{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T13:40:10Z","timestamp":1733492410039,"version":"3.30.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>CSF shunts, most commonly the ventriculoperitoneal shunt, remain a first and last line of management for children and adults with hydrocephalus. However, the failure rates of these shunts are extremely high, leaving many patients with the need for revision surgical procedures. The objective of this study was to develop a model to assess the efficacy of a nonfouling ventricular catheter. A second objective was to test polyethylene glycol (PEG) as an antifouling coating.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Microglial cells were grown on medical-grade catheter silicone with biofouling simulated by collagen incubation over a range of concentrations from 31 to 103 \u00b5g\/ml and durations from 2 to 18 hours. After ideal fouling conditions were identified, catheter silicone was then coated with PEG as an antifouling surface, and cell growth on this surface was compared to that on uncoated standard catheter silicone.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Collagen biofouling increased cell growth on silicone surfaces with an ideal concentration of 69 \u00b5g\/ml and incubation of 6 hours. PEG coating of silicone catheter material yielded 70-fold lower cell growth (p &lt; 0.0001), whereas collagen-fouled PEG-coated silicone yielded 157-fold lower cell growth (p &lt; 0.0001).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Catheter coating significantly reduced cell growth, particularly in the setting of biofouling. The application of antifouling surfaces to ventricular shunts shows considerable promise for improving efficacy.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.2.peds23456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]],"date-time":"2024-04-27T02:19:28Z","timestamp":1714184368000},"page":"94-98","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development of an in vitro ventricular shunt material testing model and utility of PEG as antifouling coating"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Prindeze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Byers Center for Biodesign, Stanford University, Stanford, California;"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen G.","family":"Szeto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Byers Center for Biodesign, Stanford University, Stanford, California;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neta","family":"Glaser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Byers Center for Biodesign, Stanford University, Stanford, California;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cyan B.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Byers Center for Biodesign, Stanford University, Stanford, California;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan E.","family":"Azagury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Byers Center for Biodesign, Stanford University, Stanford, California;"},{"name":"Departments of Surgery and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cormac O.","family":"Maher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"2-3","key":"b1","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"67","article-title":"The scientific history of hydrocephalus and its treatment","volume":"22","author":"Aschoff A","year":"1999","unstructured":"Aschoff A, Kremer P, Hashemi B, Kunze S. The scientific history of hydrocephalus and its treatment. Neurosurg Rev. 1999;22(2-3):67\u201395."},{"issue":"10","key":"b2","series-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)","first-page":"643","article-title":"Lumboperitoneal shunt: a new modified surgical technique and a comparison of the complications with ventriculoperitoneal shunt in a single center","volume":"55","author":"Yang TH","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yang TH, Chang CS, Sung WW, Liu JT. Lumboperitoneal shunt: a new modified surgical technique and a comparison of the complications with ventriculoperitoneal shunt in a single center. Medicina (Kaunas). 2019;55(10):643."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"b3","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"155","article-title":"Ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery and the risk of shunt infection in patients with hydrocephalus: long-term single institution experience","volume":"78","author":"Reddy GK","year":"2012","unstructured":"Reddy GK, Bollam P, Caldito G. Ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery and the risk of shunt infection in patients with hydrocephalus: long-term single institution experience. World Neurosurg. 2012;78(1-2):155\u2013163."},{"issue":"1","key":"b4","series-title":"Childs Brain","first-page":"1","article-title":"Results of treatment with ventriculoatrial and ventriculoperitoneal shunt in infantile nontumoral hydrocephalus","volume":"7","author":"Mazza C","year":"1980","unstructured":"Mazza C, Pasqualin A, Da Pian R. Results of treatment with ventriculoatrial and ventriculoperitoneal shunt in infantile nontumoral hydrocephalus. Childs Brain. 1980;7(1):1\u201314."},{"issue":"2","key":"b5","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","first-page":"175","article-title":"Antibiotic-impregnated catheters for the prevention of CSF shunt infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Thomas R","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thomas R, Lee S, Patole S, Rao S. 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