jashek-Ahmed F, Daudu D, Heer B, Ali H, Wiedermann J, Seguya A. Female and low- and middle-income authorship trends in high-impact ENT journals (2011-2020). Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol. 2023;8(2):417\u2013425."},{"issue":"4","key":"b6","series-title":"Asian J Neurosurg","first-page":"828","article-title":"Women in Neurosurgery (WIN): barriers to progress, World WIN Directory and the way forward","volume":"15","author":"Balasubramanian SC","year":"2020","unstructured":"Balasubramanian SC, Palanisamy D, Bakhti S, Women in Neurosurgery (WIN): barriers to progress, World WIN Directory and the way forward. Asian J Neurosurg. 2020;15(4):828\u2013832."},{"key":"b7","series-title":"World Bank Group;","first-page":"viii","article-title":"The world by income. In: Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018","year":"2018","unstructured":"The world by income. In: Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018. World Bank Group; 2018:viii-ix. 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