{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:03:02Z","timestamp":1787025782347,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hoffmann\u2019s sign testing is a commonly used physical examination in clinical practice for patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). However, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying its occurrence and development have not been thoroughly investigated. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore whether a positive Hoffmann\u2019s sign (PHS) in CSM patients is associated with spinal cord and brain remodeling and to identify potential neuroimaging biomarkers with diagnostic value.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seventy-six patients with CSM and 40 sex- and age-matched healthy controls (HCs) underwent multimodal MRI. Based on the results of the Hoffmann\u2019s sign examination, patients were divided into two groups: those with a PHS (n = 38) and those with a negative Hoffmann\u2019s sign (NHS; n = 38). Quantification of spinal cord and brain structural and functional parameters of the participants was performed using various methods, including functional connectivity analysis, voxel-based morphometry, and atlas-based analysis based on functional MRI and structural MRI data. Furthermore, this study conducted a correlation analysis between neuroimaging metrics and neurological function and utilized a support vector machine (SVM) algorithm for the classification of PHS and NHS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In comparison with the NHS and HC groups, PHS patients exhibited significant reductions in the cross-sectional area and fractional anisotropy (FA) of the lateral corticospinal tract (CST), reticulospinal tract (RST), and fasciculus cuneatus, concomitant with bilateral reductions in the volume of the lateral pallidum. The functional connectivity analysis indicated a reduction in functional connectivity between the left lateral pallidum and the right angular gyrus in the PHS group. The correlation analysis indicated a significant positive association between the CST and RST FA and the volume of the left lateral pallidum in PHS patients. Furthermore, all three variables exhibited a positive correlation with the patients\u2019 motor function. Finally, using multimodal neuroimaging metrics in conjunction with the SVM algorithm, PHS and NHS were classified with an accuracy rate of 85.53%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This research revealed a correlation between structural damage to the pallidum and RST and the presence of Hoffmann\u2019s sign as well as the motor function in patients with CSM. Features based on neuroimaging indicators have the potential to serve as biomarkers for assessing the extent of neuronal damage in CSM patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.3.focus23837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T05:42:41Z","timestamp":1717220561000},"page":"E10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Hoffmann\u2019s sign in cervical spondylotic myelopathy patients: pathological insights from neuroimaging"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Jianchao","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Orthopedics,"},{"name":"Spine Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Orthopedics,"},{"name":"Spine Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siya","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Orthopedics,"},{"name":"Spine Surgery,"},{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Orthopedics,"},{"name":"Spine Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junxun","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Orthopedics,"},{"name":"Spine Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingyong","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Orthopedics,"},{"name":"Spine Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoyu","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Orthopedics,"},{"name":"Spine Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiyuan","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Orthopedics,"},{"name":"Spine Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhibin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Orthopedics,"},{"name":"Spine Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sicheng","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Orthopedics,"},{"name":"Spine Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingfei","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Orthopedics,"},{"name":"Spine Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianyong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Orthopedics,"},{"name":"Spine Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Senlin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Dongcheng Branch of The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University (Feidong People\u2019s Hospital), Hefei, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Orthopedics,"},{"name":"Spine Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peiwen","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Orthopedics,"},{"name":"Spine Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cailiang","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Orthopedics,"},{"name":"Spine Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajia","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongqiang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fulong","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Orthopedics,"},{"name":"Spine Surgery,"},{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"b1","series-title":"Eur Radiol","first-page":"3693","article-title":"Functional MRI evidence for primary motor cortex plasticity contributes to the disease\u2019s severity and prognosis of cervical spondylotic myelopathy patients","volume":"32","author":"Zhao R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao R, Guo X, Wang Y,  Functional MRI evidence for primary motor cortex plasticity contributes to the disease\u2019s severity and prognosis of cervical spondylotic myelopathy patients. Eur Radiol. 2022;32(6):3693\u20133704."},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Iowa Orthop J","first-page":"49","article-title":"Cervical spinal cord compression and the Hoffmann sign","volume":"21","author":"Glaser JA","year":"2001","unstructured":"Glaser JA, Cur\u00e9 JK, Bailey KL, Morrow DL. Cervical spinal cord compression and the Hoffmann sign. Iowa Orthop J. 2001;21:49\u201352."},{"issue":"12","key":"b3","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"1353","article-title":"Early diagnosis of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. A useful clinical sign","volume":"16","author":"Denno JJ","year":"1991","unstructured":"Denno JJ, Meadows GR. Early diagnosis of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. A useful clinical sign. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1991;16(12):1353\u20131355."},{"issue":"7","key":"b4","series-title":"PM R","first-page":"498","article-title":"Reliability and repeatability of the Hoffmann sign","volume":"4","author":"Annaswamy TM","year":"2012","unstructured":"Annaswamy TM, Sakai T, Goetz LL, Pacheco FM, Ozarkar T. Reliability and repeatability of the Hoffmann sign. PM R. 2012;4(7):498\u2013503."},{"issue":"40","key":"b5","series-title":"J Neurosci","first-page":"9778","article-title":"Reticulospinal contributions to gross hand function after human spinal cord injury","volume":"37","author":"Baker SN","year":"2017","unstructured":"Baker SN, Perez MA. Reticulospinal contributions to gross hand function after human spinal cord injury. J Neurosci. 2017;37(40):9778\u20139784."},{"issue":"20","key":"b6","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"E1204","article-title":"Tract-specific volume loss on 3T MRI in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy","volume":"43","author":"Hopkins BS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hopkins BS, Weber KA II, Cloney MB, Paliwal M, Parrish TB, Smith ZA. Tract-specific volume loss on 3T MRI in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2018;43(20):E1204\u2013E1209."},{"issue":"23","key":"b7","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"1664","article-title":"A systematic review of the utility of the Hoffmann sign for the diagnosis of degenerative cervical myelopathy","volume":"43","author":"Fogarty A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fogarty A, Lenza E, Gupta G, Jarzem P, Dasgupta K, Radhakrishna M. A systematic review of the utility of the Hoffmann sign for the diagnosis of degenerative cervical myelopathy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2018;43(23):1664-1669."},{"issue":"1","key":"b8","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"14102","article-title":"Extrapyramidal plasticity predicts recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"10","author":"Huber E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huber E, Patel R, Hupp M, Weiskopf N, Chakravarty MM, Freund P. Extrapyramidal plasticity predicts recovery after spinal cord injury. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):14102."},{"issue":"7","key":"b9","series-title":"J Neurol","first-page":"2429","article-title":"Thalamic atrophy in patients with pure hereditary spastic paraplegia type 4","volume":"268","author":"Navas-S\u00e1nchez FJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Navas-S\u00e1nchez FJ, Fern\u00e1ndez-Pena A, Mart\u00edn de Blas D,  Thalamic atrophy in patients with pure hereditary spastic paraplegia type 4. J Neurol. 2021;268(7):2429\u20132440."},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Neuroimage Clin","first-page":"848","article-title":"SPG11 mutations cause widespread white matter and basal ganglia abnormalities, but restricted cortical damage","volume":"19","author":"Faber I","year":"2018","unstructured":"Faber I, Martinez ARM, de Rezende TJR,  SPG11 mutations cause widespread white matter and basal ganglia abnormalities, but restricted cortical damage. Neuroimage Clin. 2018;19:848\u2013857."},{"issue":"9","key":"b11","series-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)","first-page":"1333","article-title":"Impaired finger dexterity and nigrostriatal dopamine loss in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"125","author":"Lee SH","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee SH, Lee MJ, Lyoo CH, Cho H, Lee MS. Impaired finger dexterity and nigrostriatal dopamine loss in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2018;125(9):1333\u20131339."},{"issue":"1","key":"b12","series-title":"Eur Radiol","first-page":"357","article-title":"MRI evidence of brain atrophy, white matter damage, and functional adaptive changes in patients with cervical spondylosis and prolonged spinal cord compression","volume":"30","author":"Bernab\u00e9u-Sanz \u00c1","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bernab\u00e9u-Sanz \u00c1, Moll\u00e1-Torr\u00f3 JV, L\u00f3pez-Celada S, Moreno L\u00f3pez P, Fern\u00e1ndez-Jover E. MRI evidence of brain atrophy, white matter damage, and functional adaptive changes in patients with cervical spondylosis and prolonged spinal cord compression. Eur Radiol. 2020;30(1):357\u2013369."},{"issue":"2","key":"b13","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"166","article-title":"Reliability and repeatability of the motor and sensory examination of the international standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury","volume":"31","author":"Marino RJ","year":"2008","unstructured":"Marino RJ, Jones L, Kirshblum S, Tal J, Dasgupta A. Reliability and repeatability of the motor and sensory examination of the international standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2008;31(2):166\u2013170."},{"issue":"10","key":"b14","series-title":"Hum Brain Mapp","first-page":"3088","article-title":"Large-scale functional network connectivity mediate the associations of gut microbiota with sleep quality and executive functions","volume":"42","author":"Cai H","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cai H, Wang C, Qian Y,  Large-scale functional network connectivity mediate the associations of gut microbiota with sleep quality and executive functions. Hum Brain Mapp. 2021;42(10):3088\u20133101."},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"b15","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"24","article-title":"SCT: Spinal Cord Toolbox, an open-source software for processing spinal cord MRI data","volume":"145","author":"De Leener B","year":"2017","unstructured":"De Leener B, L\u00e9vy S, Dupont SM,  SCT: Spinal Cord Toolbox, an open-source software for processing spinal cord MRI data. Neuroimage. 2017;145(Pt A):24-43."},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"901","article-title":"Automatic segmentation of the spinal cord and intramedullary multiple sclerosis lesions with convolutional neural networks","volume":"184","author":"Gros C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gros C, De Leener B, Badji A,  Automatic segmentation of the spinal cord and intramedullary multiple sclerosis lesions with convolutional neural networks. Neuroimage. 2019;184:901\u2013915."},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Eur J Radiol","first-page":"55","article-title":"Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: changes of fractional anisotropy in the spinal cord and magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the primary motor cortex in relation to clinical symptoms and their duration","volume":"116","author":"Gohmann RF","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gohmann RF, Blume C, Zvyagintsev M,  Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: changes of fractional anisotropy in the spinal cord and magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the primary motor cortex in relation to clinical symptoms and their duration. Eur J Radiol. 2019;116:55\u201360."},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"64","article-title":"Improved in vivo diffusion tensor imaging of human cervical spinal cord","volume":"67","author":"Xu J","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xu J, Shimony JS, Klawiter EC,  Improved in vivo diffusion tensor imaging of human cervical spinal cord. Neuroimage. 2013;67:64\u201376."},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"336","article-title":"Cortical thickness and central surface estimation","volume":"65","author":"Dahnke R","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dahnke R, Yotter RA, Gaser C. Cortical thickness and central surface estimation. Neuroimage. 2013;65:336\u2013348."},{"issue":"4","key":"b20","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"1325","article-title":"A new SPM toolbox for combining probabilistic cytoarchitectonic maps and functional imaging data","volume":"25","author":"Eickhoff SB","year":"2005","unstructured":"Eickhoff SB, Stephan KE, Mohlberg H,  A new SPM toolbox for combining probabilistic cytoarchitectonic maps and functional imaging data. Neuroimage. 2005;25(4):1325\u20131335."},{"issue":"1","key":"b21","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"273","article-title":"Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the MNI MRI single-subject brain","volume":"15","author":"Tzourio-Mazoyer N","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tzourio-Mazoyer N, Landeau B, Papathanassiou D,  Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the MNI MRI single-subject brain. Neuroimage. 2002;15(1):273\u2013289."},{"issue":"4","key":"b22","series-title":"Hum Brain Mapp","first-page":"238","article-title":"Automated labeling of the human brain: a preliminary report on the development and evaluation of a forward-transform method","volume":"5","author":"Lancaster JL","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lancaster JL, Rainey LH, Summerlin JL,  Automated labeling of the human brain: a preliminary report on the development and evaluation of a forward-transform method. Hum Brain Mapp. 1997;5(4):238\u2013242."},{"issue":"14","key":"b23","series-title":"Sci Bull (Beijing)","first-page":"953","article-title":"RESTplus: an improved toolkit for resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data processing","volume":"64","author":"Jia XZ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jia XZ, Wang J, Sun HY,  RESTplus: an improved toolkit for resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data processing. Sci Bull (Beijing). 2019;64(14):953\u2013954."},{"issue":"1","key":"b24","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"95","article-title":"A fast diffeomorphic image registration algorithm","volume":"38","author":"Ashburner J","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ashburner J. A fast diffeomorphic image registration algorithm. Neuroimage. 2007;38(1):95\u2013113."},{"issue":"7","key":"b25","series-title":"Int J Neural Syst","first-page":"1550029","article-title":"Distributed one-class support vector machine","volume":"25","author":"Castillo E","year":"2015","unstructured":"Castillo E, Peteiro-Barral D, Berdi\u00f1as BG, Fontenla-Romero O. Distributed one-class support vector machine. Int J Neural Syst. 2015;25(7):1550029."},{"issue":"7","key":"b26","series-title":"IEEE Trans Image Process","first-page":"2911","article-title":"A linear support higher-order tensor machine for classification","volume":"22","author":"Hao Z","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hao Z, He L, Chen B, Yang X. A linear support higher-order tensor machine for classification. IEEE Trans Image Process. 2013;22(7):2911\u20132920."},{"issue":"10","key":"b27","series-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku","first-page":"1075","article-title":"MRI findings in patients with acute autonomic and sensory neuropathy","volume":"33","author":"Yasuda T","year":"1993","unstructured":"Yasuda T, Sobue G, Hirose Y, Hakusui S, Yanagi T. MRI findings in patients with acute autonomic and sensory neuropathy. Article in Japanese. Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 1993;33(10):1075\u20131078."},{"issue":"3","key":"b28","series-title":"Acta Neuropathol","first-page":"307","article-title":"Hereditary spastic paraplegia: clinico-pathologic features and emerging molecular mechanisms","volume":"126","author":"Fink JK","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fink JK. Hereditary spastic paraplegia: clinico-pathologic features and emerging molecular mechanisms. Acta Neuropathol. 2013;126(3):307\u2013328."},{"issue":"1","key":"b29","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"62","article-title":"Lateral corticospinal tract and dorsal column damage: predictive relationships with motor and sensory scores at discharge from acute rehabilitation after spinal cord injury","volume":"103","author":"Smith AC","year":"2022","unstructured":"Smith AC, O\u2019Dell DR, Albin SR,  Lateral corticospinal tract and dorsal column damage: predictive relationships with motor and sensory scores at discharge from acute rehabilitation after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2022;103(1):62\u201368."},{"issue":"12","key":"b30","series-title":"Nat Rev Neurol","first-page":"718","article-title":"Traumatic and nontraumatic spinal cord injury: pathological insights from neuroimaging","volume":"15","author":"David G","year":"2019","unstructured":"David G, Mohammadi S, Martin AR,  Traumatic and nontraumatic spinal cord injury: pathological insights from neuroimaging. Nat Rev Neurol. 2019;15(12):718\u2013731."},{"issue":"9","key":"b31","series-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair","first-page":"812","article-title":"The strength of the corticospinal tract not the reticulospinal tract determines upper-limb impairment level and capacity for skill-acquisition in the sub-acute post-stroke period","volume":"35","author":"Hammerbeck U","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hammerbeck U, Tyson SF, Samraj P, Hollands K, Krakauer JW, Rothwell J. The strength of the corticospinal tract not the reticulospinal tract determines upper-limb impairment level and capacity for skill-acquisition in the sub-acute post-stroke period. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2021;35(9):812\u2013822."},{"issue":"10","key":"b32","series-title":"Clin Neurophysiol","first-page":"1680","article-title":"Stretch sensitive reflexes as an adaptive mechanism for maintaining limb stability","volume":"121","author":"Shemmell J","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shemmell J, Krutky MA, Perreault EJ. Stretch sensitive reflexes as an adaptive mechanism for maintaining limb stability. Clin Neurophysiol. 2010;121(10):1680\u20131689."},{"issue":"40","key":"b33","series-title":"J Neurosci","first-page":"7872","article-title":"Imbalanced corticospinal and reticulospinal contributions to spasticity in humans with spinal cord injury","volume":"39","author":"Sangari S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sangari S, Perez MA. Imbalanced corticospinal and reticulospinal contributions to spasticity in humans with spinal cord injury. J Neurosci. 2019;39(40):7872\u20137881."},{"issue":"12","key":"b34","series-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med","first-page":"a009621","article-title":"Functional neuroanatomy of the basal ganglia","volume":"2","author":"Lanciego JL","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lanciego JL, Luquin N, Obeso JA. Functional neuroanatomy of the basal ganglia. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2012;2(12):a009621."},{"issue":"2","key":"b35","series-title":"Brain Behav Evol","first-page":"112","article-title":"Evolutionary and developmental contributions for understanding the organization of the basal ganglia","volume":"83","author":"Medina L","year":"2014","unstructured":"Medina L, Abell\u00e1n A, Vicario A, Desfilis E. Evolutionary and developmental contributions for understanding the organization of the basal ganglia. Brain Behav Evol. 2014;83(2):112\u2013125."},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Neuroscience","first-page":"147","article-title":"Exercise-induced changes in basal ganglia volume and cognition in older adults","volume":"281","author":"Niemann C","year":"2014","unstructured":"Niemann C, Godde B, Staudinger UM, Voelcker-Rehage C. Exercise-induced changes in basal ganglia volume and cognition in older adults. Neuroscience. 2014;281:147\u2013163."},{"issue":"7","key":"b37","series-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair","first-page":"603","article-title":"Subcortical volume loss in the thalamus, putamen, and pallidum, induced by traumatic brain injury, is associated with motor performance deficits","volume":"30","author":"Gooijers J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gooijers J, Chalavi S, Beeckmans K,  Subcortical volume loss in the thalamus, putamen, and pallidum, induced by traumatic brain injury, is associated with motor performance deficits. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2016;30(7):603\u2013614."},{"issue":"2","key":"b38","series-title":"J Neuroimaging","first-page":"275","article-title":"Subcortical structure volumes and correlation to clinical variables in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Geevarghese R","year":"2015","unstructured":"Geevarghese R, Lumsden DE, Hulse N, Samuel M, Ashkan K. Subcortical structure volumes and correlation to clinical variables in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neuroimaging. 2015;25(2):275\u2013280."},{"issue":"9","key":"b39","series-title":"Mov Disord","first-page":"1648","article-title":"Internal pallidum and substantia nigra control different parts of the mesopontine reticular formation in primate","volume":"26","author":"Rolland AS","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rolland AS, Karachi C, Muriel MP, Hirsch EC, Fran\u00e7ois C. Internal pallidum and substantia nigra control different parts of the mesopontine reticular formation in primate. Mov Disord. 2011;26(9):1648\u20131656."},{"issue":"48","key":"b40","series-title":"J Neurosci","first-page":"15115","article-title":"Response-dependent contributions of human primary motor cortex and angular gyrus to manual and perceptual sequence learning","volume":"29","author":"Rosenthal CR","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rosenthal CR, Roche-Kelly EE, Husain M, Kennard C. Response-dependent contributions of human primary motor cortex and angular gyrus to manual and perceptual sequence learning. J Neurosci. 2009;29(48):15115\u201315125."},{"issue":"7","key":"b41","series-title":"Trends Neurosci","first-page":"364","article-title":"Mechanisms for selection of basic motor programs\u2014roles for the striatum and pallidum","volume":"28","author":"Grillner S","year":"2005","unstructured":"Grillner S, Hellgren J, M\u00e9nard A, Saitoh K, Wikstr\u00f6m MA. Mechanisms for selection of basic motor programs\u2014roles for the striatum and pallidum. Trends Neurosci. 2005;28(7):364\u2013370."},{"issue":"6","key":"b1","series-title":"Eur Radiol","first-page":"3693","article-title":"Functional MRI evidence for primary motor cortex plasticity contributes to the disease\u2019s severity and prognosis of cervical spondylotic myelopathy patients","volume":"32","author":"Zhao R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao R, Guo X, Wang Y,  Functional MRI evidence for primary motor cortex plasticity contributes to the disease\u2019s severity and prognosis of cervical spondylotic myelopathy patients. Eur Radiol. 2022;32(6):3693\u20133704."},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Iowa Orthop J","first-page":"49","article-title":"Cervical spinal cord compression and the Hoffmann sign","volume":"21","author":"Glaser JA","year":"2001","unstructured":"Glaser JA, Cur\u00e9 JK, Bailey KL, Morrow DL. Cervical spinal cord compression and the Hoffmann sign. Iowa Orthop J. 2001;21:49\u201352."},{"issue":"12","key":"b3","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"1353","article-title":"Early diagnosis of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. A useful clinical sign","volume":"16","author":"Denno JJ","year":"1991","unstructured":"Denno JJ, Meadows GR. Early diagnosis of cervical spondylotic myelopathy. A useful clinical sign. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1991;16(12):1353\u20131355."},{"issue":"7","key":"b4","series-title":"PM R","first-page":"498","article-title":"Reliability and repeatability of the Hoffmann sign","volume":"4","author":"Annaswamy TM","year":"2012","unstructured":"Annaswamy TM, Sakai T, Goetz LL, Pacheco FM, Ozarkar T. Reliability and repeatability of the Hoffmann sign. PM R. 2012;4(7):498\u2013503."},{"issue":"40","key":"b5","series-title":"J Neurosci","first-page":"9778","article-title":"Reticulospinal contributions to gross hand function after human spinal cord injury","volume":"37","author":"Baker SN","year":"2017","unstructured":"Baker SN, Perez MA. Reticulospinal contributions to gross hand function after human spinal cord injury. J Neurosci. 2017;37(40):9778\u20139784."},{"issue":"20","key":"b6","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"E1204","article-title":"Tract-specific volume loss on 3T MRI in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy","volume":"43","author":"Hopkins BS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hopkins BS, Weber KA II, Cloney MB, Paliwal M, Parrish TB, Smith ZA. Tract-specific volume loss on 3T MRI in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2018;43(20):E1204\u2013E1209."},{"issue":"23","key":"b7","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"1664","article-title":"A systematic review of the utility of the Hoffmann sign for the diagnosis of degenerative cervical myelopathy","volume":"43","author":"Fogarty A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fogarty A, Lenza E, Gupta G, Jarzem P, Dasgupta K, Radhakrishna M. A systematic review of the utility of the Hoffmann sign for the diagnosis of degenerative cervical myelopathy. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2018;43(23):1664-1669."},{"issue":"1","key":"b8","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"14102","article-title":"Extrapyramidal plasticity predicts recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"10","author":"Huber E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Huber E, Patel R, Hupp M, Weiskopf N, Chakravarty MM, Freund P. Extrapyramidal plasticity predicts recovery after spinal cord injury. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):14102."},{"issue":"7","key":"b9","series-title":"J Neurol","first-page":"2429","article-title":"Thalamic atrophy in patients with pure hereditary spastic paraplegia type 4","volume":"268","author":"Navas-S\u00e1nchez FJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Navas-S\u00e1nchez FJ, Fern\u00e1ndez-Pena A, Mart\u00edn de Blas D,  Thalamic atrophy in patients with pure hereditary spastic paraplegia type 4. J Neurol. 2021;268(7):2429\u20132440."},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Neuroimage Clin","first-page":"848","article-title":"SPG11 mutations cause widespread white matter and basal ganglia abnormalities, but restricted cortical damage","volume":"19","author":"Faber I","year":"2018","unstructured":"Faber I, Martinez ARM, de Rezende TJR,  SPG11 mutations cause widespread white matter and basal ganglia abnormalities, but restricted cortical damage. Neuroimage Clin. 2018;19:848\u2013857."},{"issue":"9","key":"b11","series-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)","first-page":"1333","article-title":"Impaired finger dexterity and nigrostriatal dopamine loss in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"125","author":"Lee SH","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee SH, Lee MJ, Lyoo CH, Cho H, Lee MS. Impaired finger dexterity and nigrostriatal dopamine loss in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2018;125(9):1333\u20131339."},{"issue":"1","key":"b12","series-title":"Eur Radiol","first-page":"357","article-title":"MRI evidence of brain atrophy, white matter damage, and functional adaptive changes in patients with cervical spondylosis and prolonged spinal cord compression","volume":"30","author":"Bernab\u00e9u-Sanz \u00c1","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bernab\u00e9u-Sanz \u00c1, Moll\u00e1-Torr\u00f3 JV, L\u00f3pez-Celada S, Moreno L\u00f3pez P, Fern\u00e1ndez-Jover E. MRI evidence of brain atrophy, white matter damage, and functional adaptive changes in patients with cervical spondylosis and prolonged spinal cord compression. Eur Radiol. 2020;30(1):357\u2013369."},{"issue":"2","key":"b13","series-title":"J Spinal Cord Med","first-page":"166","article-title":"Reliability and repeatability of the motor and sensory examination of the international standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury","volume":"31","author":"Marino RJ","year":"2008","unstructured":"Marino RJ, Jones L, Kirshblum S, Tal J, Dasgupta A. Reliability and repeatability of the motor and sensory examination of the international standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2008;31(2):166\u2013170."},{"issue":"10","key":"b14","series-title":"Hum Brain Mapp","first-page":"3088","article-title":"Large-scale functional network connectivity mediate the associations of gut microbiota with sleep quality and executive functions","volume":"42","author":"Cai H","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cai H, Wang C, Qian Y,  Large-scale functional network connectivity mediate the associations of gut microbiota with sleep quality and executive functions. Hum Brain Mapp. 2021;42(10):3088\u20133101."},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"b15","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"24","article-title":"SCT: Spinal Cord Toolbox, an open-source software for processing spinal cord MRI data","volume":"145","author":"De Leener B","year":"2017","unstructured":"De Leener B, L\u00e9vy S, Dupont SM,  SCT: Spinal Cord Toolbox, an open-source software for processing spinal cord MRI data. Neuroimage. 2017;145(Pt A):24-43."},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"901","article-title":"Automatic segmentation of the spinal cord and intramedullary multiple sclerosis lesions with convolutional neural networks","volume":"184","author":"Gros C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gros C, De Leener B, Badji A,  Automatic segmentation of the spinal cord and intramedullary multiple sclerosis lesions with convolutional neural networks. Neuroimage. 2019;184:901\u2013915."},{"key":"b17","series-title":"Eur J Radiol","first-page":"55","article-title":"Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: changes of fractional anisotropy in the spinal cord and magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the primary motor cortex in relation to clinical symptoms and their duration","volume":"116","author":"Gohmann RF","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gohmann RF, Blume C, Zvyagintsev M,  Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: changes of fractional anisotropy in the spinal cord and magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the primary motor cortex in relation to clinical symptoms and their duration. Eur J Radiol. 2019;116:55\u201360."},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"64","article-title":"Improved in vivo diffusion tensor imaging of human cervical spinal cord","volume":"67","author":"Xu J","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xu J, Shimony JS, Klawiter EC,  Improved in vivo diffusion tensor imaging of human cervical spinal cord. Neuroimage. 2013;67:64\u201376."},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"336","article-title":"Cortical thickness and central surface estimation","volume":"65","author":"Dahnke R","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dahnke R, Yotter RA, Gaser C. Cortical thickness and central surface estimation. Neuroimage. 2013;65:336\u2013348."},{"issue":"4","key":"b20","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"1325","article-title":"A new SPM toolbox for combining probabilistic cytoarchitectonic maps and functional imaging data","volume":"25","author":"Eickhoff SB","year":"2005","unstructured":"Eickhoff SB, Stephan KE, Mohlberg H,  A new SPM toolbox for combining probabilistic cytoarchitectonic maps and functional imaging data. Neuroimage. 2005;25(4):1325\u20131335."},{"issue":"1","key":"b21","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"273","article-title":"Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the MNI MRI single-subject brain","volume":"15","author":"Tzourio-Mazoyer N","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tzourio-Mazoyer N, Landeau B, Papathanassiou D,  Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the MNI MRI single-subject brain. Neuroimage. 2002;15(1):273\u2013289."},{"issue":"4","key":"b22","series-title":"Hum Brain Mapp","first-page":"238","article-title":"Automated labeling of the human brain: a preliminary report on the development and evaluation of a forward-transform method","volume":"5","author":"Lancaster JL","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lancaster JL, Rainey LH, Summerlin JL,  Automated labeling of the human brain: a preliminary report on the development and evaluation of a forward-transform method. Hum Brain Mapp. 1997;5(4):238\u2013242."},{"issue":"14","key":"b23","series-title":"Sci Bull (Beijing)","first-page":"953","article-title":"RESTplus: an improved toolkit for resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data processing","volume":"64","author":"Jia XZ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jia XZ, Wang J, Sun HY,  RESTplus: an improved toolkit for resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data processing. Sci Bull (Beijing). 2019;64(14):953\u2013954."},{"issue":"1","key":"b24","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"95","article-title":"A fast diffeomorphic image registration algorithm","volume":"38","author":"Ashburner J","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ashburner J. A fast diffeomorphic image registration algorithm. Neuroimage. 2007;38(1):95\u2013113."},{"issue":"7","key":"b25","series-title":"Int J Neural Syst","first-page":"1550029","article-title":"Distributed one-class support vector machine","volume":"25","author":"Castillo E","year":"2015","unstructured":"Castillo E, Peteiro-Barral D, Berdi\u00f1as BG, Fontenla-Romero O. Distributed one-class support vector machine. Int J Neural Syst. 2015;25(7):1550029."},{"issue":"7","key":"b26","series-title":"IEEE Trans Image Process","first-page":"2911","article-title":"A linear support higher-order tensor machine for classification","volume":"22","author":"Hao Z","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hao Z, He L, Chen B, Yang X. A linear support higher-order tensor machine for classification. IEEE Trans Image Process. 2013;22(7):2911\u20132920."},{"issue":"10","key":"b27","series-title":"Rinsho Shinkeigaku","first-page":"1075","article-title":"MRI findings in patients with acute autonomic and sensory neuropathy","volume":"33","author":"Yasuda T","year":"1993","unstructured":"Yasuda T, Sobue G, Hirose Y, Hakusui S, Yanagi T. MRI findings in patients with acute autonomic and sensory neuropathy. Article in Japanese. Rinsho Shinkeigaku. 1993;33(10):1075\u20131078."},{"issue":"3","key":"b28","series-title":"Acta Neuropathol","first-page":"307","article-title":"Hereditary spastic paraplegia: clinico-pathologic features and emerging molecular mechanisms","volume":"126","author":"Fink JK","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fink JK. Hereditary spastic paraplegia: clinico-pathologic features and emerging molecular mechanisms. Acta Neuropathol. 2013;126(3):307\u2013328."},{"issue":"1","key":"b29","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"62","article-title":"Lateral corticospinal tract and dorsal column damage: predictive relationships with motor and sensory scores at discharge from acute rehabilitation after spinal cord injury","volume":"103","author":"Smith AC","year":"2022","unstructured":"Smith AC, O\u2019Dell DR, Albin SR,  Lateral corticospinal tract and dorsal column damage: predictive relationships with motor and sensory scores at discharge from acute rehabilitation after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2022;103(1):62\u201368."},{"issue":"12","key":"b30","series-title":"Nat Rev Neurol","first-page":"718","article-title":"Traumatic and nontraumatic spinal cord injury: pathological insights from neuroimaging","volume":"15","author":"David G","year":"2019","unstructured":"David G, Mohammadi S, Martin AR,  Traumatic and nontraumatic spinal cord injury: pathological insights from neuroimaging. Nat Rev Neurol. 2019;15(12):718\u2013731."},{"issue":"9","key":"b31","series-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair","first-page":"812","article-title":"The strength of the corticospinal tract not the reticulospinal tract determines upper-limb impairment level and capacity for skill-acquisition in the sub-acute post-stroke period","volume":"35","author":"Hammerbeck U","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hammerbeck U, Tyson SF, Samraj P, Hollands K, Krakauer JW, Rothwell J. The strength of the corticospinal tract not the reticulospinal tract determines upper-limb impairment level and capacity for skill-acquisition in the sub-acute post-stroke period. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2021;35(9):812\u2013822."},{"issue":"10","key":"b32","series-title":"Clin Neurophysiol","first-page":"1680","article-title":"Stretch sensitive reflexes as an adaptive mechanism for maintaining limb stability","volume":"121","author":"Shemmell J","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shemmell J, Krutky MA, Perreault EJ. Stretch sensitive reflexes as an adaptive mechanism for maintaining limb stability. Clin Neurophysiol. 2010;121(10):1680\u20131689."},{"issue":"40","key":"b33","series-title":"J Neurosci","first-page":"7872","article-title":"Imbalanced corticospinal and reticulospinal contributions to spasticity in humans with spinal cord injury","volume":"39","author":"Sangari S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sangari S, Perez MA. Imbalanced corticospinal and reticulospinal contributions to spasticity in humans with spinal cord injury. J Neurosci. 2019;39(40):7872\u20137881."},{"issue":"12","key":"b34","series-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med","first-page":"a009621","article-title":"Functional neuroanatomy of the basal ganglia","volume":"2","author":"Lanciego JL","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lanciego JL, Luquin N, Obeso JA. Functional neuroanatomy of the basal ganglia. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2012;2(12):a009621."},{"issue":"2","key":"b35","series-title":"Brain Behav Evol","first-page":"112","article-title":"Evolutionary and developmental contributions for understanding the organization of the basal ganglia","volume":"83","author":"Medina L","year":"2014","unstructured":"Medina L, Abell\u00e1n A, Vicario A, Desfilis E. Evolutionary and developmental contributions for understanding the organization of the basal ganglia. Brain Behav Evol. 2014;83(2):112\u2013125."},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Neuroscience","first-page":"147","article-title":"Exercise-induced changes in basal ganglia volume and cognition in older adults","volume":"281","author":"Niemann C","year":"2014","unstructured":"Niemann C, Godde B, Staudinger UM, Voelcker-Rehage C. Exercise-induced changes in basal ganglia volume and cognition in older adults. Neuroscience. 2014;281:147\u2013163."},{"issue":"7","key":"b37","series-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair","first-page":"603","article-title":"Subcortical volume loss in the thalamus, putamen, and pallidum, induced by traumatic brain injury, is associated with motor performance deficits","volume":"30","author":"Gooijers J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gooijers J, Chalavi S, Beeckmans K,  Subcortical volume loss in the thalamus, putamen, and pallidum, induced by traumatic brain injury, is associated with motor performance deficits. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2016;30(7):603\u2013614."},{"issue":"2","key":"b38","series-title":"J Neuroimaging","first-page":"275","article-title":"Subcortical structure volumes and correlation to clinical variables in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Geevarghese R","year":"2015","unstructured":"Geevarghese R, Lumsden DE, Hulse N, Samuel M, Ashkan K. Subcortical structure volumes and correlation to clinical variables in Parkinson\u2019s disease. J Neuroimaging. 2015;25(2):275\u2013280."},{"issue":"9","key":"b39","series-title":"Mov Disord","first-page":"1648","article-title":"Internal pallidum and substantia nigra control different parts of the mesopontine reticular formation in primate","volume":"26","author":"Rolland AS","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rolland AS, Karachi C, Muriel MP, Hirsch EC, Fran\u00e7ois C. Internal pallidum and substantia nigra control different parts of the mesopontine reticular formation in primate. Mov Disord. 2011;26(9):1648\u20131656."},{"issue":"48","key":"b40","series-title":"J Neurosci","first-page":"15115","article-title":"Response-dependent contributions of human primary motor cortex and angular gyrus to manual and perceptual sequence learning","volume":"29","author":"Rosenthal CR","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rosenthal CR, Roche-Kelly EE, Husain M, Kennard C. Response-dependent contributions of human primary motor cortex and angular gyrus to manual and perceptual sequence learning. J Neurosci. 2009;29(48):15115\u201315125."},{"issue":"7","key":"b41","series-title":"Trends Neurosci","first-page":"364","article-title":"Mechanisms for selection of basic motor programs\u2014roles for the striatum and pallidum","volume":"28","author":"Grillner S","year":"2005","unstructured":"Grillner S, Hellgren J, M\u00e9nard A, Saitoh K, Wikstr\u00f6m MA. Mechanisms for selection of basic motor programs\u2014roles for the striatum and pallidum. Trends Neurosci. 2005;28(7):364\u2013370."}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Focus"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/56\/6\/article-pE10.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/56\/6\/article-pE10.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/56\/6\/article-pE10.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T08:50:54Z","timestamp":1780131054000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/56\/6\/article-pE10.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2024.3.focus23837","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-0684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-0684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}}}