{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T18:10:13Z","timestamp":1791828613045,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Comprehensive data on treatment patterns of pediatric cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are lacking. The authors\u2019 aim was to examine national trends, assess the effect of hospital volume on outcomes, and identify variables associated with treatment at high-volume centers.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Pediatric AVM admissions (for ruptured and unruptured lesions) occurring in the US in 2016 and 2019 were identified using the Kids\u2019 Inpatient Database. Demographics, treatment methods, costs, and outcomes were recorded. The effect of hospital AVM volume on outcomes and factors associated with treatment at higher-volume hospitals were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Among 2752 AVM admissions identified, 730 (26.5%) patients underwent craniotomy, endovascular treatment, or a combination. High-volume (vs low-volume) centers saw lower proportions of Black (8.7% vs 12.9%, p &lt; 0.001) and lowest-income quartile (20.7% vs 27.9%, p &lt; 0.001) patients, but were more likely to provide endovascular intervention (19.5%) than low-volume institutions (13.7%) (p = 0.001). Patients treated at high-volume hospitals had insignificantly lower numbers of complications (mean 2.66 vs 4.17, p = 0.105) but significantly lower odds of nonroutine discharge (OR 0.18 [95% CI 0.06\u20130.53], p = 0.009) and death (OR 0.13 [95% CI 0.02\u20130.75], p = 0.023). Admissions at high-volume hospitals cost more than at low-volume hospitals, regardless of whether intervention was performed ($64,811 vs $48,677, p = 0.001) or not ($64,137 vs $33,779, p &lt; 0.001). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that Hispanic children, patients who received AVM treatment, and those in higher-income quartiles had higher odds of treatment at high-volume hospitals.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In this largest study of US pediatric cerebral AVM admissions to date, higher hospital volume correlated with several better outcomes, particularly when patients underwent intervention. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that higher income and Hispanic race were associated with treatment at high-volume centers, where endovascular care is more common. The findings highlight the fact that ensuring access to appropriate treatment of patients of all races and socioeconomic classes must be a focus.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.3.peds23534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,25]],"date-time":"2024-05-25T02:04:03Z","timestamp":1716602643000},"page":"153-162","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Examining barriers to care: a retrospective cohort analysis investigating the relationship between hospital volume and outcomes in pediatric patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformations"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Michael G.","family":"Brandel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hernan","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David D.","family":"Gonda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, California;"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Rady Children\u2019s Hospital, San Diego, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael L.","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, California;"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Rady Children\u2019s Hospital, San Diego, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward R.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandi K.","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Lurie Children\u2019s Hospital, Chicago, Illinois;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William T.","family":"Couldwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Steinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay M.","family":"Ravindra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, California;"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Rady Children\u2019s Hospital, San Diego, California;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Naval Medical Center San Diego, California; and"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"b1","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"1267","article-title":"Arteriovenous malformation surgery in children: the Rady Children\u2019s Hospital experience (2002-2019)","volume":"37","author":"Steinberg JA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Steinberg JA, Brandel MG, Kang KM,  Arteriovenous malformation surgery in children: the Rady Children\u2019s Hospital experience (2002-2019). 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