{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T02:01:24Z","timestamp":1792202484249,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) is gaining attention as a promising new noninvasive brain tumor treatment that targets and selectively kills tumor cells, with limited side effects. This review examines the mechanisms of SDT and ongoing clinical trials looking at optimization of sonication parameters for potential treatment of glioblastoma (GBM) and diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG). The results in the first patient with recurrent GBM treated at the Mayo Clinic are briefly discussed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors of this literature review used electronic databases including PubMed, EMBASE, and OVID. Articles reporting relevant preclinical and clinical trials were identified by searching for text words\/phrases and MeSH terms, including the following: \"sonodynamic therapy,\" \"SDT,\" \"focused ultrasound,\" \"5-ALA,\" \"ALA,\" \"brain tumors,\" \"diffuse pontine glioma,\" \"glioblastoma,\" and \"high grade glioma.\"<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Preclinical and clinical trials investigating the specific use of SDT in brain tumors were reviewed. In preclinical models of high-grade glioma and GBM, SDT has shown evidence of targeted tumor cell death via the production of reactive oxygen species. Emerging clinical trial results within recurrent GBM and DIPG show evidence of successful treatment response, with minimal side effects experienced by recruited patients. So far, SDT has been shown to be a promising noninvasive cancer treatment that is well tolerated by patients. The authors present pilot data suggesting good radiological response of GBM to a single SDT treatment, with unpublished observation of a lack of off-target effects even after multiple (monthly) sonication outpatient treatments. The scope of the clinical trials of SDT is to investigate whether it can be the means by which the fatal diagnosis of GBM or DIPG is converted into that of a chronic, treatable disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SDT is safe, repeatable, and better tolerated than both chemotherapy and radiotherapy. It has been shown to have an effect in human cancer therapy, but more clinical trials are needed to establish standardized protocols for sonosensitizer delivery, treatment parameters, and combination therapies. The most appropriate timing of treatment also remains to be determined\u2014whether to prevent recurrence in the postoperative period, or as a salvage option in patients with recurrent GBM for which redo surgery is inappropriate. It is hoped that SDT will also be developed for a wider spectrum of clinical indications, such as metastases, meningioma, and low-grade glioma. Further clinical trials are in preparation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.6.focus24338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T09:09:01Z","timestamp":1725181741000},"page":"E7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["A review of sonodynamic therapy for brain tumors"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Dana L.","family":"Hutton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Victoria Infirmary, The Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry C.","family":"Burns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, Minnesota; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kismet","family":"Hossain-Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, Dundee, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"B1","series-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol","first-page":"2143","article-title":"Sonodynamically induced antitumor effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid and fractionated ultrasound irradiation in an orthotopic rat glioma model","volume":"38","author":"Jeong EJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jeong EJ, Seo SJ, Ahn YJ, Choi KH, Kim KH, Kim JK. Sonodynamically induced antitumor effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid and fractionated ultrasound irradiation in an orthotopic rat glioma model. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2012;38(12):2143\u20132150."},{"issue":"6","key":"B2","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1416","article-title":"Enhancement of antitumor activity by using 5-ALA-mediated sonodynamic therapy to induce apoptosis in malignant gliomas: significance of high-intensity focused ultrasound on 5-ALA-SDT in a mouse glioma model","volume":"129","author":"Suehiro S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Suehiro S, Ohnishi T, Yamashita D,  Enhancement of antitumor activity by using 5-ALA-mediated sonodynamic therapy to induce apoptosis in malignant gliomas: significance of high-intensity focused ultrasound on 5-ALA-SDT in a mouse glioma model. J Neurosurg. 2018;129(6):1416\u20131428."},{"issue":"1","key":"B3","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"10465","article-title":"MR-guided focused ultrasound facilitates sonodynamic therapy with 5-aminolevulinic acid in a rat glioma model","volume":"9","author":"Wu SK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wu SK, Santos MA, Marcus SL, Hynynen K. MR-guided focused ultrasound facilitates sonodynamic therapy with 5-aminolevulinic acid in a rat glioma model. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):10465."},{"issue":"2","key":"B4","series-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol","first-page":"526","article-title":"Sonodynamic therapy for malignant glioma using 220-kHz transcranial magnetic resonance imaging-guided focused ultrasound and 5-aminolevulinic acid","volume":"45","author":"Yoshida M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yoshida M, Kobayashi H, Terasaka S,  Sonodynamic therapy for malignant glioma using 220-kHz transcranial magnetic resonance imaging-guided focused ultrasound and 5-aminolevulinic acid. 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A first-in-human phase 0\/1 trial of 5-aminolevulinic acid sonodynamic therapy (5-ALA SDT) in recurrent glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol. 2022;24(suppl 7):vii72\u2013vii73."},{"key":"B7","series-title":"ClinicalTrials.gov","article-title":"A study of sonodynamic therapy using SONALA-001 and Exablate 4000 type 2.0 in subjects with recurrent GBM","unstructured":"A study of sonodynamic therapy using SONALA-001 and Exablate 4000 type 2.0 in subjects with recurrent GBM. ClinicalTrials.gov. Accessed July 19, 2024. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05370508"},{"key":"B8","article-title":"Sonodynamic therapy in patients with recurrent GBM (GBM 001). ClinicalTrials.gov","unstructured":"Sonodynamic therapy in patients with recurrent GBM (GBM 001). ClinicalTrials.gov. 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