{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T09:06:06Z","timestamp":1780131966640,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"\n OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n Craniocervical dystonia (CCD) is a common type of segmental dystonia, which is a disabling disease that has been frequently misdiagnosed. Blepharospasm or cervical dystonia is the most usual symptom initially. Although deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus internus (GPi) has been widely used for treating CCD, its clinical outcome has been primarily evaluated in small-scale studies. This research examines the sustained clinical effectiveness of DBS of the GPi in individuals diagnosed with CCD.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS<\/jats:title>\n The authors report 24 patients (14 women, 10 men) with refractory CCD who underwent DBS of the GPi between 2016 and 2023. The severity and disability of the dystonia were evaluated using the Burke-Fahn-Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFMDRS). The BFMDRS scores were collected preoperatively, 6 months postoperatively, and at the most recent follow-up visit.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n The mean age at onset was 52.0 \u00b1 11.0 years (range 33\u201371 years) and the mean disease duration was 63.3 \u00b1 73.3 months (range 7\u2013360 months) (values for continuous variables are expressed as the mean \u00b1 SD). The mean follow-up period was 37.5 \u00b1 23.5 months (range 6\u201384 months). The mean total BFMDRS motor scores at the 3 different time points were 13.3 \u00b1 9.4 preoperatively, 5.0 \u00b1 4.7 (55.3% improvement, p < 0.001) at 6 months, and 4.5 \u00b1 3.6 (56.6% improvement, p < 0.001) at last follow-up. The outcomes were deemed poor in 6 individuals.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n Inferences drawn from the findings suggest that DBS of the GPi has long-lasting effectiveness and certain limitations in managing refractory CCD. The expected stability of the clinical outcome is not achieved. Patients with specific types of dystonia might consider targets other than GPi for a more precise therapy.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.3.focus23890","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T05:41:49Z","timestamp":1717220509000},"page":"E16","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Long-term follow-up of pallidal deep brain stimulation for craniocervical dystonia: is the globus pallidus internus the best target?"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Zhuoling","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongsheng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaijia","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangzhao","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Department, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guojun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Neurosurgery Department, National Center for Children\u2019s Health, Beijing Children\u2019s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"b1","series-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers","first-page":"25","article-title":"Dystonia","volume":"4","author":"Balint B","year":"2018","unstructured":"Balint B, Mencacci NE, Valente EM, Dystonia. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4(1):25."},{"issue":"suppl","key":"b2","series-title":"Neurol India","first-page":"S48","article-title":"Dystonia: a review","volume":"66","author":"Batla A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Batla A. Dystonia: a review. Neurol India. 2018;66(suppl):S48-S58."},{"key":"b3","series-title":"J Neurol Sci","first-page":"162","article-title":"Meige\u2019s syndrome: history, epidemiology, clinical features, pathogenesis and treatment","volume":"372","author":"Pandey S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pandey S, Sharma S. Meige\u2019s syndrome: history, epidemiology, clinical features, pathogenesis and treatment. J Neurol Sci. 2017;372:162\u2013170."},{"key":"b4","series-title":"Adv Neurol","first-page":"509","article-title":"Meige syndrome: primary and secondary forms","volume":"50","author":"Tolosa E","year":"1988","unstructured":"Tolosa E, Kulisevsky J, Fahn S. Meige syndrome: primary and secondary forms. Adv Neurol. 1988;50:509\u2013515."},{"issue":"6","key":"b5","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","first-page":"767","article-title":"Blepharospasm: a review of 264 patients","volume":"51","author":"Grandas F","year":"1988","unstructured":"Grandas F, Elston J, Quinn N, Marsden CD. Blepharospasm: a review of 264 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1988;51(6):767\u2013772."},{"issue":"4","key":"b6","series-title":"Ann Neurol","first-page":"402","article-title":"Blepharospasm and orofacial-cervical dystonia: clinical and pharmacological findings in 100 patients","volume":"13","author":"Jankovic J","year":"1983","unstructured":"Jankovic J, Ford J. Blepharospasm and orofacial-cervical dystonia: clinical and pharmacological findings in 100 patients. 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A 9-year review of dystonia from a movement disorders clinic in Singapore. Eur J Neurol. 2006;13(1):77\u201381."},{"issue":"1","key":"b10","series-title":"J Mov Disord","first-page":"9","article-title":"Botulinum toxin clinic-based epidemiologic survey of adults with primary dystonia in East China","volume":"5","author":"Wang L","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang L, Hu X, Liu C, Botulinum toxin clinic-based epidemiologic survey of adults with primary dystonia in East China. J Mov Disord. 2012;5(1):9\u201313."},{"issue":"4","key":"b11","series-title":"Ann Ophthalmol","first-page":"371","article-title":"Blepharospasm: demographic and clinical survey of 250 patients","volume":"16","author":"Jankovic J","year":"1984","unstructured":"Jankovic J, Orman J. Blepharospasm: demographic and clinical survey of 250 patients. 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