{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T20:01:39Z","timestamp":1771272099696,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Because there is not a link between COVID-19 and pediatric hydrocephalus, the COVID-19 pandemic should not have altered the incidence of pediatric hydrocephalus or the rate of CSF diversion procedures or shunt failure. Therefore, hydrocephalus-related surgical volume should have remained constant. The goal of this study was to evaluate the rates of hydrocephalus surgeries in the COVID-19 era compared with the baseline pre-COVID-19 era.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Ten institutions collected information about all hydrocephalus-related surgeries performed between March 2018 and February 2022. The period after March 1, 2020, was considered the COVID-19 era; the period prior to this date was considered the baseline pre-COVID era. Four COVID surge periods were defined using the <jats:italic>New York Times<\/jats:italic> COVID-19 database. Total case volumes were compared between the COVID era and baseline, both overall and for each surge period. Sex, race, ethnicity, insurance status, Area Deprivation Index (ADI), and rural-urban commuter area were collected for each surgery. Proportions of patients were then compared overall and for each surge based on these variables.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Of 8056 procedures, 54% were in male patients (n = 4375), 65% in White patients (n = 5247), 18% in Hispanic patients (n = 1423), and 54% in patients with public insurance (n = 4371). There was no change in the number of surgeries per site per month in the COVID era compared with baseline (16.7 vs 17.9, p = 0.113). However, there was a significant decrease in the first surge period (April 2020; 11.5 vs 17.7, p = 0.034). Male sex (p &lt; 0.0039) and Black race (p &lt; 0.001) were found to be associated with a significantly higher proportion of hydrocephalus procedures during the COVID-19 era. Some surge periods showed different proportions of privately insured patient and ADI levels. However, these relationships were inconsistent between surges.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Overall average monthly case numbers were not significantly different between the pre-COVID and COVID eras. There was a significant decrease in hydrocephalus surgery during the first COVID surge. More hydrocephalus surgeries were performed in children of male sex and Black race proportionally during the COVID period overall, but not during individual surges.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.7.peds24249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,12]],"date-time":"2024-10-12T02:22:17Z","timestamp":1728699737000},"page":"1-7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pediatric CSF diversion procedures for treatment of hydrocephalus during the COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3171","author":[{"given":"Paige","family":"Lundy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Children\u2019s Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ariana","family":"Barkley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. K. M. Fazlur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Arynchyna-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Thrower","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Addison","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klaudia","family":"Dziugan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Lurie Children\u2019s Hospital, Chicago, Illinois;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandi","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Lurie Children\u2019s Hospital, Chicago, Illinois;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koko","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"Hauptman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keshari","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital Colorado, Denver, Colorado;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Staulcup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital Colorado, Denver, Colorado;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Todd C.","family":"Hankinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital Colorado, Denver, Colorado;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Best","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Yea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carly","family":"Weber-Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric M.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Sexton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric M.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Chicago, Illinois;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna L.","family":"Slingerland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Papadakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Pricola Fehnel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Wisor-Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David F.","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. Hassan A.","family":"Akbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins All Children\u2019s Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brandon G.","family":"Rocque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"b1","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","first-page":"230","article-title":"Long-term follow-up data from the Shunt Design Trial","volume":"33","author":"Kestle J","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kestle J, Drake J, Milner R,  Long-term follow-up data from the Shunt Design Trial. 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