{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T09:31:28Z","timestamp":1776936688942,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The primary goal of this study was to establish the current microbial trends in vertebral osteomyelitis\/discitis (VOD) amid the opioid epidemic and to determine if intravenous drug use (IVDU) predisposes one to a unique microbial profile of infection.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The authors performed a retrospective cohort study consisting of 1175 adult patients diagnosed with VOD between 2011 and 2022 at a single quaternary center. Data were acquired through retrospective chart review, with pertinent demographic and clinical information collected.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> was the most cultured organism in both the IVDU and non-IVDU groups at 56.1% and 40.7%, respectively. In the IVDU cohort, <jats:italic>Serratia marcescens<\/jats:italic> was the next most prevalently cultured organism at 13.9%.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The present study demonstrates that in the IVDU population <jats:italic>S. marcescens<\/jats:italic> is an organism of high concern. The potential for <jats:italic>Serratia<\/jats:italic> spp. infection should be accounted for when selecting empirical antimicrobial therapy in VOD patients.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.4.spine231071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,13]],"date-time":"2024-07-13T01:50:16Z","timestamp":1720835416000},"page":"551-558","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Microbial etiology of vertebral osteomyelitis\/discitis amid the opioid epidemic"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"S. Alexander","family":"Ammerman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus;"},{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Keister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus;"},{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Vignolles-Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus;"},{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noah","family":"Mallory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus;"},{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Gibbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus;"},{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryan G.","family":"Eaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianing","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David S.","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanus","family":"Viljoen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Grossbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"b1","series-title":"Clin Spine Surg","first-page":"E102","article-title":"The epidemiology of vertebral osteomyelitis in the United States From 1998 to 2013","volume":"31","author":"Issa K","year":"2018","unstructured":"Issa K, Diebo BG, Faloon M,  The epidemiology of vertebral osteomyelitis in the United States From 1998 to 2013. Clin Spine Surg. 2018;31(2):E102\u2013E108."},{"issue":"1","key":"b2","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"96","article-title":"Estimated number of people who inject drugs in the United States","volume":"76","author":"Bradley H","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bradley H, Hall EW, Asher A,  Estimated number of people who inject drugs in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2023;76(1):96\u2013102."},{"issue":"3","key":"b3","series-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)","first-page":"e365","article-title":"Health care associated hematogenous pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis: a severe and potentially preventable infectious disease","volume":"94","author":"Pigrau C","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pigrau C, Rodr\u00edguez-Pardo D, Fern\u00e1ndez-Hidalgo N,  Health care associated hematogenous pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis: a severe and potentially preventable infectious disease. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94(3):e365."},{"issue":"1","key":"b4","series-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci","first-page":"53","article-title":"Clinical features, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to haematogenous vertebral osteomyelitis","volume":"9","author":"Gasbarrini AL","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gasbarrini AL, Bertoldi E, Mazzetti M,  Clinical features, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to haematogenous vertebral osteomyelitis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2005;9(1):53\u201366."},{"issue":"1","key":"b5","series-title":"Br Med Bull","first-page":"121","article-title":"Vertebral osteomyelitis in adults: an update","volume":"117","author":"Nickerson EK","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nickerson EK, Sinha R. Vertebral osteomyelitis in adults: an update. Br Med Bull. 2016;117(1):121\u2013138."},{"issue":"2","key":"b6","series-title":"Quant Imaging Med Surg","first-page":"184","article-title":"The imaging of osteomyelitis","volume":"6","author":"Lee YJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee YJ, Sadigh S, Mankad K, Kapse N, Rajeswaran G. The imaging of osteomyelitis. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2016;6(2):184\u2013198."},{"issue":"11","key":"b7","series-title":"Vertebral osteomyelitis. N Engl J Med","first-page":"1022","article-title":"Clinical practice","volume":"362","author":"Zimmerli W","year":"2010","unstructured":"Zimmerli W. Clinical practice. Vertebral osteomyelitis. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(11):1022\u20131029."},{"issue":"6","key":"b8","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"e26","article-title":"2015 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) Clinical Practice Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of native vertebral osteomyelitis in adults","volume":"61","author":"Berbari EF","year":"2015","unstructured":"Berbari EF, Kanj SS, Kowalski TJ,  2015 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) Clinical Practice Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of native vertebral osteomyelitis in adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(6):e26\u2013e46."},{"issue":"4","key":"b9","series-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc","first-page":"317","article-title":"A clinical analysis of surgical treatment for spontaneous spinal infection","volume":"42","author":"Lee DG","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lee DG, Park KB, Kang DH, Hwang SH, Jung JM, Han JW. A clinical analysis of surgical treatment for spontaneous spinal infection. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2007;42(4):317\u2013325."},{"issue":"2","key":"b10","series-title":"Clin Plast Surg","first-page":"181","article-title":"The opioid epidemic","volume":"47","author":"Upp LA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Upp LA, Waljee JF. The opioid epidemic. Clin Plast Surg. 2020;47(2):181\u2013190."},{"issue":"3","key":"b11","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect","first-page":"279","article-title":"Concordance of results of blood and tissue cultures from patients with pyogenic spondylitis: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"24","author":"Bae JY","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bae JY, Kim CJ, Kim UJ,  Concordance of results of blood and tissue cultures from patients with pyogenic spondylitis: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018;24(3):279\u2013282."},{"issue":"1","key":"b12","series-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum","first-page":"10","article-title":"Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis: a systematic review of clinical characteristics","volume":"39","author":"Mylona E","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mylona E, Samarkos M, Kakalou E, Fanourgiakis P, Skoutelis A. Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis: a systematic review of clinical characteristics. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2009;39(1):10\u201317."},{"issue":"1","key":"b13","series-title":"Can Assoc Radiol J","first-page":"96","article-title":"The efficacy of computed tomography-guided percutaneous spine biopsies in determining a causative organism in cases of suspected infection: a systematic review","volume":"70","author":"Sertic M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sertic M, Parkes L, Mattiassi S, Pritzker K, Gardam M, Murphy K. The efficacy of computed tomography-guided percutaneous spine biopsies in determining a causative organism in cases of suspected infection: a systematic review. Can Assoc Radiol J. 2019;70(1):96\u2013103."},{"issue":"3","key":"b14","series-title":"J Vasc Interv Radiol","first-page":"464","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of CT-guided bone biopsies in patients with suspected osteomyelitis of the appendicular and axial skeleton with a focus on clinical and technical factors associated with positive microbiology culture results","volume":"31","author":"Schir\u00f2 S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schir\u00f2 S, Foreman SC, Bucknor M, Chin CT, Joseph GB, Link TM. Diagnostic performance of CT-guided bone biopsies in patients with suspected osteomyelitis of the appendicular and axial skeleton with a focus on clinical and technical factors associated with positive microbiology culture results. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2020;31(3):464\u2013472."},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"108150","article-title":"CT guided biopsy for osteodiscitis reduces cost of hospitalization in the landscape of increasing intravenous drug use: a single center retrospective analysis","volume":"237","author":"Wilson SB","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wilson SB, Ward J, Dhaliwal J,  CT guided biopsy for osteodiscitis reduces cost of hospitalization in the landscape of increasing intravenous drug use: a single center retrospective analysis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2024;237:108150."},{"issue":"2","key":"b16","series-title":"Joint Bone Spine","first-page":"133","article-title":"Suggestions for managing pyogenic (non-tuberculous) discitis in adults","volume":"74","author":"Grados F","year":"2007","unstructured":"Grados F, Lescure FX, Senneville E, Flipo RM, Schmit JL, Fardellone P. Suggestions for managing pyogenic (non-tuberculous) discitis in adults. Joint Bone Spine. 2007;74(2):133\u2013139."},{"issue":"6","key":"b17","series-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis","first-page":"ofaa176","article-title":"Microbial etiology of pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis according to patient characteristics","volume":"7","author":"Kim DY","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim DY, Kim UJ, Yu Y,  Microbial etiology of pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis according to patient characteristics. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020;7(6):ofaa176."},{"issue":"3","key":"b18","series-title":"Semin Perinatol","first-page":"123","article-title":"The United States opioid epidemic","volume":"43","author":"Lyden J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lyden J, Binswanger IA. The United States opioid epidemic. Semin Perinatol. 2019;43(3):123\u2013131."},{"key":"b19","series-title":"UpToDate","article-title":"Vertebral osteomyelitis and discitis in adults","author":"Peel T","unstructured":"Peel T. Vertebral osteomyelitis and discitis in adults. UpToDate. August 16, 2022.Accessed April 29, 2024. https:\/\/medilib.ir\/uptodate\/show\/7663"},{"issue":"1","key":"b20","series-title":"Niger J Clin Pract","first-page":"125","article-title":"Determination of the antibiotic resistance rates of Serratia marcescens isolates obtained from various clinical specimens","volume":"22","author":"Simsek M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Simsek M. Determination of the antibiotic resistance rates of Serratia marcescens isolates obtained from various clinical specimens. Niger J Clin Pract. 2019;22(1):125\u2013130."},{"issue":"4","key":"b21","series-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents","first-page":"328","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of Gram-negative organisms isolated from patients hospitalised with pneumonia in US and European hospitals: results from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 2009-2012","volume":"43","author":"Sader HS","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sader HS, Farrell DJ, Flamm RK, Jones RN. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Gram-negative organisms isolated from patients hospitalised with pneumonia in US and European hospitals: results from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, 2009-2012. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2014;43(4):328\u2013334."}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/41\/4\/article-p551.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/41\/4\/article-p551.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/41\/4\/article-p551.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T13:20:20Z","timestamp":1733491220000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/41\/4\/article-p551.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2024.4.spine231071","relation":{},"ISSN":["1547-5654"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1547-5654","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]}}}