{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T12:57:33Z","timestamp":1792241853452,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Foot drop is characterized by weakness in ankle dorsiflexion, primarily due to failure of activation of dorsiflexor muscles secondary to neural compromise. The aim of this study was to evaluate surgical outcomes for unilateral painful foot drop secondary to lumbar disc herniation, specifically excluding cases with cauda equina syndrome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective study spanned 7 centers, focusing on adult patients who underwent lumbar discectomies from September 2011 to September 2022 due to painful unilateral foot drop (Medical Research Council [MRC] grade \u2264 3). Clinical records were analyzed to identify patients matching the inclusion criteria, with data collection adhering to PROCESS guidelines. Outcomes were assessed based on the MRC scale for muscle strength, and statistical analysis was conducted to determine outcome predictors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study included 75 patients (mean age 49.03 years, 1:1.007 male\/female ratio). Early surgery in younger and less frail patients was associated with better outcomes, with no precise surgical timing cutoff identified. Improvement in MRC grades was seen in 41 patients (55%), with no change in 23 patients (31%) and worsening grades in 11 patients (15%). For every day delaying surgery, the likelihood of improvement decreased by 0.2%. The severity of foot drop was associated with a reduced likelihood of complete resolution, although some recovery was demonstrated. Functional recovery was consistently higher in patients with higher presenting MRC grades. Radicular pain consistently improved following surgical intervention irrespective of all other analyzed metrics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prompt surgical intervention for patients with foot drop improved outcomes, especially in those who were younger and less frail. While the study did not identify a specific cutoff for the timing of surgery, the findings emphasize the importance of early surgical consideration as delays were associated with reduced likelihood of recovery. Future research should focus on prospective studies to validate these findings and refine guidelines for surgical intervention in this patient population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.12.spine24713","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]],"date-time":"2025-04-05T05:52:37Z","timestamp":1743832357000},"page":"727-736","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Surgical outcomes of unilateral painful foot drop secondary to lumbar disc herniation: a multicenter retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Asfand","family":"Baig Mirza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, King\u2019s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Queens Hospital, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, London;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amisha","family":"Vastani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, St. George\u2019s Hospital, St. George\u2019s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feras","family":"Fayez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, King\u2019s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rishabh","family":"Suvarna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Worsley Building, University of Leeds;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mustafa","family":"El Sheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ninewells Hospital, NHS Tayside, Dundee;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaitanya","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GKT School of Medicine, London;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Alexandra","family":"Velicu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, King\u2019s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Rowland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jandira","family":"Trindade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Royal London Hospital, Bart\u2019s Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian M.","family":"Toescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Royal London Hospital, Bart\u2019s Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne M.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beaumont Hospital, RCSI Hospitals, Beaumont, County Dublin, Ireland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malaika","family":"Jindal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GKT School of Medicine, London;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerda","family":"Reischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Corr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beaumont Hospital, RCSI Hospitals, Beaumont, County Dublin, Ireland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deirdre","family":"Nolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beaumont Hospital, RCSI Hospitals, Beaumont, County Dublin, Ireland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Sims-Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Royal London Hospital, Bart\u2019s Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Read","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Royal London Hospital, Bart\u2019s Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eranga","family":"Goonewardena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabilah","family":"Johani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoforos","family":"Syrris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Royal London Hospital, Bart\u2019s Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anand S.","family":"Pandit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sami","family":"Rashed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Queens Hospital, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, London;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbas Khizar","family":"Khoja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Queens Hospital, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, London;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Matloob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Oxford University Hospital, Oxford; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Bull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Royal London Hospital, Bart\u2019s Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Montgomery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Royal London Hospital, Bart\u2019s Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Moran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Beaumont Hospital, RCSI Hospitals, Beaumont, County Dublin, Ireland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parag","family":"Sayal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samih","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Okasha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ninewells Hospital, NHS Tayside, Dundee;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Nader-Sepahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Southampton, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irfan","family":"Malik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, King\u2019s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babak","family":"Arvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Queens Hospital, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, London;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed-Ramadan","family":"Sadek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Queens Hospital, Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, London;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gordan","family":"Grahovac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, King\u2019s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"b1","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"1099","article-title":"Management strategies for the painless foot drop: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"32","author":"Waseem S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Waseem S, Kyriakides J, Amiri AR, Shetty R, Shetty N, Chammaa R. Management strategies for the painless foot drop: a systematic review of the literature. Eur Spine J. 2023;32(4):1099\u20131105."},{"issue":"3","key":"b2","series-title":"Pract Neurol","first-page":"158","article-title":"Foot drop: where, why and what to do?","volume":"8","author":"Stewart JD","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stewart JD. Foot drop: where, why and what to do?. Pract Neurol. 2008;8(3):158\u2013169."},{"issue":"11","key":"b3","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","first-page":"1442","article-title":"The management of weakness caused by lumbar and lumbosacral nerve root compression","volume":"94","author":"Sharma H","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sharma H, Lee SWJ, Cole AA. The management of weakness caused by lumbar and lumbosacral nerve root compression. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2012;94(11):1442\u20131447."},{"issue":"1","key":"b4","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","first-page":"17","article-title":"Late results of laminectomy for lumbar disc prolapse. A review after ten to twenty-five years","volume":"56","author":"Naylor A","year":"1974","unstructured":"Naylor A. Late results of laminectomy for lumbar disc prolapse. A review after ten to twenty-five years. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1974;56(1):17\u201329."},{"issue":"5","key":"b5","series-title":"Acta Chir Scand","first-page":"501","article-title":"Prognosis of operatively treated lumbar disc herniations causing foot extensor paralysis","volume":"132","author":"Andersson H","year":"1966","unstructured":"Andersson H, Carlsson CA. Prognosis of operatively treated lumbar disc herniations causing foot extensor paralysis. Acta Chir Scand. 1966;132(5):501\u2013506."},{"issue":"24 Suppl","key":"b6","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"2S","article-title":"Natural history and nonoperative treatment of lumbar disc herniation","volume":"21","author":"Saal JA","year":"1996","unstructured":"Saal JA. Natural history and nonoperative treatment of lumbar disc herniation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1996;21(24 Suppl):2S\u20139S."},{"issue":"6","key":"b7","series-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech","first-page":"490","article-title":"Improvement of preoperative foot drop after lumbar surgery","volume":"15","author":"Girardi FP","year":"2002","unstructured":"Girardi FP, Cammisa FPJ Jr, Huang RC, Parvataneni HK, Tsairis P. Improvement of preoperative foot drop after lumbar surgery. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2002;15(6):490\u2013494."},{"issue":"11","key":"b8","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"3278","article-title":"Prognostic indicators of surgical outcome in painful foot drop: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Saeed F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saeed F, Mukherjee S, Chaudhuri K, Kerry J, Ahuja S, Pal D. Prognostic indicators of surgical outcome in painful foot drop: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Spine J. 2021;30(11):3278\u20133288."},{"issue":"11","key":"b9","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e80375","article-title":"Foot drop caused by lumbar degenerative disease: clinical features, prognostic factors of surgical outcome and clinical stage","volume":"8","author":"Liu K","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu K, Zhu W, Shi J,  Foot drop caused by lumbar degenerative disease: clinical features, prognostic factors of surgical outcome and clinical stage. PLoS One. 2013;8(11):e80375."},{"issue":"7","key":"b10","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","first-page":"1040","article-title":"Recovery of motor deficits after microdiscectomy for lumbar disc herniation","volume":"84","author":"Postacchini F","year":"2002","unstructured":"Postacchini F, Giannicola G, Cinotti G. Recovery of motor deficits after microdiscectomy for lumbar disc herniation. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2002;84(7):1040\u20131045."},{"issue":"3","key":"b11","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"260","article-title":"Foot drop due to lumbar degenerative conditions: mechanism and prognostic factors in herniated nucleus pulposus and lumbar spinal stenosis","volume":"10","author":"Iizuka Y","year":"2009","unstructured":"Iizuka Y, Iizuka H, Tsutsumi S,  Foot drop due to lumbar degenerative conditions: mechanism and prognostic factors in herniated nucleus pulposus and lumbar spinal stenosis. J Neurosurg Spine. 2009;10(3):260\u2013264."},{"issue":"3","key":"b12","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"551","article-title":"Surgical decompression timing for patients with foot drop from lumbar degenerative diseases: a meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Song SY","year":"2022","unstructured":"Song SY, Nam DC, Moon DK, Lee DY, Lee EC, Kim DH. Surgical decompression timing for patients with foot drop from lumbar degenerative diseases: a meta-analysis. Eur Spine J. 2022;31(3):551\u2013560."},{"key":"b13","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e732","article-title":"Timing of surgical decompression for cauda equina syndrome","volume":"132","author":"Hogan WB","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hogan WB, Kuris EO, Durand WM, Eltorai AEM, Daniels AH. Timing of surgical decompression for cauda equina syndrome. World Neurosurg. 2019;132:e732\u2013e738."},{"issue":"1","key":"b14","series-title":"Trials","first-page":"1065","article-title":"Conservative versus surgical treatment of foot drop in peroneal nerve entrapment: rationale and design of a prospective, multi-centre, randomized parallel-group controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Oosterbos C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oosterbos C, Rummens S, Bogaerts K,  Conservative versus surgical treatment of foot drop in peroneal nerve entrapment: rationale and design of a prospective, multi-centre, randomized parallel-group controlled trial. Trials. 2022;23(1):1065."},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Case Rep Orthop","first-page":"9024368","article-title":"An unusual presentation of right-sided sciatica with foot drop","volume":"2016","author":"McCabe FJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"McCabe FJ, McCabe JP. An unusual presentation of right-sided sciatica with foot drop. Case Rep Orthop. 2016;2016:9024368."},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Eplasty","first-page":"e16","article-title":"Incidence, etiology, and risk factors associated with foot drop","volume":"23","author":"Nath RK","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nath RK, Somasundaram C. Incidence, etiology, and risk factors associated with foot drop. Eplasty. 2023;23:e16."},{"issue":"3","key":"b17","series-title":"Global Spine J","first-page":"125","article-title":"Surgical outcome for foot drop in lumbar degenerative disease","volume":"2","author":"Bhargava D","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bhargava D, Sinha P, Odak S, Tyagi A, Towns G, Pal D. Surgical outcome for foot drop in lumbar degenerative disease. Global Spine J. 2012;2(3):125\u2013128."},{"issue":"3","key":"b18","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"408","article-title":"Predictors of functional recovery following surgery for foot drop due to degenerative lumbar disease","volume":"36","author":"Berger A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Berger A, Mangel L, Basal S,  Predictors of functional recovery following surgery for foot drop due to degenerative lumbar disease. J Neurosurg Spine. 2021;36(3):408\u2013413."},{"issue":"1","key":"b19","series-title":"Asian Spine J","first-page":"135","article-title":"Factors affecting early and 1-year motor recovery following lumbar microdiscectomy in patients with lumbar disc herniation: a prospective cohort review","volume":"13","author":"Viswanathan VK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Viswanathan VK, Shanmuganathan R, Aiyer SN, Kanna R, Shetty AP. Factors affecting early and 1-year motor recovery following lumbar microdiscectomy in patients with lumbar disc herniation: a prospective cohort review. Asian Spine J. 2019;13(1):135\u2013145."},{"key":"b20","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e1017","article-title":"Risk factors analysis for foot drop associated with lumbar disc herniation: an analysis of 236 patients","volume":"110","author":"Ma J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ma J, He Y, Wang A,  Risk factors analysis for foot drop associated with lumbar disc herniation: an analysis of 236 patients. World Neurosurg. 2018;110:e1017\u2013e1024."},{"issue":"3","key":"b21","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","first-page":"872","article-title":"Prediction of postoperative clinical recovery of drop foot attributable to lumbar degenerative diseases, via a Bayesian network","volume":"475","author":"Takenaka S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Takenaka S, Aono H. Prediction of postoperative clinical recovery of drop foot attributable to lumbar degenerative diseases, via a Bayesian network. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017;475(3):872\u2013880."},{"issue":"8","key":"b22","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"E262","article-title":"Surgical outcome of drop foot caused by degenerative lumbar diseases","volume":"32","author":"Aono H","year":"2007","unstructured":"Aono H, Iwasaki M, Ohwada T,  Surgical outcome of drop foot caused by degenerative lumbar diseases. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2007;32(8):E262\u2013E266."},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Brain Spine","first-page":"100887","article-title":"Controversies in treatment strategies in patients with foot drop due to peroneal nerve entrapment: results of a survey among specialists","volume":"2","author":"Oosterbos C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oosterbos C, Rasulic L, Rummens S,  Controversies in treatment strategies in patients with foot drop due to peroneal nerve entrapment: results of a survey among specialists. Brain Spine. 2022;2:100887."},{"issue":"4","key":"b24","series-title":"Brain Inj","first-page":"409","article-title":"Associations between lower limb strength and gait velocity following stroke: a systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Mentiplay BF","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mentiplay BF, Adair B, Bower KJ, Williams G, Tole G, Clark RA. Associations between lower limb strength and gait velocity following stroke: a systematic review. Brain Inj. 2015;29(4):409\u2013422."},{"issue":"4","key":"b25","series-title":"NeuroRehabilitation","first-page":"443","article-title":"Association of affected lower limb flexor muscle strength with swing phase duration and gait speed in elderly post-stroke patients","volume":"47","author":"Moftah E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moftah E, Vennu V, Abdulrahman TA,  Association of affected lower limb flexor muscle strength with swing phase duration and gait speed in elderly post-stroke patients. NeuroRehabilitation. 2020;47(4):443\u2013450."},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"106696","article-title":"Drop foot due to lumbar degenerative disease: painless drop foot is difficult to recover","volume":"206","author":"Tanaka J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tanaka J, Takamori Y, Shiokawa T,  Drop foot due to lumbar degenerative disease: painless drop foot is difficult to recover. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2021;206:106696."},{"issue":"4","key":"b27","series-title":"Clin Spine Surg","first-page":"160","article-title":"Prognostic factors for drop foot due to lumbar degenerative diseases: the impact of surgical timing on postoperative recovery","volume":"33","author":"Masuda S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Masuda S, Kanba Y, Kawai J, Ikeda N. Prognostic factors for drop foot due to lumbar degenerative diseases: the impact of surgical timing on postoperative recovery. Clin Spine Surg. 2020;33(4):160\u2013162."},{"issue":"4","key":"b28","series-title":"J Spinal Disord","first-page":"283","article-title":"Motor deficit in lumbar spinal stenosis: a retrospective study of a series of 50 patients","volume":"11","author":"Guigui P","year":"1998","unstructured":"Guigui P, Benoist M, Delecourt C, Delhoume J, Deburge A. Motor deficit in lumbar spinal stenosis: a retrospective study of a series of 50 patients. J Spinal Disord. 1998;11(4):283\u2013288."},{"issue":"3","key":"b29","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"527","article-title":"Changes of calcitonin gene-related peptide in primary sensory neurons and their central branch after nerve root compression of the dog","volume":"86","author":"Kobayashi S","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kobayashi S, Sasaki S, Shimada S,  Changes of calcitonin gene-related peptide in primary sensory neurons and their central branch after nerve root compression of the dog. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(3):527\u2013533."},{"issue":"3","key":"b30","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"276","article-title":"Effect of lumbar nerve root compression on primary sensory neurons and their central branches: changes in the nociceptive neuropeptides substance P and somatostatin","volume":"30","author":"Kobayashi S","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kobayashi S, Kokubo Y, Uchida K,  Effect of lumbar nerve root compression on primary sensory neurons and their central branches: changes in the nociceptive neuropeptides substance P and somatostatin. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2005;30(3):276\u2013282."},{"issue":"7","key":"b31","series-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech","first-page":"E258","article-title":"Surgical outcomes for painless drop foot due to degenerative lumbar disorders","volume":"27","author":"Aono H","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aono H, Nagamoto Y, Tobimatsu H, Takenaka S, Iwasaki M. Surgical outcomes for painless drop foot due to degenerative lumbar disorders. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2014;27(7):E258\u2013E261."},{"issue":"4","key":"b32","series-title":"Chest","first-page":"1165","article-title":"Frailty screening in critical care at scale","volume":"160","author":"Pugh RJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pugh RJ, Lone NI. Frailty screening in critical care at scale. Chest. 2021;160(4):1165\u20131166."},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"33","article-title":"Foot drop resulting from degenerative lumbar spinal diseases: clinical characteristics and prognosis","volume":"117","author":"Wang Y","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang Y, Nataraj A. Foot drop resulting from degenerative lumbar spinal diseases: clinical characteristics and prognosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2014;117:33\u201339."},{"issue":"12","key":"b34","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e32794","article-title":"Evaluating acute bilateral foot drop: a case report","volume":"14","author":"Patel AN","year":"2022","unstructured":"Patel AN, Kihara C, Gay C, Oakley K, Reddy PJ. Evaluating acute bilateral foot drop: a case report. Cureus. 2022;14(12):e32794."},{"issue":"1","key":"b35","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e20962","article-title":"Spontaneous recovery in complete foot drop in a case of lumbar disc herniation: a neurological surprise","volume":"14","author":"Chandankhede AR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chandankhede AR, Talwar D, Acharya S, Kumar S. Spontaneous recovery in complete foot drop in a case of lumbar disc herniation: a neurological surprise. Cureus. 2022;14(1):e20962."},{"key":"b36","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"Foot drop","author":"Nori SL","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nori SL, Stretanski MF. Foot drop. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing;2024.Accessed January 9, 2025.http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK554393\/"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Stud Health Technol Inform","first-page":"1029","article-title":"Effects of ankle-foot orthosis on balance of foot drop patients","volume":"302","author":"Amitrano F","year":"2023","unstructured":"Amitrano F, Coccia A, Pagano G, Biancardi A, Tombolini G, D\u2019Addio G. Effects of ankle-foot orthosis on balance of foot drop patients. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2023;302:1029\u20131030."},{"issue":"5","key":"b38","series-title":"Sports Med","first-page":"1043","article-title":"Exercise and neuropathy: systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Streckmann F","year":"2022","unstructured":"Streckmann F, Balke M, Cavaletti G,  Exercise and neuropathy: systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2022;52(5):1043\u20131065."},{"issue":"24","key":"b39","series-title":"Health Technol Assess","first-page":"1","article-title":"Microdiscectomy compared with transforaminal epidural steroid injection for persistent radicular pain caused by prolapsed intervertebral disc: the NERVES RCT","volume":"25","author":"Wilby MJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wilby MJ, Best A, Wood E,  Microdiscectomy compared with transforaminal epidural steroid injection for persistent radicular pain caused by prolapsed intervertebral disc: the NERVES RCT. Health Technol Assess. 2021;25(24):1\u201386."},{"issue":"4","key":"b40","series-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int","first-page":"358","article-title":"A systematic literature review of ankle-foot orthosis and functional electrical stimulation foot-drop treatments for persons with multiple sclerosis","volume":"47","author":"Byrnes-Blanco L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Byrnes-Blanco L, Reed K, Dubey R, Carey SL. A systematic literature review of ankle-foot orthosis and functional electrical stimulation foot-drop treatments for persons with multiple sclerosis. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2023;47(4):358\u2013367."},{"issue":"4","key":"b1","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"1099","article-title":"Management strategies for the painless foot drop: a systematic review of the literature","volume":"32","author":"Waseem S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Waseem S, Kyriakides J, Amiri AR, Shetty R, Shetty N, Chammaa R. Management strategies for the painless foot drop: a systematic review of the literature. Eur Spine J. 2023;32(4):1099\u20131105."},{"issue":"3","key":"b2","series-title":"Pract Neurol","first-page":"158","article-title":"Foot drop: where, why and what to do?","volume":"8","author":"Stewart JD","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stewart JD. Foot drop: where, why and what to do?. Pract Neurol. 2008;8(3):158\u2013169."},{"issue":"11","key":"b3","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","first-page":"1442","article-title":"The management of weakness caused by lumbar and lumbosacral nerve root compression","volume":"94","author":"Sharma H","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sharma H, Lee SWJ, Cole AA. The management of weakness caused by lumbar and lumbosacral nerve root compression. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2012;94(11):1442\u20131447."},{"issue":"1","key":"b4","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","first-page":"17","article-title":"Late results of laminectomy for lumbar disc prolapse. A review after ten to twenty-five years","volume":"56","author":"Naylor A","year":"1974","unstructured":"Naylor A. Late results of laminectomy for lumbar disc prolapse. A review after ten to twenty-five years. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1974;56(1):17\u201329."},{"issue":"5","key":"b5","series-title":"Acta Chir Scand","first-page":"501","article-title":"Prognosis of operatively treated lumbar disc herniations causing foot extensor paralysis","volume":"132","author":"Andersson H","year":"1966","unstructured":"Andersson H, Carlsson CA. Prognosis of operatively treated lumbar disc herniations causing foot extensor paralysis. Acta Chir Scand. 1966;132(5):501\u2013506."},{"issue":"24 Suppl","key":"b6","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"2S","article-title":"Natural history and nonoperative treatment of lumbar disc herniation","volume":"21","author":"Saal JA","year":"1996","unstructured":"Saal JA. Natural history and nonoperative treatment of lumbar disc herniation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1996;21(24 Suppl):2S\u20139S."},{"issue":"6","key":"b7","series-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech","first-page":"490","article-title":"Improvement of preoperative foot drop after lumbar surgery","volume":"15","author":"Girardi FP","year":"2002","unstructured":"Girardi FP, Cammisa FPJ Jr, Huang RC, Parvataneni HK, Tsairis P. Improvement of preoperative foot drop after lumbar surgery. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2002;15(6):490\u2013494."},{"issue":"11","key":"b8","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"3278","article-title":"Prognostic indicators of surgical outcome in painful foot drop: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Saeed F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saeed F, Mukherjee S, Chaudhuri K, Kerry J, Ahuja S, Pal D. Prognostic indicators of surgical outcome in painful foot drop: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Spine J. 2021;30(11):3278\u20133288."},{"issue":"11","key":"b9","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e80375","article-title":"Foot drop caused by lumbar degenerative disease: clinical features, prognostic factors of surgical outcome and clinical stage","volume":"8","author":"Liu K","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu K, Zhu W, Shi J,  Foot drop caused by lumbar degenerative disease: clinical features, prognostic factors of surgical outcome and clinical stage. PLoS One. 2013;8(11):e80375."},{"issue":"7","key":"b10","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","first-page":"1040","article-title":"Recovery of motor deficits after microdiscectomy for lumbar disc herniation","volume":"84","author":"Postacchini F","year":"2002","unstructured":"Postacchini F, Giannicola G, Cinotti G. Recovery of motor deficits after microdiscectomy for lumbar disc herniation. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2002;84(7):1040\u20131045."},{"issue":"3","key":"b11","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"260","article-title":"Foot drop due to lumbar degenerative conditions: mechanism and prognostic factors in herniated nucleus pulposus and lumbar spinal stenosis","volume":"10","author":"Iizuka Y","year":"2009","unstructured":"Iizuka Y, Iizuka H, Tsutsumi S,  Foot drop due to lumbar degenerative conditions: mechanism and prognostic factors in herniated nucleus pulposus and lumbar spinal stenosis. J Neurosurg Spine. 2009;10(3):260\u2013264."},{"issue":"3","key":"b12","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"551","article-title":"Surgical decompression timing for patients with foot drop from lumbar degenerative diseases: a meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Song SY","year":"2022","unstructured":"Song SY, Nam DC, Moon DK, Lee DY, Lee EC, Kim DH. Surgical decompression timing for patients with foot drop from lumbar degenerative diseases: a meta-analysis. Eur Spine J. 2022;31(3):551\u2013560."},{"key":"b13","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e732","article-title":"Timing of surgical decompression for cauda equina syndrome","volume":"132","author":"Hogan WB","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hogan WB, Kuris EO, Durand WM, Eltorai AEM, Daniels AH. Timing of surgical decompression for cauda equina syndrome. World Neurosurg. 2019;132:e732\u2013e738."},{"issue":"1","key":"b14","series-title":"Trials","first-page":"1065","article-title":"Conservative versus surgical treatment of foot drop in peroneal nerve entrapment: rationale and design of a prospective, multi-centre, randomized parallel-group controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Oosterbos C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oosterbos C, Rummens S, Bogaerts K,  Conservative versus surgical treatment of foot drop in peroneal nerve entrapment: rationale and design of a prospective, multi-centre, randomized parallel-group controlled trial. Trials. 2022;23(1):1065."},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Case Rep Orthop","first-page":"9024368","article-title":"An unusual presentation of right-sided sciatica with foot drop","volume":"2016","author":"McCabe FJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"McCabe FJ, McCabe JP. An unusual presentation of right-sided sciatica with foot drop. Case Rep Orthop. 2016;2016:9024368."},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Eplasty","first-page":"e16","article-title":"Incidence, etiology, and risk factors associated with foot drop","volume":"23","author":"Nath RK","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nath RK, Somasundaram C. Incidence, etiology, and risk factors associated with foot drop. Eplasty. 2023;23:e16."},{"issue":"3","key":"b17","series-title":"Global Spine J","first-page":"125","article-title":"Surgical outcome for foot drop in lumbar degenerative disease","volume":"2","author":"Bhargava D","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bhargava D, Sinha P, Odak S, Tyagi A, Towns G, Pal D. Surgical outcome for foot drop in lumbar degenerative disease. Global Spine J. 2012;2(3):125\u2013128."},{"issue":"3","key":"b18","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"408","article-title":"Predictors of functional recovery following surgery for foot drop due to degenerative lumbar disease","volume":"36","author":"Berger A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Berger A, Mangel L, Basal S,  Predictors of functional recovery following surgery for foot drop due to degenerative lumbar disease. J Neurosurg Spine. 2021;36(3):408\u2013413."},{"issue":"1","key":"b19","series-title":"Asian Spine J","first-page":"135","article-title":"Factors affecting early and 1-year motor recovery following lumbar microdiscectomy in patients with lumbar disc herniation: a prospective cohort review","volume":"13","author":"Viswanathan VK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Viswanathan VK, Shanmuganathan R, Aiyer SN, Kanna R, Shetty AP. Factors affecting early and 1-year motor recovery following lumbar microdiscectomy in patients with lumbar disc herniation: a prospective cohort review. Asian Spine J. 2019;13(1):135\u2013145."},{"key":"b20","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e1017","article-title":"Risk factors analysis for foot drop associated with lumbar disc herniation: an analysis of 236 patients","volume":"110","author":"Ma J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ma J, He Y, Wang A,  Risk factors analysis for foot drop associated with lumbar disc herniation: an analysis of 236 patients. World Neurosurg. 2018;110:e1017\u2013e1024."},{"issue":"3","key":"b21","series-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res","first-page":"872","article-title":"Prediction of postoperative clinical recovery of drop foot attributable to lumbar degenerative diseases, via a Bayesian network","volume":"475","author":"Takenaka S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Takenaka S, Aono H. Prediction of postoperative clinical recovery of drop foot attributable to lumbar degenerative diseases, via a Bayesian network. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017;475(3):872\u2013880."},{"issue":"8","key":"b22","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"E262","article-title":"Surgical outcome of drop foot caused by degenerative lumbar diseases","volume":"32","author":"Aono H","year":"2007","unstructured":"Aono H, Iwasaki M, Ohwada T,  Surgical outcome of drop foot caused by degenerative lumbar diseases. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2007;32(8):E262\u2013E266."},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Brain Spine","first-page":"100887","article-title":"Controversies in treatment strategies in patients with foot drop due to peroneal nerve entrapment: results of a survey among specialists","volume":"2","author":"Oosterbos C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oosterbos C, Rasulic L, Rummens S,  Controversies in treatment strategies in patients with foot drop due to peroneal nerve entrapment: results of a survey among specialists. Brain Spine. 2022;2:100887."},{"issue":"4","key":"b24","series-title":"Brain Inj","first-page":"409","article-title":"Associations between lower limb strength and gait velocity following stroke: a systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Mentiplay BF","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mentiplay BF, Adair B, Bower KJ, Williams G, Tole G, Clark RA. Associations between lower limb strength and gait velocity following stroke: a systematic review. Brain Inj. 2015;29(4):409\u2013422."},{"issue":"4","key":"b25","series-title":"NeuroRehabilitation","first-page":"443","article-title":"Association of affected lower limb flexor muscle strength with swing phase duration and gait speed in elderly post-stroke patients","volume":"47","author":"Moftah E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moftah E, Vennu V, Abdulrahman TA,  Association of affected lower limb flexor muscle strength with swing phase duration and gait speed in elderly post-stroke patients. NeuroRehabilitation. 2020;47(4):443\u2013450."},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"106696","article-title":"Drop foot due to lumbar degenerative disease: painless drop foot is difficult to recover","volume":"206","author":"Tanaka J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tanaka J, Takamori Y, Shiokawa T,  Drop foot due to lumbar degenerative disease: painless drop foot is difficult to recover. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2021;206:106696."},{"issue":"4","key":"b27","series-title":"Clin Spine Surg","first-page":"160","article-title":"Prognostic factors for drop foot due to lumbar degenerative diseases: the impact of surgical timing on postoperative recovery","volume":"33","author":"Masuda S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Masuda S, Kanba Y, Kawai J, Ikeda N. Prognostic factors for drop foot due to lumbar degenerative diseases: the impact of surgical timing on postoperative recovery. Clin Spine Surg. 2020;33(4):160\u2013162."},{"issue":"4","key":"b28","series-title":"J Spinal Disord","first-page":"283","article-title":"Motor deficit in lumbar spinal stenosis: a retrospective study of a series of 50 patients","volume":"11","author":"Guigui P","year":"1998","unstructured":"Guigui P, Benoist M, Delecourt C, Delhoume J, Deburge A. Motor deficit in lumbar spinal stenosis: a retrospective study of a series of 50 patients. J Spinal Disord. 1998;11(4):283\u2013288."},{"issue":"3","key":"b29","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"527","article-title":"Changes of calcitonin gene-related peptide in primary sensory neurons and their central branch after nerve root compression of the dog","volume":"86","author":"Kobayashi S","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kobayashi S, Sasaki S, Shimada S,  Changes of calcitonin gene-related peptide in primary sensory neurons and their central branch after nerve root compression of the dog. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(3):527\u2013533."},{"issue":"3","key":"b30","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"276","article-title":"Effect of lumbar nerve root compression on primary sensory neurons and their central branches: changes in the nociceptive neuropeptides substance P and somatostatin","volume":"30","author":"Kobayashi S","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kobayashi S, Kokubo Y, Uchida K,  Effect of lumbar nerve root compression on primary sensory neurons and their central branches: changes in the nociceptive neuropeptides substance P and somatostatin. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2005;30(3):276\u2013282."},{"issue":"7","key":"b31","series-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech","first-page":"E258","article-title":"Surgical outcomes for painless drop foot due to degenerative lumbar disorders","volume":"27","author":"Aono H","year":"2014","unstructured":"Aono H, Nagamoto Y, Tobimatsu H, Takenaka S, Iwasaki M. Surgical outcomes for painless drop foot due to degenerative lumbar disorders. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2014;27(7):E258\u2013E261."},{"issue":"4","key":"b32","series-title":"Chest","first-page":"1165","article-title":"Frailty screening in critical care at scale","volume":"160","author":"Pugh RJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pugh RJ, Lone NI. Frailty screening in critical care at scale. Chest. 2021;160(4):1165\u20131166."},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"33","article-title":"Foot drop resulting from degenerative lumbar spinal diseases: clinical characteristics and prognosis","volume":"117","author":"Wang Y","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang Y, Nataraj A. Foot drop resulting from degenerative lumbar spinal diseases: clinical characteristics and prognosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2014;117:33\u201339."},{"issue":"12","key":"b34","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e32794","article-title":"Evaluating acute bilateral foot drop: a case report","volume":"14","author":"Patel AN","year":"2022","unstructured":"Patel AN, Kihara C, Gay C, Oakley K, Reddy PJ. Evaluating acute bilateral foot drop: a case report. Cureus. 2022;14(12):e32794."},{"issue":"1","key":"b35","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e20962","article-title":"Spontaneous recovery in complete foot drop in a case of lumbar disc herniation: a neurological surprise","volume":"14","author":"Chandankhede AR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chandankhede AR, Talwar D, Acharya S, Kumar S. Spontaneous recovery in complete foot drop in a case of lumbar disc herniation: a neurological surprise. Cureus. 2022;14(1):e20962."},{"key":"b36","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"Foot drop","author":"Nori SL","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nori SL, Stretanski MF. Foot drop. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing;2024.Accessed January 9, 2025.http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK554393\/"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Stud Health Technol Inform","first-page":"1029","article-title":"Effects of ankle-foot orthosis on balance of foot drop patients","volume":"302","author":"Amitrano F","year":"2023","unstructured":"Amitrano F, Coccia A, Pagano G, Biancardi A, Tombolini G, D\u2019Addio G. Effects of ankle-foot orthosis on balance of foot drop patients. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2023;302:1029\u20131030."},{"issue":"5","key":"b38","series-title":"Sports Med","first-page":"1043","article-title":"Exercise and neuropathy: systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Streckmann F","year":"2022","unstructured":"Streckmann F, Balke M, Cavaletti G,  Exercise and neuropathy: systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2022;52(5):1043\u20131065."},{"issue":"24","key":"b39","series-title":"Health Technol Assess","first-page":"1","article-title":"Microdiscectomy compared with transforaminal epidural steroid injection for persistent radicular pain caused by prolapsed intervertebral disc: the NERVES RCT","volume":"25","author":"Wilby MJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wilby MJ, Best A, Wood E,  Microdiscectomy compared with transforaminal epidural steroid injection for persistent radicular pain caused by prolapsed intervertebral disc: the NERVES RCT. Health Technol Assess. 2021;25(24):1\u201386."},{"issue":"4","key":"b40","series-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int","first-page":"358","article-title":"A systematic literature review of ankle-foot orthosis and functional electrical stimulation foot-drop treatments for persons with multiple sclerosis","volume":"47","author":"Byrnes-Blanco L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Byrnes-Blanco L, Reed K, Dubey R, Carey SL. A systematic literature review of ankle-foot orthosis and functional electrical stimulation foot-drop treatments for persons with multiple sclerosis. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2023;47(4):358\u2013367."}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/42\/6\/article-p727.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/42\/6\/article-p727.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/42\/6\/article-p727.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T13:46:00Z","timestamp":1772804760000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/42\/6\/article-p727.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2024.12.spine24713","relation":{},"ISSN":["1547-5654"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1547-5654","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]}}}