{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T23:41:07Z","timestamp":1793403667746,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is characterized by dilation of the cerebral ventricles without increased cerebral pressure. Patients typically present with cognitive impairment, gait abnormalities, and urinary incontinence. Despite current guidelines for diagnosis and surgical intervention, there is little consensus on the pathophysiology of iNPH. Familial cases and genomic studies of iNPH have recently suggested an underappreciated role of genetics in disease pathogenesis, implicating mechanisms ranging from dysregulated CSF dynamics to underlying neurodegenerative or neuroinflammatory processes. In this paper, the authors provide a brief review of genetic insights and candidate genes for iNPH, highlighting the continued importance of integrated genetic analysis and clinical studies to advance iNPH management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.5.jns24980","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]],"date-time":"2024-08-24T01:29:38Z","timestamp":1724462978000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Genetics and molecular pathophysiology of normal pressure hydrocephalus"],"prefix":"10.3171","author":[{"given":"Neel H.","family":"Mehta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eduardo A.","family":"Maury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;"},{"name":"Harvard\/MIT MD-PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;"},{"name":"Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"Buller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phan Q.","family":"Duy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery and"},{"name":"Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carla","family":"Fortes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seth L.","family":"Alper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts;"},{"name":"Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. Zeynep","family":"Erson-Omay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristopher T.","family":"Kahle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;"},{"name":"Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;"},{"name":"Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts;"},{"name":"Developmental Brain & CSF Disorders Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"b1","series-title":"Neurol Clin Pract","first-page":"375","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"3","author":"Williams MA","year":"2013","unstructured":"Williams MA, Relkin NR. Diagnosis and management of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Neurol Clin Pract. 2013;3(5):375\u2013385."},{"issue":"16","key":"b2","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"1449","article-title":"Prevalence of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"82","author":"Jaraj D","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jaraj D, Rabiei K, Marlow T, Jensen C, Skoog I, Wikkels\u00f8 C. Prevalence of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Neurology. 2014;82(16):1449\u20131454."},{"key":"b3","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"117","article-title":"Symptomatic occult hydrocephalus with \"normal\" cerebrospinal\u2013fluid pressure. A treatable syndrome","volume":"273","author":"Adams RD","year":"1965","unstructured":"Adams RD, Fisher CM, Hakim S, Ojemann RG, Sweet WH. Symptomatic occult hydrocephalus with \"normal\" cerebrospinal\u2013fluid pressure. A treatable syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1965;273:117\u2013126."},{"issue":"2 Dementia","key":"b4","series-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)","first-page":"579","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"22","author":"Williams MA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Williams MA, Malm J. Diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2016;22(2 Dementia):579\u2013599."},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Neurobiol Dis","first-page":"105776","article-title":"Quantifying cerebrospinal fluid dynamics: a review of human neuroimaging contributions to CSF physiology and neurodegenerative disease","volume":"170","author":"Mehta NH","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mehta NH, Suss RA, Dyke JP,  Quantifying cerebrospinal fluid dynamics: a review of human neuroimaging contributions to CSF physiology and neurodegenerative disease. Neurobiol Dis. 2022;170:105776."},{"issue":"2","key":"b6","series-title":"Diagn Interv Radiol","first-page":"105","article-title":"MR cisternography: is it useful in the diagnosis of normal-pressure hydrocephalus and the selection of \"good shunt responders\"?","volume":"17","author":"Algin O","year":"2011","unstructured":"Algin O, Hakyemez B, Ocako\u011flu G, Parlak M. MR cisternography: is it useful in the diagnosis of normal-pressure hydrocephalus and the selection of \"good shunt responders\"? Diagn Interv Radiol. 2011;17(2):105\u2013111."},{"issue":"1","key":"b7","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"306","article-title":"Lumbar drain trial outcomes of normal pressure hydrocephalus: a single-center experience of 254 patients","volume":"132","author":"El Ahmadieh TY","year":"2019","unstructured":"El Ahmadieh TY, Wu EM, Kafka B,  Lumbar drain trial outcomes of normal pressure hydrocephalus: a single-center experience of 254 patients. J Neurosurg. 2019;132(1):306\u2013312."},{"issue":"2","key":"b8","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"327","article-title":"Long-term outcome in patients with suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"60","author":"Kahlon B","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kahlon B, Sjunnesson J, Rehncrona S. Long-term outcome in patients with suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery. 2007;60(2):327\u2013332."},{"issue":"2","key":"b9","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"295","article-title":"Extended long-term (> 5 years) outcome of cerebrospinal fluid shunting in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"67","author":"Mirzayan MJ","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mirzayan MJ, Luetjens G, Borremans JJ, Regel JP, Krauss JK. Extended long-term (> 5 years) outcome of cerebrospinal fluid shunting in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery. 2010;67(2):295\u2013301."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"b10","series-title":"J Neurol Sci","first-page":"108","article-title":"Incidence of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH): a 10-year follow-up study of a rural community in Japan","volume":"339","author":"Iseki C","year":"2014","unstructured":"Iseki C, Takahashi Y, Wada M, Kawanami T, Adachi M, Kato T. Incidence of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH): a 10-year follow-up study of a rural community in Japan. J Neurol Sci. 2014;339(1-2):108\u2013112."},{"issue":"3","key":"b11","series-title":"Arch Neurol","first-page":"335","article-title":"Familial occurrence of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"41","author":"Portenoy RK","year":"1984","unstructured":"Portenoy RK, Berger A, Gross E. Familial occurrence of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Arch Neurol. 1984;41(3):335\u2013337."},{"issue":"2","key":"b12","series-title":"Can J Neurol Sci","first-page":"274","article-title":"Normal-pressure hydrocephalus: is there a genetic predisposition?","volume":"38","author":"Cusimano MD","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cusimano MD, Rewilak D, Stuss DT, Barrera-Martinez JC, Salehi F, Freedman M. Normal-pressure hydrocephalus: is there a genetic predisposition? Can J Neurol Sci. 2011;38(2):274\u2013281."},{"issue":"3","key":"b13","series-title":"J Neurol Disord","first-page":"1000384","article-title":"Identical twins with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"6","author":"Eleftheriou A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eleftheriou A, Lundin F. Identical twins with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Neurol Disord. 2018;6(3):1000384."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"b14","series-title":"J Neurol Sci","first-page":"82","article-title":"Familial aggregation of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: novel familial case and a family study of the NPH triad in an iNPH patient cohort","volume":"321","author":"McGirr A","year":"2012","unstructured":"McGirr A, Cusimano MD. Familial aggregation of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: novel familial case and a family study of the NPH triad in an iNPH patient cohort. J Neurol Sci. 2012;321(1-2):82\u201388."},{"issue":"7","key":"b15","series-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci","first-page":"583","article-title":"Novel case of familial normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"68","author":"Liouta E","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liouta E, Liakos F, Koutsarnakis C, Katsaros V, Stranjalis G. Novel case of familial normal pressure hydrocephalus. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2014;68(7):583\u2013584."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"b16","series-title":"J Neurol Sci","first-page":"149","article-title":"Familial normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) with an autosomal-dominant inheritance: a novel subgroup of NPH","volume":"308","author":"Takahashi Y","year":"2011","unstructured":"Takahashi Y, Kawanami T, Nagasawa H, Iseki C, Hanyu H, Kato T. Familial normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) with an autosomal-dominant inheritance: a novel subgroup of NPH. J Neurol Sci. 2011;308(1-2):149\u2013151."},{"issue":"23","key":"b17","series-title":"Cereb Cortex","first-page":"11400","article-title":"Cases of familial idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus implicate genetic factors in disease pathogenesis","volume":"33","author":"Greenberg ABW","year":"2023","unstructured":"Greenberg ABW, Mehta NH, Mekbib KY,  Cases of familial idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus implicate genetic factors in disease pathogenesis. Cereb Cortex. 2023;33(23):11400\u201311407."},{"key":"b18","series-title":"J Neurol Sci","first-page":"11","article-title":"Familial idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"368","author":"Huovinen J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huovinen J, Kastinen S, Komulainen S,  Familial idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Neurol Sci. 2016;368:11\u201318."},{"issue":"1","key":"b19","series-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS","first-page":"57","article-title":"Diabetes is associated with familial idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a case-control comparison with family members","volume":"17","author":"R\u00e4s\u00e4nen J","year":"2020","unstructured":"R\u00e4s\u00e4nen J, Huovinen J, Korhonen VE,  Diabetes is associated with familial idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a case-control comparison with family members. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2020;17(1):57."},{"issue":"3","key":"b20","series-title":"EMBO Mol Med","first-page":"e13720","article-title":"iNPH\u2014the mystery resolving","volume":"13","author":"Leinonen V","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leinonen V, Kuulasmaa T, Hiltunen M. iNPH\u2014the mystery resolving. EMBO Mol Med. 2021;13(3):e13720."},{"issue":"5","key":"b21","series-title":"Am J Hum Genet","first-page":"1030","article-title":"De novo mutations in FOXJ1 result in a motile ciliopathy with hydrocephalus and randomization of left\/right body asymmetry","volume":"105","author":"Wallmeier J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wallmeier J, Frank D, Shoemark A,  De novo mutations in FOXJ1 result in a motile ciliopathy with hydrocephalus and randomization of left\/right body asymmetry. Am J Hum Genet. 2019;105(5):1030\u20131039."},{"issue":"1","key":"b22","series-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS","first-page":"20","article-title":"Exploring mechanisms of ventricular enlargement in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a role of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and motile cilia","volume":"18","author":"Yamada S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yamada S, Ishikawa M, Nozaki K. Exploring mechanisms of ventricular enlargement in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a role of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and motile cilia. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2021;18(1):20."},{"issue":"4","key":"b23","series-title":"Intern Med","first-page":"297","article-title":"Segmental copy number loss of SFMBT1 gene in elderly individuals with ventriculomegaly: a community-based study","volume":"50","author":"Kato T","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kato T, Sato H, Emi M,  Segmental copy number loss of SFMBT1 gene in elderly individuals with ventriculomegaly: a community-based study. Intern Med. 2011;50(4):297\u2013303."},{"issue":"7","key":"b24","series-title":"Genes Dev","first-page":"749","article-title":"SFMBT1 functions with LSD1 to regulate expression of canonical histone genes and chromatin-related factors","volume":"27","author":"Zhang J","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang J, Bonasio R, Strino F,  SFMBT1 functions with LSD1 to regulate expression of canonical histone genes and chromatin-related factors. Genes Dev. 2013;27(7):749\u2013766."},{"issue":"11","key":"b25","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0166615","article-title":"A segmental copy number loss of the SFMBT1 gene is a genetic risk for shunt-responsive, idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH): a case-control study","volume":"11","author":"Sato H","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sato H, Takahashi Y, Kimihira L,  A segmental copy number loss of the SFMBT1 gene is a genetic risk for shunt-responsive, idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH): a case-control study. PLoS One. 2016;11(11):e0166615."},{"issue":"6","key":"b26","series-title":"Neurol Genet","first-page":"e291","article-title":"Copy number loss in SFMBT1 is common among Finnish and Norwegian patients with iNPH","volume":"4","author":"Korhonen VE","year":"2018","unstructured":"Korhonen VE, Helisalmi S, Jokinen A,  Copy number loss in SFMBT1 is common among Finnish and Norwegian patients with iNPH. Neurol Genet. 2018;4(6):e291."},{"issue":"20","key":"b27","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"e2364","article-title":"Nonsense mutation in CFAP43 causes normal-pressure hydrocephalus with ciliary abnormalities","volume":"92","author":"Morimoto Y","year":"2019","unstructured":"Morimoto Y, Yoshida S, Kinoshita A,  Nonsense mutation in CFAP43 causes normal-pressure hydrocephalus with ciliary abnormalities. Neurology. 2019;92(20):e2364\u2013e2374."},{"issue":"6","key":"b28","series-title":"Am J Hum Genet","first-page":"854","article-title":"Biallelic mutations in CFAP43 and CFAP44 cause male infertility with multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella","volume":"100","author":"Tang S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tang S, Wang X, Li W,  Biallelic mutations in CFAP43 and CFAP44 cause male infertility with multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella. Am J Hum Genet. 2017;100(6):854\u2013864."},{"issue":"1","key":"b29","series-title":"Nat Commun","first-page":"686","article-title":"Mutations in CFAP43 and CFAP44 cause male infertility and flagellum defects in Trypanosoma and human","volume":"9","author":"Coutton C","year":"2018","unstructured":"Coutton C, Vargas AS, Amiri-Yekta A,  Mutations in CFAP43 and CFAP44 cause male infertility and flagellum defects in Trypanosoma and human. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):686."},{"issue":"3","key":"b30","series-title":"EMBO Mol Med","first-page":"e13249","article-title":"Deletions in CWH43 cause idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"13","author":"Yang HW","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang HW, Lee S, Yang D,  Deletions in CWH43 cause idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. EMBO Mol Med. 2021;13(3):e13249."},{"issue":"5","key":"b31","series-title":"Neurol Genet","first-page":"e200086","article-title":"CWH43 variants are associated with disease risk and clinical phenotypic measures in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"9","author":"Tipton PW","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tipton PW, Atik M, Soto-Beasley AI,  CWH43 variants are associated with disease risk and clinical phenotypic measures in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus. Neurol Genet. 2023;9(5):e200086."},{"issue":"3","key":"b32","series-title":"J Alzheimers Dis","first-page":"1077","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease-related polymorphisms in shunt-responsive idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"60","author":"Huovinen J","year":"2017","unstructured":"Huovinen J, Helisalmi S, Paananen J,  Alzheimer\u2019s disease-related polymorphisms in shunt-responsive idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;60(3):1077\u20131085."},{"issue":"9","key":"b33","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","first-page":"3336","article-title":"A common variant in combination with a nonsense mutation in a member of the thioredoxin family causes primary ciliary dyskinesia","volume":"104","author":"Duriez B","year":"2007","unstructured":"Duriez B, Duquesnoy P, Escudier E,  A common variant in combination with a nonsense mutation in a member of the thioredoxin family causes primary ciliary dyskinesia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(9):3336\u20133341."},{"issue":"12","key":"b34","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e114777","article-title":"Association between NME8 locus polymorphism and cognitive decline, cerebrospinal fluid and neuroimaging biomarkers in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"9","author":"Liu Y","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu Y, Yu JT, Wang HF,  Association between NME8 locus polymorphism and cognitive decline, cerebrospinal fluid and neuroimaging biomarkers in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. PLoS One. 2014;9(12):e114777."},{"issue":"51","key":"b35","series-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A","first-page":"e2300681120","article-title":"A role for mutations in AK9 and other genes affecting ependymal cells in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"120","author":"Yang HW","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang HW, Lee S, Berry BC,  A role for mutations in AK9 and other genes affecting ependymal cells in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023;120(51):e2300681120."},{"key":"b36","series-title":"Front Cell Neurosci","first-page":"661447","article-title":"C9ORF72: what it is, what it does, and why it matters","volume":"15","author":"Smeyers J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Smeyers J, Banchi EG, Latouche M. C9ORF72: what it is, what it does, and why it matters. Front Cell Neurosci. 2021;15:661447."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"b37","series-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord","first-page":"91","article-title":"Prevalence of C9ORF72 expansion in a large series of patients with idiopathic normal\u2013pressure hydrogecephalus","volume":"47","author":"Korhonen VE","year":"2019","unstructured":"Korhonen VE, Remes AM, Helisalmi S,  Prevalence of C9ORF72 expansion in a large series of patients with idiopathic normal\u2013pressure hydrogecephalus. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2019;47(1-2):91\u2013103."},{"issue":"4","key":"b38","series-title":"Ann Neurol","first-page":"503","article-title":"Deconstructing normal pressure hydrocephalus: ventriculomegaly as early sign of neurodegeneration","volume":"82","author":"Espay AJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Espay AJ, Da Prat GA, Dwivedi AK,  Deconstructing normal pressure hydrocephalus: ventriculomegaly as early sign of neurodegeneration. Ann Neurol. 2017;82(4):503\u2013513."},{"issue":"1","key":"b39","series-title":"Nat Commun","first-page":"5659","article-title":"An immune response characterizes early Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology and subjective cognitive impairment in hydrocephalus biopsies","volume":"12","author":"Huang W","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang W, Bartosch AM, Xiao H,  An immune response characterizes early Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology and subjective cognitive impairment in hydrocephalus biopsies. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):5659."},{"issue":"2","key":"b40","series-title":"Mol Psychiatry","first-page":"223","article-title":"Alzheimer risk associated with a copy number variation in the complement receptor 1 increasing C3b\/C4b binding sites","volume":"17","author":"Brouwers N","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brouwers N, Van Cauwenberghe C, Engelborghs S,  Alzheimer risk associated with a copy number variation in the complement receptor 1 increasing C3b\/C4b binding sites. Mol Psychiatry. 2012;17(2):223\u2013233."},{"issue":"3","key":"b41","series-title":"Nat Genet","first-page":"404","article-title":"Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies new loci and functional pathways influencing Alzheimer\u2019s disease risk","volume":"51","author":"Jansen IE","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jansen IE, Savage JE, Watanabe K,  Genome-wide meta-analysis identifies new loci and functional pathways influencing Alzheimer\u2019s disease risk. Nat Genet. 2019;51(3):404\u2013413."},{"issue":"20","key":"b42","series-title":"Cell","first-page":"4438","article-title":"Early Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology in human cortex involves transient cell states","volume":"186","author":"Gazestani V","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gazestani V, Kamath T, Nadaf NM,  Early Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology in human cortex involves transient cell states. Cell. 2023;186(20):4438\u20134453.e23."},{"issue":"1","key":"b43","series-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS","first-page":"19","article-title":"Increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus patients compared to a population-based cohort from the HUNT3 survey","volume":"11","author":"Eide PK","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eide PK, Pripp AH. Increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus patients compared to a population-based cohort from the HUNT3 survey. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2014;11(1):19."},{"key":"b44","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"1220473","article-title":"Vascular risk factors for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Cai H","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cai H, Yang F, Gao H,  Vascular risk factors for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol. 2023;14:1220473."},{"issue":"1","key":"b45","series-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS","first-page":"54","article-title":"Elevated CSF inflammatory markers in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus do not promote NKCC1 hyperactivity in rat choroid plexus","volume":"18","author":"Lolansen SD","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lolansen SD, Rostgaard N, Andreassen SN,  Elevated CSF inflammatory markers in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus do not promote NKCC1 hyperactivity in rat choroid plexus. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2021;18(1):54."},{"key":"b46","series-title":"J Neurol Sci","first-page":"196","article-title":"Down-regulation of adenosine A1 and A2A receptors in peripheral cells from idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus patients","volume":"361","author":"Casati M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Casati M, Arosio B, Gussago C,  Down-regulation of adenosine A1 and A2A receptors in peripheral cells from idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus patients. J Neurol Sci. 2016;361:196\u2013199."},{"key":"b47","series-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/3-211-32318-X_52","article-title":"Does the ventricle size change after shunt operation of normal-pressure hydrocephalus?","volume":"95","author":"Meier U","year":"2005","unstructured":"Meier U, Mutze S. Does the ventricle size change after shunt operation of normal-pressure hydrocephalus? Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2005;95:257\u2013259."},{"issue":"7","key":"b48","series-title":"Acta Neurochir","first-page":"1765","article-title":"Motor skills, cognitive impairment, and quality of life in normal pressure hydrocephalus: early effects of shunt placement","volume":"164","author":"H\u00fclser M","year":"2022","unstructured":"H\u00fclser M, Spielmann H, Oertel J, Sippl C. Motor skills, cognitive impairment, and quality of life in normal pressure hydrocephalus: early effects of shunt placement. Acta Neurochir. 2022;164(7):1765\u20131775."},{"key":"b49","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"158","article-title":"The efficacy of endoscopic third ventriculostomy for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"179","author":"Mehta NH","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mehta NH, Greenberg ABW, Kahle KT. The efficacy of endoscopic third ventriculostomy for idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. World Neurosurg. 2023;179:158\u2013166."},{"issue":"1","key":"b50","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"9570","article-title":"A cost-effective RNA sequencing protocol for large-scale gene expression studies","volume":"5","author":"Hou Z","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hou Z, Jiang P, Swanson SA,  A cost-effective RNA sequencing protocol for large-scale gene expression studies. Sci Rep. 2015;5(1):9570."},{"issue":"2","key":"b51","series-title":"Cereb Cortex","first-page":"bhae001","article-title":"Utility of cortical tissue analysis in normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"34","author":"Greenberg ABW","year":"2024","unstructured":"Greenberg ABW, Mekbib KY, Mehta NH,  Utility of cortical tissue analysis in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Cereb Cortex. 2024;34(2):bhae001."},{"key":"b52","series-title":"Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus","first-page":"107","article-title":"Genetic Aspects of iNPH","author":"Moravec T","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moravec T, Whitley H, Musil Z, Brad\u00e1\u010d O. Genetic Aspects of iNPH. In: Bradac O, ed. Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. Springer; 2023:107\u2013121."}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/aop\/article-10.3171-2024.5.JNS24980\/article-10.3171-2024.5.JNS24980.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/aop\/article-10.3171-2024.5.JNS24980\/article-10.3171-2024.5.JNS24980.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/aop\/article-10.3171-2024.5.JNS24980\/article-10.3171-2024.5.JNS24980.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T01:20:05Z","timestamp":1738372805000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/aop\/article-10.3171-2024.5.JNS24980\/article-10.3171-2024.5.JNS24980.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]},"references-count":52,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2024.5.jns24980","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085","1933-0693"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0693","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]]}}}