{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:05:52Z","timestamp":1782864352877,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The centromedian (CM) nucleus of the thalamus is a promising target for a range of brain diseases including drug-resistant generalized and multifocal epilepsy. CM is highly connected to cortical and subcortical regions including frontoparietal\/sensorimotor cortex, striatum, brainstem, and cerebellum, which are involved in some generalized epilepsy syndromes like Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS). In this video, the authors describe their methodology for targeting CM for deep brain stimulation (DBS). Delineation of an optimal and consistent target will expand the efficacy of neuromodulation of CM in intractable epilepsy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The video can be found here:\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/stream.cadmore.media\/r10.3171\/2024.4.FOCVID245\">https:\/\/stream.cadmore.media\/r10.3171\/2024.4.FOCVID245<\/jats:ext-link>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.4.focvid245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T14:48:25Z","timestamp":1720018105000},"page":"V18","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Robot-assisted deep brain stimulation of the centromedian nucleus of the thalamus for generalized epilepsy: targeting and operative video"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jason A.","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron E. L.","family":"Warren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Rolston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"b1","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"841","article-title":"Placebo-controlled pilot study of centromedian thalamic stimulation in treatment of intractable seizures","volume":"33","author":"Fisher RS","year":"1992","unstructured":"Fisher RS, Uematsu S, Krauss GL. Placebo-controlled pilot study of centromedian thalamic stimulation in treatment of intractable seizures. Epilepsia. 1992;33(5):841\u2013851."},{"issue":"2","key":"b2","series-title":"Ann Neurol","first-page":"253","article-title":"DBS of thalamic centromedian nucleus for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (ESTEL Trial)","volume":"91","author":"Dalic LJ","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dalic LJ, Warren AEL, Bulluss KJ. DBS of thalamic centromedian nucleus for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (ESTEL Trial). Ann Neurol. 2022;91(2):253\u2013267."},{"issue":"4","key":"b3","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","first-page":"339","article-title":"Targeting the centromedian thalamic nucleus for deep brain stimulation","volume":"91","author":"Warren AEL","year":"2020","unstructured":"Warren AEL, Dalic LJ, Thevathasan W, Roten A, Bulluss KJ, Archer J. Targeting the centromedian thalamic nucleus for deep brain stimulation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2020;91(4):339\u2013349."},{"issue":"7","key":"b4","series-title":"Magn Reson Imaging","first-page":"907","article-title":"Detecting cortical lesions in multiple sclerosis at 7 T using white matter signal attenuation","volume":"30","author":"Bluestein KT","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bluestein KT, Pitt D, Sammet S. Detecting cortical lesions in multiple sclerosis at 7 T using white matter signal attenuation. Magn Reson Imaging. 2012;30(7):907\u2013915."},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"272","article-title":"Thalamus Optimized Multi Atlas Segmentation (THOMAS): fast, fully automated segmentation of thalamic nuclei from structural MRI","volume":"194","author":"Su JH","year":"2019","unstructured":"Su JH, Thomas FT, Kasoff WS. Thalamus Optimized Multi Atlas Segmentation (THOMAS): fast, fully automated segmentation of thalamic nuclei from structural MRI. Neuroimage. 2019;194:272\u2013282."},{"issue":"1","key":"b6","series-title":"Ann Neurol","first-page":"61","article-title":"The optimal target and connectivity for deep brain stimulation in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome","volume":"92","author":"Warren AEL","year":"2022","unstructured":"Warren AEL, Dalic LJ, Bulluss KJ, Roten A, Thevathasan W, Archer JS. The optimal target and connectivity for deep brain stimulation in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Ann Neurol. 2022;92(1):61\u201374."},{"issue":"Pt 7","key":"b7","series-title":"Brain","first-page":"1410","article-title":"Loss of thalamic intralaminar nuclei in progressive supranuclear palsy and Parkinson\u2019s disease: clinical and therapeutic implications","volume":"123","author":"Henderson JM","year":"2000","unstructured":"Henderson JM, Carpenter K, Cartwright H, Halliday GM. Loss of thalamic intralaminar nuclei in progressive supranuclear palsy and Parkinson\u2019s disease: clinical and therapeutic implications. Brain. 2000;123(Pt 7):1410-1421."},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"127","article-title":"Lead-DBS: a toolbox for deep brain stimulation electrode localizations and visualizations","volume":"107","author":"Horn A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Horn A, K\u00fchn AA. Lead-DBS: a toolbox for deep brain stimulation electrode localizations and visualizations. Neuroimage. 2015;107:127\u2013135."},{"issue":"5","key":"b9","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"899","article-title":"Electrical stimulation of the anterior nucleus of thalamus for treatment of refractory epilepsy","volume":"51","author":"Fisher R","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fisher R, Salanova V, Witt T. Electrical stimulation of the anterior nucleus of thalamus for treatment of refractory epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2010;51(5):899\u2013908."},{"issue":"5","key":"b1","series-title":"Epilepsia","first-page":"841","article-title":"Placebo-controlled pilot study of centromedian thalamic stimulation in treatment of intractable seizures","volume":"33","author":"Fisher RS","year":"1992","unstructured":"Fisher RS, Uematsu S, Krauss GL. Placebo-controlled pilot study of centromedian thalamic stimulation in treatment of intractable seizures. Epilepsia. 1992;33(5):841\u2013851."},{"issue":"2","key":"b2","series-title":"Ann Neurol","first-page":"253","article-title":"DBS of thalamic centromedian nucleus for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (ESTEL Trial)","volume":"91","author":"Dalic LJ","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dalic LJ, Warren AEL, Bulluss KJ. DBS of thalamic centromedian nucleus for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (ESTEL Trial). 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