{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T23:15:01Z","timestamp":1787786101289,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Postconcussive symptom questionnaires (PCSQs) are often used in concussion patient assessment, yet there is a lack of knowledge as to whether symptom subtype prevalence is dependent on the mechanism of injury (MOI). These subtypes can be defined as cognitive, atlanto-occipital\/cervical spine, autonomic, balance, low energy\/fatigue\/sleep, emotional changes, eyes, and somatic. Using an institutional PCSQ that quantitatively addressed these subtypes, this retrospective study aimed to provide insight into differences in subtype symptomatology between sports-related (SR) and non\u2013sports-related (NSR) injuries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Consecutive concussion patients with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score \u2265 13 and \u2265 16 years of age who were treated at a concussion clinic affiliated with an academic level I trauma center in the United States between December 2009 and January 2020 were eligible for inclusion. The authors extracted data on MOI, comorbidities, habits, prior injuries, and PCSQ results. Multivariate analysis of covariance was then conducted to determine the correlations between subtype scores and MOI while considering covariates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 194 patients remaining after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, analysis included 91 patients in the SR group consisting of 54 (59%) males with mean \u00b1 SD (range) age of 20.9 \u00b1 7.3 (16\u201358) years and 103 patients in the NSR group consisting of 38 (37%) males with mean age of 39.2 \u00b1 14.8 (17\u201371) years. Demographic characteristics differed significantly between groups. Estimated marginal mean scores were significantly lower in the SR injury group compared to the NSR injury group (with comparing main effects) for the cognitive (p &lt; 0.001), autonomic (p &lt; 0.000), balance (p &lt; 0.025), energy (p &lt; 0.006), emotional (p &lt; 0.000), and total score (p &lt; 0.001) subtypes. Multivariate tests identified three comorbidities that contributed to differences in subtype scores between groups: migraines (p &lt; 0.012), vertigo (p &lt; 0.004), and anxiety (p &lt; 0.038). No significant results were found for the remaining comorbidities of (but not limited to) depression, neuropsychiatric disorders, seizures, syncope, sleep disorder, or none.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings indicate that patients who sustain a concussion via an NSR injury present with more severe symptoms but similar concussion subtype frequency as those presenting with SR concussion. This suggests that the MOI may correlate more closely to symptom severity than concussion subtype composition, although larger patient populations with more definitive control of MOI are needed to further elucidate these claims.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.4.focus24135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T14:49:33Z","timestamp":1720018173000},"page":"E7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Elucidating differences in concussion subtype symptomatology in sports-related versus non\u2013sports-related concussions: a retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Maxon V.","family":"Knott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blake M.","family":"Bacevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebekah","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Orthopedic Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlena","family":"Wosiski-Kuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"McGrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon G.","family":"Divine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Orthopedic Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura B.","family":"Ngwenya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, and"},{"name":"Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury","author":"Georges A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Georges A, Das JM. Traumatic brain injury. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024.Accessed May 13, 2024. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK459300\/"},{"issue":"11","key":"b2","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"877","article-title":"What is the definition of sports-related concussion: a systematic review","volume":"51","author":"McCrory P","year":"2017","unstructured":"McCrory P, Feddermann-Demont N, Dvo\u0159\u00e1k J,  What is the definition of sports-related concussion: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(11):877\u2013887."},{"issue":"12","key":"b3","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"941","article-title":"Predictors of clinical recovery from concussion: a systematic review","volume":"51","author":"Iverson GL","year":"2017","unstructured":"Iverson GL, Gardner AJ, Terry DP,  Predictors of clinical recovery from concussion: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(12):941\u2013948."},{"issue":"1","key":"b4","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"2","article-title":"Concussion guidelines step 2: evidence for subtype classification","volume":"86","author":"Lumba-Brown A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lumba-Brown A, Teramoto M, Bloom OJ,  Concussion guidelines step 2: evidence for subtype classification. Neurosurgery. 2020;86(1):2\u201313."},{"issue":"2","key":"b5","series-title":"Clin J Sport Med","first-page":"87","article-title":"American Medical Society for Sports Medicine Position Statement on Concussion in Sport","volume":"29","author":"Harmon KG","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harmon KG, Clugston JR, Dec K,  American Medical Society for Sports Medicine Position Statement on Concussion in Sport. Clin J Sport Med. 2019;29(2):87\u2013100."},{"issue":"12","key":"b6","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e1922","article-title":"Review of assessment scales for diagnosing and monitoring sports-related concussion","volume":"9","author":"Dessy AM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dessy AM, Yuk FJ, Maniya AY,  Review of assessment scales for diagnosing and monitoring sports-related concussion. Cureus. 2017;9(12):e1922."},{"issue":"24","key":"b7","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"2204","article-title":"Early symptom burden predicts recovery after sport-related concussion","volume":"83","author":"Meehan WP III","year":"2014","unstructured":"Meehan WP III, Mannix R, Monuteaux MC, Stein CJ, Bachur RG. Early symptom burden predicts recovery after sport-related concussion. Neurology. 2014;83(24):2204\u20132210."},{"key":"b8","article-title":"Normal DLS. Biostatistics: The Bare Essentials","author":"Geoffrey R","year":"2014","unstructured":"Geoffrey R. Normal DLS. Biostatistics: The Bare Essentials. 4th ed. People\u2019s Medical Publishing House-USA; 2014."},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Pediatric and Adolescent Concussion: Diagnosis, Management, and Outcomes","first-page":"9","article-title":"Definition and classification of concussion","author":"Bodin D","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bodin D, Yeates KO, Klamar K. Definition and classification of concussion. In: Niskala J, Walter KD, eds. . Pediatric and Adolescent Concussion: Diagnosis, Management, and Outcomes. Springer; 2011:9-19."},{"issue":"2","key":"b10","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"245","article-title":"National Athletic Trainers\u2019 Association position statement: management of sport concussion","volume":"49","author":"Broglio SP","year":"2014","unstructured":"Broglio SP, Cantu RC, Gioia GA,  National Athletic Trainers\u2019 Association position statement: management of sport concussion. J Athl Train. 2014;49(2):245\u2013265."},{"issue":"8","key":"b11","series-title":"CMAJ","first-page":"887","article-title":"\"Sport\" and \"non-sport\" concussions","volume":"183","author":"Sojka P","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sojka P. \"Sport\" and \"non-sport\" concussions. CMAJ. 2011;183(8):887\u2013888."},{"issue":"5","key":"b12","series-title":"J Rehabil Med","first-page":"300","article-title":"One-year follow-up of mild traumatic brain injury: post-concussion symptoms, disabilities and life satisfaction in relation to serum levels of S-100B and neurone-specific enolase in acute phase","volume":"37","author":"St\u00e5lnacke BM","year":"2005","unstructured":"St\u00e5lnacke BM, Bj\u00f6rnstig U, Karlsson K, Sojka P. One-year follow-up of mild traumatic brain injury: post-concussion symptoms, disabilities and life satisfaction in relation to serum levels of S-100B and neurone-specific enolase in acute phase. J Rehabil Med. 2005;37(5):300\u2013305."},{"issue":"7566","key":"b13","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"469","article-title":"Immediate computed tomography or admission for observation after mild head injury: cost comparison in randomised controlled trial","volume":"333","author":"Norlund A","year":"2006","unstructured":"Norlund A, Mark\u00e9 LA, af Geijerstam JL, Oredsson S, Britton M. Immediate computed tomography or admission for observation after mild head injury: cost comparison in randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2006;333(7566):469."},{"issue":"2","key":"b14","series-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc","first-page":"235","article-title":"A comprehensive, targeted approach to the clinical care of athletes following sport-related concussion","volume":"22","author":"Collins MW","year":"2014","unstructured":"Collins MW, Kontos AP, Reynolds E, Murawski CD, Fu FH. A comprehensive, targeted approach to the clinical care of athletes following sport-related concussion. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2014;22(2):235\u2013246."},{"issue":"9","key":"b15","series-title":"J Neurol","first-page":"587","article-title":"The Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire: a measure of symptoms commonly experienced after head injury and its reliability","volume":"242","author":"King NS","year":"1995","unstructured":"King NS, Crawford S, Wenden FJ, Moss NE, Wade DT. The Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire: a measure of symptoms commonly experienced after head injury and its reliability. J Neurol. 1995;242(9):587\u2013592."},{"issue":"1","key":"b16","series-title":"Br J Clin Psychol","first-page":"15","article-title":"Early prediction of persisting post-concussion symptoms following mild and moderate head injuries","volume":"38","author":"King NS","year":"1999","unstructured":"King NS, Crawford S, Wenden FJ, Caldwell FE, Wade DT. Early prediction of persisting post-concussion symptoms following mild and moderate head injuries. Br J Clin Psychol. 1999;38(1):15\u201325."},{"issue":"8","key":"b17","series-title":"Clin Rehabil","first-page":"878","article-title":"Construct validity and reliability of the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire","volume":"19","author":"Eyres S","year":"2005","unstructured":"Eyres S, Carey A, Gilworth G, Neumann V, Tennant A. Construct validity and reliability of the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire. Clin Rehabil. 2005;19(8):878\u2013887."},{"issue":"12","key":"b18","series-title":"J Neurol","first-page":"1603","article-title":"The Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire: a confirmatory factor analysis","volume":"253","author":"Potter S","year":"2006","unstructured":"Potter S, Leigh E, Wade D, Fleminger S. The Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire: a confirmatory factor analysis. J Neurol. 2006;253(12):1603\u20131614."},{"issue":"2","key":"b19","series-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci","first-page":"181","article-title":"Factor analysis of the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire in mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury patients","volume":"21","author":"Herrmann N","year":"2009","unstructured":"Herrmann N, Rapoport MJ, Rajaram RD,  Factor analysis of the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire in mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury patients. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2009;21(2):181\u2013188."},{"issue":"4","key":"b20","series-title":"Brain Inj","first-page":"453","article-title":"Factor structure of the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire over the first year following mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"32","author":"Barker-Collo S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barker-Collo S, Theadom A, Starkey N, Kahan M, Jones K, Feigin V. Factor structure of the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire over the first year following mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2018;32(4):453\u2013458."},{"issue":"2","key":"b21","series-title":"CJEM","first-page":"223","article-title":"Post-concussion symptoms in sports-related mild traumatic brain injury compared to non-sports-related mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"23","author":"Beauchamp F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Beauchamp F, Boucher V, Neveu X,  Post-concussion symptoms in sports-related mild traumatic brain injury compared to non-sports-related mild traumatic brain injury. CJEM. 2021;23(2):223\u2013231."},{"issue":"12","key":"b22","series-title":"Sports Med","first-page":"1977","article-title":"Acute sport concussion assessment optimization: a prospective assessment from the CARE Consortium","volume":"49","author":"Broglio SP","year":"2019","unstructured":"Broglio SP, Harezlak J, Katz B, Zhao S, McAllister T, McCrea M. Acute sport concussion assessment optimization: a prospective assessment from the CARE Consortium. Sports Med. 2019;49(12):1977\u20131987."},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"b23","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"i3","article-title":"Self-report scales\/checklists for the measurement of concussion symptoms: a systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Alla S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Alla S, Sullivan SJ, Hale L, McCrory P. Self-report scales\/checklists for the measurement of concussion symptoms: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2009;43(suppl 1):i3-i12."},{"issue":"5","key":"b24","series-title":"Sports Med","first-page":"1255","article-title":"Test-retest reliability and interpretation of common concussion assessment tools: findings from the NCAA-DoD CARE Consortium","volume":"48","author":"Broglio SP","year":"2018","unstructured":"Broglio SP, Katz BP, Zhao S, McCrea M, McAllister T. Test-retest reliability and interpretation of common concussion assessment tools: findings from the NCAA-DoD CARE Consortium. Sports Med. 2018;48(5):1255\u20131268."},{"issue":"10","key":"b25","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"2375","article-title":"A revised factor structure for the post-concussion symptom scale: baseline and postconcussion factors","volume":"40","author":"Kontos AP","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kontos AP, Elbin RJ, Schatz P,  A revised factor structure for the post-concussion symptom scale: baseline and postconcussion factors. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40(10):2375\u20132384."},{"issue":"7","key":"b26","series-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol","first-page":"764","article-title":"A novel approach to classifying postconcussion symptoms: the application of a new framework to the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale","volume":"37","author":"Merritt VC","year":"2015","unstructured":"Merritt VC, Meyer JE, Arnett PA. A novel approach to classifying postconcussion symptoms: the application of a new framework to the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2015;37(7):764\u2013775."},{"issue":"10","key":"b27","series-title":"Sports Med","first-page":"1829","article-title":"Subtypes of sport-related concussion: a systematic review and meta-cluster analysis","volume":"50","author":"Langdon S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Langdon S, K\u00f6nigs M, Adang EAMC, Goedhart E, Oosterlaan J. Subtypes of sport-related concussion: a systematic review and meta-cluster analysis. Sports Med. 2020;50(10):1829\u20131842."},{"issue":"3","key":"b28","series-title":"Brain Inj","first-page":"199","article-title":"Presence of post-concussion syndrome symptoms in patients with chronic pain vs mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"17","author":"Smith-Seemiller L","year":"2003","unstructured":"Smith-Seemiller L, Fow NR, Kant R, Franzen MD. Presence of post-concussion syndrome symptoms in patients with chronic pain vs mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2003;17(3):199\u2013206."},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"1034","article-title":"Concussion subtype identification with the Rivermead Post-concussion Symptoms Questionnaire","volume":"9","author":"Maruta J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maruta J, Lumba-Brown A, Ghajar J. Concussion subtype identification with the Rivermead Post-concussion Symptoms Questionnaire. Front Neurol. 2018;9:1034."},{"issue":"6","key":"b30","series-title":"Sports Med","first-page":"1191","article-title":"Predicting sport-related mTBI symptom resolution trajectory using initial clinical assessment findings: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"50","author":"McGeown JP","year":"2020","unstructured":"McGeown JP, Kara S, Fulcher M,  Predicting sport-related mTBI symptom resolution trajectory using initial clinical assessment findings: a retrospective cohort study. Sports Med. 2020;50(6):1191\u20131202."},{"issue":"1","key":"b31","series-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","first-page":"351","article-title":"Symptom burden and profiles in concussed children with and without prolonged recovery","volume":"17","author":"Schilling S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schilling S, Mansour A, Sullivan L, Ding K, Pommering T, Yang J. Symptom burden and profiles in concussed children with and without prolonged recovery. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(1):351."},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"b32","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"S3","article-title":"Concussion guidelines step 1: systematic review of prevalent indicators","volume":"75","author":"Carney N","year":"2014","unstructured":"Carney N, Ghajar J, Jagoda A,  Concussion guidelines step 1: systematic review of prevalent indicators. Neurosurgery. 2014;75(suppl 1):S3-S15."},{"issue":"1","key":"b33","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"E1","article-title":"Commentary: Concussion guidelines step 2: evidence for subtype classification","volume":"86","author":"Ngwenya LB","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ngwenya LB. Commentary: Concussion guidelines step 2: evidence for subtype classification. Neurosurgery. 2020;86(1):E1."},{"issue":"3","key":"b34","series-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep","first-page":"82","article-title":"Sport-related concussion clinical profiles: clinical characteristics, targeted treatments, and preliminary evidence","volume":"18","author":"Kontos AP","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kontos AP, Sufrinko A, Sandel N, Emami K, Collins MW. Sport-related concussion clinical profiles: clinical characteristics, targeted treatments, and preliminary evidence. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2019;18(3):82\u201392."},{"issue":"1","key":"b35","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"15","article-title":"American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement: concussion in sport","volume":"47","author":"Harmon KG","year":"2013","unstructured":"Harmon KG, Drezner JA, Gammons M,  American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement: concussion in sport. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(1):15\u201326."},{"issue":"2","key":"b36","series-title":"Brain Inj","first-page":"238","article-title":"Physiological, vestibulo-ocular and cervicogenic post-concussion disorders: an evidence-based classification system with directions for treatment","volume":"29","author":"Ellis MJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ellis MJ, Leddy JJ, Willer B. Physiological, vestibulo-ocular and cervicogenic post-concussion disorders: an evidence-based classification system with directions for treatment. Brain Inj. 2015;29(2):238\u2013248."},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"136","article-title":"Multi-disciplinary management of athletes with post-concussion syndrome: an evolving pathophysiological approach","volume":"7","author":"Ellis MJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ellis MJ, Leddy J, Willer B. Multi-disciplinary management of athletes with post-concussion syndrome: an evolving pathophysiological approach. Front Neurol. 2016;7:136."},{"issue":"3","key":"b38","series-title":"Headache","first-page":"526","article-title":"Impact of pre-existing migraine and other co-morbid or co-occurring conditions on presentation and clinical course following deployment-related concussion","volume":"60","author":"Scott BR","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scott BR, Uomoto JM, Barry ES. Impact of pre-existing migraine and other co-morbid or co-occurring conditions on presentation and clinical course following deployment-related concussion. Headache. 2020;60(3):526\u2013541."},{"issue":"9","key":"b39","series-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep","first-page":"42","article-title":"Headaches after concussion in pediatrics: a review","volume":"19","author":"Blume HK","year":"2015","unstructured":"Blume HK. Headaches after concussion in pediatrics: a review. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2015;19(9):42."},{"key":"b1","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury","author":"Georges A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Georges A, Das JM. Traumatic brain injury. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024.Accessed May 13, 2024. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK459300\/"},{"issue":"11","key":"b2","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"877","article-title":"What is the definition of sports-related concussion: a systematic review","volume":"51","author":"McCrory P","year":"2017","unstructured":"McCrory P, Feddermann-Demont N, Dvo\u0159\u00e1k J,  What is the definition of sports-related concussion: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(11):877\u2013887."},{"issue":"12","key":"b3","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"941","article-title":"Predictors of clinical recovery from concussion: a systematic review","volume":"51","author":"Iverson GL","year":"2017","unstructured":"Iverson GL, Gardner AJ, Terry DP,  Predictors of clinical recovery from concussion: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51(12):941\u2013948."},{"issue":"1","key":"b4","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"2","article-title":"Concussion guidelines step 2: evidence for subtype classification","volume":"86","author":"Lumba-Brown A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lumba-Brown A, Teramoto M, Bloom OJ,  Concussion guidelines step 2: evidence for subtype classification. Neurosurgery. 2020;86(1):2\u201313."},{"issue":"2","key":"b5","series-title":"Clin J Sport Med","first-page":"87","article-title":"American Medical Society for Sports Medicine Position Statement on Concussion in Sport","volume":"29","author":"Harmon KG","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harmon KG, Clugston JR, Dec K,  American Medical Society for Sports Medicine Position Statement on Concussion in Sport. Clin J Sport Med. 2019;29(2):87\u2013100."},{"issue":"12","key":"b6","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e1922","article-title":"Review of assessment scales for diagnosing and monitoring sports-related concussion","volume":"9","author":"Dessy AM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dessy AM, Yuk FJ, Maniya AY,  Review of assessment scales for diagnosing and monitoring sports-related concussion. Cureus. 2017;9(12):e1922."},{"issue":"24","key":"b7","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"2204","article-title":"Early symptom burden predicts recovery after sport-related concussion","volume":"83","author":"Meehan WP III","year":"2014","unstructured":"Meehan WP III, Mannix R, Monuteaux MC, Stein CJ, Bachur RG. Early symptom burden predicts recovery after sport-related concussion. Neurology. 2014;83(24):2204\u20132210."},{"key":"b8","article-title":"Normal DLS. Biostatistics: The Bare Essentials","author":"Geoffrey R","year":"2014","unstructured":"Geoffrey R. Normal DLS. Biostatistics: The Bare Essentials. 4th ed. People\u2019s Medical Publishing House-USA; 2014."},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Pediatric and Adolescent Concussion: Diagnosis, Management, and Outcomes","first-page":"9","article-title":"Definition and classification of concussion","author":"Bodin D","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bodin D, Yeates KO, Klamar K. Definition and classification of concussion. In: Niskala J, Walter KD, eds. . Pediatric and Adolescent Concussion: Diagnosis, Management, and Outcomes. Springer; 2011:9-19."},{"issue":"2","key":"b10","series-title":"J Athl Train","first-page":"245","article-title":"National Athletic Trainers\u2019 Association position statement: management of sport concussion","volume":"49","author":"Broglio SP","year":"2014","unstructured":"Broglio SP, Cantu RC, Gioia GA,  National Athletic Trainers\u2019 Association position statement: management of sport concussion. J Athl Train. 2014;49(2):245\u2013265."},{"issue":"8","key":"b11","series-title":"CMAJ","first-page":"887","article-title":"\"Sport\" and \"non-sport\" concussions","volume":"183","author":"Sojka P","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sojka P. \"Sport\" and \"non-sport\" concussions. CMAJ. 2011;183(8):887\u2013888."},{"issue":"5","key":"b12","series-title":"J Rehabil Med","first-page":"300","article-title":"One-year follow-up of mild traumatic brain injury: post-concussion symptoms, disabilities and life satisfaction in relation to serum levels of S-100B and neurone-specific enolase in acute phase","volume":"37","author":"St\u00e5lnacke BM","year":"2005","unstructured":"St\u00e5lnacke BM, Bj\u00f6rnstig U, Karlsson K, Sojka P. One-year follow-up of mild traumatic brain injury: post-concussion symptoms, disabilities and life satisfaction in relation to serum levels of S-100B and neurone-specific enolase in acute phase. J Rehabil Med. 2005;37(5):300\u2013305."},{"issue":"7566","key":"b13","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"469","article-title":"Immediate computed tomography or admission for observation after mild head injury: cost comparison in randomised controlled trial","volume":"333","author":"Norlund A","year":"2006","unstructured":"Norlund A, Mark\u00e9 LA, af Geijerstam JL, Oredsson S, Britton M. Immediate computed tomography or admission for observation after mild head injury: cost comparison in randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2006;333(7566):469."},{"issue":"2","key":"b14","series-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc","first-page":"235","article-title":"A comprehensive, targeted approach to the clinical care of athletes following sport-related concussion","volume":"22","author":"Collins MW","year":"2014","unstructured":"Collins MW, Kontos AP, Reynolds E, Murawski CD, Fu FH. A comprehensive, targeted approach to the clinical care of athletes following sport-related concussion. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2014;22(2):235\u2013246."},{"issue":"9","key":"b15","series-title":"J Neurol","first-page":"587","article-title":"The Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire: a measure of symptoms commonly experienced after head injury and its reliability","volume":"242","author":"King NS","year":"1995","unstructured":"King NS, Crawford S, Wenden FJ, Moss NE, Wade DT. The Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire: a measure of symptoms commonly experienced after head injury and its reliability. J Neurol. 1995;242(9):587\u2013592."},{"issue":"1","key":"b16","series-title":"Br J Clin Psychol","first-page":"15","article-title":"Early prediction of persisting post-concussion symptoms following mild and moderate head injuries","volume":"38","author":"King NS","year":"1999","unstructured":"King NS, Crawford S, Wenden FJ, Caldwell FE, Wade DT. Early prediction of persisting post-concussion symptoms following mild and moderate head injuries. Br J Clin Psychol. 1999;38(1):15\u201325."},{"issue":"8","key":"b17","series-title":"Clin Rehabil","first-page":"878","article-title":"Construct validity and reliability of the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire","volume":"19","author":"Eyres S","year":"2005","unstructured":"Eyres S, Carey A, Gilworth G, Neumann V, Tennant A. Construct validity and reliability of the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire. Clin Rehabil. 2005;19(8):878\u2013887."},{"issue":"12","key":"b18","series-title":"J Neurol","first-page":"1603","article-title":"The Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire: a confirmatory factor analysis","volume":"253","author":"Potter S","year":"2006","unstructured":"Potter S, Leigh E, Wade D, Fleminger S. The Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire: a confirmatory factor analysis. J Neurol. 2006;253(12):1603\u20131614."},{"issue":"2","key":"b19","series-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci","first-page":"181","article-title":"Factor analysis of the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire in mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury patients","volume":"21","author":"Herrmann N","year":"2009","unstructured":"Herrmann N, Rapoport MJ, Rajaram RD,  Factor analysis of the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire in mild-to-moderate traumatic brain injury patients. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2009;21(2):181\u2013188."},{"issue":"4","key":"b20","series-title":"Brain Inj","first-page":"453","article-title":"Factor structure of the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire over the first year following mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"32","author":"Barker-Collo S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Barker-Collo S, Theadom A, Starkey N, Kahan M, Jones K, Feigin V. Factor structure of the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire over the first year following mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2018;32(4):453\u2013458."},{"issue":"2","key":"b21","series-title":"CJEM","first-page":"223","article-title":"Post-concussion symptoms in sports-related mild traumatic brain injury compared to non-sports-related mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"23","author":"Beauchamp F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Beauchamp F, Boucher V, Neveu X,  Post-concussion symptoms in sports-related mild traumatic brain injury compared to non-sports-related mild traumatic brain injury. CJEM. 2021;23(2):223\u2013231."},{"issue":"12","key":"b22","series-title":"Sports Med","first-page":"1977","article-title":"Acute sport concussion assessment optimization: a prospective assessment from the CARE Consortium","volume":"49","author":"Broglio SP","year":"2019","unstructured":"Broglio SP, Harezlak J, Katz B, Zhao S, McAllister T, McCrea M. Acute sport concussion assessment optimization: a prospective assessment from the CARE Consortium. Sports Med. 2019;49(12):1977\u20131987."},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"b23","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"i3","article-title":"Self-report scales\/checklists for the measurement of concussion symptoms: a systematic review","volume":"43","author":"Alla S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Alla S, Sullivan SJ, Hale L, McCrory P. Self-report scales\/checklists for the measurement of concussion symptoms: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2009;43(suppl 1):i3-i12."},{"issue":"5","key":"b24","series-title":"Sports Med","first-page":"1255","article-title":"Test-retest reliability and interpretation of common concussion assessment tools: findings from the NCAA-DoD CARE Consortium","volume":"48","author":"Broglio SP","year":"2018","unstructured":"Broglio SP, Katz BP, Zhao S, McCrea M, McAllister T. Test-retest reliability and interpretation of common concussion assessment tools: findings from the NCAA-DoD CARE Consortium. Sports Med. 2018;48(5):1255\u20131268."},{"issue":"10","key":"b25","series-title":"Am J Sports Med","first-page":"2375","article-title":"A revised factor structure for the post-concussion symptom scale: baseline and postconcussion factors","volume":"40","author":"Kontos AP","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kontos AP, Elbin RJ, Schatz P,  A revised factor structure for the post-concussion symptom scale: baseline and postconcussion factors. Am J Sports Med. 2012;40(10):2375\u20132384."},{"issue":"7","key":"b26","series-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol","first-page":"764","article-title":"A novel approach to classifying postconcussion symptoms: the application of a new framework to the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale","volume":"37","author":"Merritt VC","year":"2015","unstructured":"Merritt VC, Meyer JE, Arnett PA. A novel approach to classifying postconcussion symptoms: the application of a new framework to the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2015;37(7):764\u2013775."},{"issue":"10","key":"b27","series-title":"Sports Med","first-page":"1829","article-title":"Subtypes of sport-related concussion: a systematic review and meta-cluster analysis","volume":"50","author":"Langdon S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Langdon S, K\u00f6nigs M, Adang EAMC, Goedhart E, Oosterlaan J. Subtypes of sport-related concussion: a systematic review and meta-cluster analysis. Sports Med. 2020;50(10):1829\u20131842."},{"issue":"3","key":"b28","series-title":"Brain Inj","first-page":"199","article-title":"Presence of post-concussion syndrome symptoms in patients with chronic pain vs mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"17","author":"Smith-Seemiller L","year":"2003","unstructured":"Smith-Seemiller L, Fow NR, Kant R, Franzen MD. Presence of post-concussion syndrome symptoms in patients with chronic pain vs mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2003;17(3):199\u2013206."},{"key":"b29","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"1034","article-title":"Concussion subtype identification with the Rivermead Post-concussion Symptoms Questionnaire","volume":"9","author":"Maruta J","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maruta J, Lumba-Brown A, Ghajar J. Concussion subtype identification with the Rivermead Post-concussion Symptoms Questionnaire. Front Neurol. 2018;9:1034."},{"issue":"6","key":"b30","series-title":"Sports Med","first-page":"1191","article-title":"Predicting sport-related mTBI symptom resolution trajectory using initial clinical assessment findings: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"50","author":"McGeown JP","year":"2020","unstructured":"McGeown JP, Kara S, Fulcher M,  Predicting sport-related mTBI symptom resolution trajectory using initial clinical assessment findings: a retrospective cohort study. Sports Med. 2020;50(6):1191\u20131202."},{"issue":"1","key":"b31","series-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","first-page":"351","article-title":"Symptom burden and profiles in concussed children with and without prolonged recovery","volume":"17","author":"Schilling S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schilling S, Mansour A, Sullivan L, Ding K, Pommering T, Yang J. Symptom burden and profiles in concussed children with and without prolonged recovery. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(1):351."},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"b32","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"S3","article-title":"Concussion guidelines step 1: systematic review of prevalent indicators","volume":"75","author":"Carney N","year":"2014","unstructured":"Carney N, Ghajar J, Jagoda A,  Concussion guidelines step 1: systematic review of prevalent indicators. Neurosurgery. 2014;75(suppl 1):S3-S15."},{"issue":"1","key":"b33","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"E1","article-title":"Commentary: Concussion guidelines step 2: evidence for subtype classification","volume":"86","author":"Ngwenya LB","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ngwenya LB. Commentary: Concussion guidelines step 2: evidence for subtype classification. Neurosurgery. 2020;86(1):E1."},{"issue":"3","key":"b34","series-title":"Curr Sports Med Rep","first-page":"82","article-title":"Sport-related concussion clinical profiles: clinical characteristics, targeted treatments, and preliminary evidence","volume":"18","author":"Kontos AP","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kontos AP, Sufrinko A, Sandel N, Emami K, Collins MW. Sport-related concussion clinical profiles: clinical characteristics, targeted treatments, and preliminary evidence. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2019;18(3):82\u201392."},{"issue":"1","key":"b35","series-title":"Br J Sports Med","first-page":"15","article-title":"American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement: concussion in sport","volume":"47","author":"Harmon KG","year":"2013","unstructured":"Harmon KG, Drezner JA, Gammons M,  American Medical Society for Sports Medicine position statement: concussion in sport. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(1):15\u201326."},{"issue":"2","key":"b36","series-title":"Brain Inj","first-page":"238","article-title":"Physiological, vestibulo-ocular and cervicogenic post-concussion disorders: an evidence-based classification system with directions for treatment","volume":"29","author":"Ellis MJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ellis MJ, Leddy JJ, Willer B. Physiological, vestibulo-ocular and cervicogenic post-concussion disorders: an evidence-based classification system with directions for treatment. Brain Inj. 2015;29(2):238\u2013248."},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"136","article-title":"Multi-disciplinary management of athletes with post-concussion syndrome: an evolving pathophysiological approach","volume":"7","author":"Ellis MJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ellis MJ, Leddy J, Willer B. Multi-disciplinary management of athletes with post-concussion syndrome: an evolving pathophysiological approach. Front Neurol. 2016;7:136."},{"issue":"3","key":"b38","series-title":"Headache","first-page":"526","article-title":"Impact of pre-existing migraine and other co-morbid or co-occurring conditions on presentation and clinical course following deployment-related concussion","volume":"60","author":"Scott BR","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scott BR, Uomoto JM, Barry ES. Impact of pre-existing migraine and other co-morbid or co-occurring conditions on presentation and clinical course following deployment-related concussion. Headache. 2020;60(3):526\u2013541."},{"issue":"9","key":"b39","series-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep","first-page":"42","article-title":"Headaches after concussion in pediatrics: a review","volume":"19","author":"Blume HK","year":"2015","unstructured":"Blume HK. Headaches after concussion in pediatrics: a review. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2015;19(9):42."}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Focus"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/57\/1\/article-pE7.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/57\/1\/article-pE7.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/57\/1\/article-pE7.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T08:28:32Z","timestamp":1779524912000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/57\/1\/article-pE7.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2024.4.focus24135","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-0684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-0684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}}}