{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T02:42:40Z","timestamp":1780972960232,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The goal of this study was to assess the safety of mapping spinal cord locomotor networks using penetrating stimulation microelectrodes in Yucatan minipigs (YMPs) as a clinically translational animal model.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Eleven YMPs were trained to walk up and down a straight line. Motion capture was performed, and electromyographic (EMG) activity of hindlimb muscles was recorded during overground walking. The YMPs underwent a laminectomy and durotomy to expose the lumbar spinal cord. Using an ultrasound-guided stereotaxic frame, microelectrodes were inserted into the spinal cord in 8 animals. Pial cuts were made to prevent tissue dimpling before microelectrode insertion. Different locations within the lumbar enlargement were electrically stimulated to map the locomotor networks. The remaining 3 YMPs served as sham controls, receiving the laminectomy, durotomy, and pial cuts but not microelectrode insertion. The Porcine Thoracic Injury Behavioral Scale (PTIBS) and hindlimb reflex assessment results were recorded for 4 weeks postoperatively. Overground gait kinematics and hindlimb EMG activity were recorded again at weeks 3 and 4 postoperatively and compared with preoperative measures. The animals were euthanized at the end of week 4, and the lumbar spinal cords were extracted and preserved for immunohistochemical analysis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>All YMPs showed transient deficits in hindlimb function postoperatively. Except for 1 YMP in the experimental group, all animals regained normal ambulation and balance (PTIBS score 10) at the end of weeks 3 and 4. One animal in the experimental group showed gait and balance deficits by week 4 (PTIBS score 4). This animal was excluded from the kinematics and EMG analyses. Overground gait kinematic measures and EMG activity showed no significant (p &gt; 0.05) differences between preoperative and postoperative values, and between the experimental and sham groups. Less than 5% of electrode tracks were visible in the tissue analysis of the animals in the experimental group. There was no statistically significant difference in damage caused by pial cuts between the experimental and sham groups. Tissue damage due to the pial cuts was more frequently observed in immunohistochemical analyses than microelectrode tracks.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>These findings suggest that mapping spinal locomotor networks in porcine models can be performed safely, without lasting damage to the spinal cord.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.2.spine23757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]],"date-time":"2024-05-11T03:14:19Z","timestamp":1715397259000},"page":"292-304","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Safety of mapping the motor networks in the spinal cord using penetrating microelectrodes in Yucatan minipigs"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Soroush","family":"Mirkiani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;"},{"name":"Institute for Augmentative and Restorative Technologies and Health Innovations (iSMART), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carly L.","family":"O\u2019Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;"},{"name":"Institute for Augmentative and Restorative Technologies and Health Innovations (iSMART), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Roszko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Augmentative and Restorative Technologies and Health Innovations (iSMART), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;"},{"name":"Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pouria","family":"Faridi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;"},{"name":"Institute for Augmentative and Restorative Technologies and Health Innovations (iSMART), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David S.","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Augmentative and Restorative Technologies and Health Innovations (iSMART), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;"},{"name":"Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk G.","family":"Everaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Augmentative and Restorative Technologies and Health Innovations (iSMART), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;"},{"name":"Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amirali","family":"Toossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;"},{"name":"Institute for Augmentative and Restorative Technologies and Health Innovations (iSMART), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;"},{"name":"Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Augmentative and Restorative Technologies and Health Innovations (iSMART), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tongzhou","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Augmentative and Restorative Technologies and Health Innovations (iSMART), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Tyreman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Augmentative and Restorative Technologies and Health Innovations (iSMART), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;"},{"name":"Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley N.","family":"Dalrymple","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;"},{"name":"Institute for Augmentative and Restorative Technologies and Health Innovations (iSMART), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physical Therapy, Belmont University, Nashville, Tennessee;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard R. E.","family":"Uwiera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Augmentative and Restorative Technologies and Health Innovations (iSMART), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;"},{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Augmentative and Restorative Technologies and Health Innovations (iSMART), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;"},{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter E.","family":"Konrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia; and"},{"name":"Integrative Neuroscience & Clinical Innovation, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, Morgantown, West Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivian K.","family":"Mushahwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;"},{"name":"Institute for Augmentative and Restorative Technologies and Health Innovations (iSMART), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;"},{"name":"Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","article-title":"International Perspectives on Spinal Cord Injury","year":"2013","unstructured":"World Health Organization, International Spinal Cord Society. 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