{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T06:50:48Z","timestamp":1768805448414,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The objective of this study was to evaluate whether volumetric measurements on early cranial ultrasound (CUS) in high-grade germinal matrix hemorrhage\u2013intraventricular hemorrhage (GMH-IVH) are associated with hydrocephalus and neurodevelopmental metrics.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A retrospective case series analysis of infants with high-grade GMH-IVH admitted to the St. Louis Children\u2019s Hospital neonatal intensive care unit between 2007 and 2015 who underwent neurodevelopmental testing using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd Edition (Bayley-III) at 2 years of corrected age was performed. GMH volume, periventricular hemorrhagic infarction volume, and frontotemporal horn ratio were obtained from direct review of neonatal CUS studies. Univariate and multivariable regression models were used to evaluate the association between hemorrhage volumes and hydrocephalus requiring permanent CSF diversion with ventricular shunt or endoscopic third ventriculostomy with or without choroid plexus cauterization and composite Bayley-III cognitive, language, and motor scores.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Forty-three infants (29 males, mean gestational age 25 weeks) met the inclusion criteria. The mean age at time of the CUS with the largest hemorrhage volume or first diagnosis of highest grade was 6.2 days. Nineteen patients underwent treatment for hydrocephalus with permanent CSF diversion. In multivariable analyses, larger GMH volume was associated with worse estimated Bayley-III cognitive (left-sided GMH volume: p = 0.048, total GMH volume: p = 0.023) and motor (left-sided GMH volume: p = 0.010; total GMH volume: p = 0.014) scores. Larger periventricular hemorrhagic infarction volume was associated with worse estimated Bayley-III motor scores (each side p &lt; 0.04). Larger left-sided (OR 2.55, 95% CI 1.10\u20135.88; p = 0.028) and total (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.01\u20131.79; p = 0.041) GMH volumes correlated with hydrocephalus. There was no relationship between early ventricular volume and hydrocephalus or neurodevelopmental outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Location-specific hemorrhage volume on early CUS may be prognostic for neurodevelopmental and hydrocephalus outcomes in high-grade GMH-IVH.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.3.peds22376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,6]],"date-time":"2024-07-06T04:01:22Z","timestamp":1720238482000},"page":"347-356","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association of germinal matrix hemorrhage volume with neurodevelopment and hydrocephalus"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Peter H.","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sasidhar","family":"Karuparti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaamya","family":"Varagur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Alexopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ron W.","family":"Reeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel E.","family":"Lean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cynthia E.","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry,"},{"name":"Pediatrics, and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David D.","family":"Limbrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Smyser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology,"},{"name":"Pediatrics, and"},{"name":"Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"Strahle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Neuroimage Clin","first-page":"101787","article-title":"Impaired hippocampal development and outcomes in very preterm infants with perinatal brain injury","volume":"22","author":"Strahle JM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Strahle JM, Triplett RL, Alexopoulos D,  Impaired hippocampal development and outcomes in very preterm infants with perinatal brain injury. 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