{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T12:04:28Z","timestamp":1784981068686,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Hydrocephalus is a challenging neurosurgical condition due to nonspecific symptoms and complex brain\u2013fluid pressure dynamics. Typically, the assessment of hydrocephalus in children requires radiographic or invasive pressure monitoring. There is usually a qualitative focus on the ventricular spaces even though stress and shear forces extend across the brain. Here, the authors present an MRI-based vector approach for voxelwise brain and ventricular deformation visualization and analysis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Twenty pediatric patients (mean age 7.7 years, range 6 months\u201318 years; 14 males) with acute, newly diagnosed hydrocephalus requiring surgical intervention for symptomatic relief were randomly identified after retrospective chart review. Selection criteria included acquisition of both pre- and posttherapy paired 3D T1-weighted volumetric MRI (3D T1-MRI) performed on 3T MRI systems. Both pre- and posttherapy 3D T1-MRI pairs were aligned using image registration, and subsequently, voxelwise nonlinear transformations were performed to derive two exemplary visualizations of compliance: 1) a whole-brain vector map projecting the resulting deformation field on baseline axial imaging; and 2) a 3D heat map projecting the volumetric changes along ventricular boundaries and the brain periphery.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The patients underwent the following interventions for treatment of hydrocephalus: endoscopic third ventriculostomy (n = 6); external ventricular drain placement and\/or tumor resection (n = 10); or ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement (n = 4). The mean time between pre- and postoperative imaging was 36.5 days. Following intervention, the ventricular volumes decreased significantly (mean pre- and posttherapy volumes of 151.9 cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> and 82.0 cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>, respectively; p &lt; 0.001, paired t-test). The largest degree of deformation vector changes occurred along the lateral ventricular spaces, relative to the genu and splenium. There was a significant correlation between change in deformation vector magnitudes within the cortical layer and age (p = 0.011, Pearson), as well as between the ventricle size and age (p = 0.014, Pearson), suggesting higher compliance among infants and younger children.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study highlights an approach for deformation analysis and vector mapping that may serve as a topographic visualizer for therapeutic interventions in patients with hydrocephalus. A future study that correlates the degree of cerebroventricular deformation or compliance with intracranial pressures could clarify the potential role of this technique in noninvasive pressure monitoring or in cases of noncompliant ventricles.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.6.peds24117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,24]],"date-time":"2024-08-24T02:20:26Z","timestamp":1724466026000},"page":"423-431","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cerebroventricular deformation and vector mapping, a topographic visualizer for surgical interventions in pediatric hydrocephalus"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Kristen W.","family":"Yeom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Phoenix Children\u2019s Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona;"},{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Sutter Roseville Medical Center, Roseville, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward H.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"},{"name":"Radiology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison K.","family":"Duh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon J.","family":"Beres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura M.","family":"Prolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert M.","family":"Lober","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Dayton Children\u2019s Hospital, Dayton, Ohio;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather E.","family":"Moss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Moseley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nils D.","family":"Forkert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Radiology,"},{"name":"Clinical Neurosciences,"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and"},{"name":"Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Wilms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics, and"},{"name":"Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada;"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and"},{"name":"Alberta Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald A.","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"b1","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"131","article-title":"Hospital care for children with hydrocephalus in the United States: utilization, charges, comorbidities, and deaths","volume":"1","author":"Simon TD","year":"2008","unstructured":"Simon TD, Riva-Cambrin J, Srivastava R, Bratton SL, Dean JM, Kestle JR. 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