{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T12:13:26Z","timestamp":1789992806939,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hydrocephalus is a neurological disorder with an incidence of 80\u2013125 per 100,000 births in the United States. The most common treatment, ventricular shunting, has a failure rate of up to 85% within 10 years of placement. The authors aimed to analyze the association between ventricular catheter (VC) tissue obstructions and shunt malfunction for each hydrocephalus etiology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patient information was collected from 5 hospitals and entered into a REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) database by hydrocephalus etiology. The hardware samples were fixed, and each VC tip drainage hole was classified by tissue obstruction after macroscopic analysis. Shunt malfunction data, including shunt revision rate, time to failure, and age at surgery, were correlated with the degree of tissue obstruction in VCs for each etiology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus was the most common etiology (48.9% of total cases). Proximal catheter obstruction was the most frequent cause of hardware removal (90.4%). Myelomeningocele (44% \u00b1 29%), other congenital etiologies (48% \u00b1 40%), hydrocephalus with brain tumors (45% \u00b1 35%), and posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (41% \u00b1 35%) showed tissue aggregates in more than 40% of the VC holes. A total of 76.8% of samples removed because of symptoms of obstruction showed cellular or tissue aggregates. No conclusive etiological associations were detected when correlating the percentage of holes with tissue for each VC and age at surgery, shunt revision rates, or time between shunt implantation and removal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proximal VC obstruction was accompanied by tissue aggregates in 76.8% of cases. However, the presence of tissue in the VC did not seem to be associated with hydrocephalus etiology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.2.peds23356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,12]],"date-time":"2024-04-12T22:25:52Z","timestamp":1712960752000},"page":"84-93","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Ventricular catheter tissue obstruction and shunt malfunction in 9 hydrocephalus etiologies"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Maria","family":"Garcia-Bonilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prashant","family":"Hariharan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Biomedical Engineering and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Gluski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Ruiz-Cardozo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayodamola","family":"Otun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego M.","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neena I.","family":"Marupudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Children\u2019s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, Michigan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William E.","family":"Whitehead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Jea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brandon G.","family":"Rocque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James P.","family":"McAllister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David D.","family":"Limbrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn A.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"b1","series-title":"Eur J Med Genet","first-page":"359","article-title":"Infantile hydrocephalus: a review of epidemiology, classification and causes","volume":"57","author":"Tully HM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tully HM, Dobyns WB. 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