{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T15:22:24Z","timestamp":1790436144477,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both robot and computer navigation have significantly improved the accuracy and safety of percutaneous pedicle screw placement compared with a freehand fluoroscopy-guided technique. However, how the two new technologies compare with each other is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy and safety of robot-assisted and navigation-guided percutaneous pedicle screw placement in minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A multicenter, retrospective study was conducted with patients who underwent 1- to 3-level MIS-TLIF from 2019 to 2022. The surgical indication was symptomatic spinal stenosis and spondylolisthesis that failed conservative management. Screw accuracy and safety were compared between robot and computer navigation systems by obtaining postoperative CT images in all patients. The screw accuracy was determined by the Gertzbein and Robbins classification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 100 patients were divided into robot-assisted (RA; n = 42) and O-arm navigation (ON; n = 58) groups, with 514 percutaneous pedicle screws placed. Clinically satisfactory accuracy was achieved in 100% of the RA group and 92.1% of the ON group (p &lt; 0.001). There were no medial breaches or revision surgeries for screw malposition in either group. The RA group showed similar overall operation time to the ON group (263.54 \u00b1 114.33 vs 243.4 \u00b1 68.96 minutes, p = 0.2821). Subgroup analyses showed that there was no difference in 1-level MIS-TLIF, but the RA group had significantly more operative time for 2-level MIS-TLIF than the ON group (324.67 \u00b1 101.25 vs 266.4 \u00b1 66.38 minutes, p = 0.0264).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Screw accuracy was significantly better in the RA group, with slightly more operation time, compared with the navigation group. Neither group required revision surgery or reoperation for screw malposition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.9.focus24521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T08:24:59Z","timestamp":1733041499000},"page":"E12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Comparison between robot-assisted and navigation-guided minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: a multicenter study"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Dennis Chen","family":"Heath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City;"},{"name":"Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsuan-Kan","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei;"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Chang","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao-Chien","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City;"},{"name":"Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsung-Hsi","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing-Hung","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City;"},{"name":"Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Chin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei;"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei;"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jau-Ching","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei;"},{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Min","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City;"},{"name":"Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei;"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Cheng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heng-Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Shuang-Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City;"},{"name":"Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei;"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"b1","series-title":"Neurospine","first-page":"479","article-title":"History and evolution of the minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion","volume":"19","author":"Prabhu MC","year":"2022","unstructured":"Prabhu MC, Jacob KC, Patel MR, Pawlowski H, Vanjani NN, Singh K. History and evolution of the minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. Neurospine. 2022;19(3):479\u2013491."},{"issue":"3","key":"b2","series-title":"J Robot Surg","first-page":"409","article-title":"Pedicle screw accuracy in clinical utilization of minimally invasive navigated robot-assisted spine surgery","volume":"14","author":"Vardiman AB","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vardiman AB, Wallace DJ, Crawford NR, Riggleman JR, Ahrendtsen LA, Ledonio CG. Pedicle screw accuracy in clinical utilization of minimally invasive navigated robot-assisted spine surgery. J Robot Surg. 2020;14(3):409\u2013413."},{"key":"b3","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e731","article-title":"Robotic-navigated percutaneous pedicle screw placement has less facet joint violation than fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous screws","volume":"151","author":"Katsevman GA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Katsevman GA, Spencer RD, Daffner SD,  Robotic-navigated percutaneous pedicle screw placement has less facet joint violation than fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous screws. World Neurosurg. 2021;151:e731\u2013e737."},{"issue":"2","key":"b4","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"240","article-title":"Comparison of intraoperative cone-beam CT versus preoperative fan-beam CT for navigated spine surgery: a prospective randomized study","volume":"40","author":"Tu TH","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tu TH, Kuo YH, Chang CC,  Comparison of intraoperative cone-beam CT versus preoperative fan-beam CT for navigated spine surgery: a prospective randomized study. J Neurosurg Spine. 2023;40(2):240\u2013247."},{"issue":"5","key":"b5","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E4","article-title":"Initial academic experience and learning curve with robotic spine instrumentation","volume":"42","author":"Urakov TM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Urakov TM, Chang KH, Burks SS, Wang MY. Initial academic experience and learning curve with robotic spine instrumentation. Neurosurg Focus. 2017;42(5):E4."},{"key":"b6","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e489","article-title":"Comparison of radiation exposure between O-arm navigated and C-arm guided screw placement in minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion","volume":"139","author":"Chang CC","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chang CC, Chang HK, Wu JC, Tu TH, Cheng H, Huang WC. Comparison of radiation exposure between O-arm navigated and C-arm guided screw placement in minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. World Neurosurg. 2020;139:e489\u2013e495."},{"issue":"1","key":"b7","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E9","article-title":"Robot-guided versus freehand fluoroscopy-guided minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: a single-institution, observational, case-control study","volume":"52","author":"Lin MC","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin MC, Liu HW, Su YK, Lo WL, Lin CM. Robot-guided versus freehand fluoroscopy-guided minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: a single-institution, observational, case-control study. Neurosurg Focus. 2022;52(1):E9."},{"issue":"5","key":"b8","series-title":"Int Orthop","first-page":"919","article-title":"O-arm navigation versus C-arm guidance for pedicle screw placement in spine surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Feng W","year":"2020","unstructured":"Feng W, Wang W, Chen S, Wu K, Wang H. O-arm navigation versus C-arm guidance for pedicle screw placement in spine surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Orthop. 2020;44(5):919\u2013926."},{"issue":"2","key":"b9","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"E111","article-title":"Accuracy of pedicle screw placement and clinical outcomes of robot-assisted technique versus conventional freehand technique in spine surgery from nine randomized controlled trials: a meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Li HM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li HM, Zhang RJ, Shen CL. Accuracy of pedicle screw placement and clinical outcomes of robot-assisted technique versus conventional freehand technique in spine surgery from nine randomized controlled trials: a meta-analysis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2020;45(2):E111\u2013E119."},{"issue":"2","key":"b10","series-title":"Neurospine","first-page":"367","article-title":"Learning curve of ROSA ONE spine system for transpedicular screw placement","volume":"19","author":"Hsu BH","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hsu BH, Liu HW, Lee KL,  Learning curve of ROSA ONE spine system for transpedicular screw placement. Neurospine. 2022;19(2):367\u2013375."},{"issue":"4","key":"b11","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"397","article-title":"Use of the Airo mobile intraoperative CT system versus the O-arm for transpedicular screw fixation in the thoracic and lumbar spine: a retrospective cohort study of 263 patients","volume":"29","author":"Scarone P","year":"2018","unstructured":"Scarone P, Vincenzo G, Distefano D,  Use of the Airo mobile intraoperative CT system versus the O-arm for transpedicular screw fixation in the thoracic and lumbar spine: a retrospective cohort study of 263 patients. J Neurosurg Spine. 2018;29(4):397\u2013406."},{"issue":"1","key":"b12","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"890","article-title":"Radiological and clinical differences among three assisted technologies in pedicle screw fixation of adult degenerative scoliosis","volume":"8","author":"Fan Y","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fan Y, Peng Du J, Liu JJ, Zhang JN, Liu SC, Hao DJ. Radiological and clinical differences among three assisted technologies in pedicle screw fixation of adult degenerative scoliosis. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):890."},{"issue":"1","key":"b13","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"11","article-title":"Accuracy of pedicular screw placement in vivo","volume":"15","author":"Gertzbein SD","year":"1990","unstructured":"Gertzbein SD, Robbins SE. Accuracy of pedicular screw placement in vivo. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1990;15(1):11\u201314."},{"issue":"1","key":"b14","series-title":"Asian Spine J","first-page":"37","article-title":"Postoperative assessment of pedicle screws and management of breaches: a survey among Canadian spine surgeons and a new scoring system","volume":"12","author":"Aoude A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aoude A, Ghadakzadeh S, Alhamzah H,  Postoperative assessment of pedicle screws and management of breaches: a survey among Canadian spine surgeons and a new scoring system. Asian Spine J. 2018;12(1):37\u201346."},{"issue":"5","key":"b15","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"866-871.e1","article-title":"Accuracy of pedicle screw placement in the thoracic and lumbosacral spine using a conventional intraoperative fluoroscopy-guided technique: a national neurosurgical education and training center analysis of 1236 consecutive screws","volume":"82","author":"Nevzati E","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nevzati E, Marbacher S, Soleman J,  Accuracy of pedicle screw placement in the thoracic and lumbosacral spine using a conventional intraoperative fluoroscopy-guided technique: a national neurosurgical education and training center analysis of 1236 consecutive screws. World Neurosurg. 2014;82(5):866-871.e1\u2013e2."},{"issue":"8","key":"b16","series-title":"Spine J","first-page":"1702","article-title":"Accuracy of fluoroscopically-assisted pedicle screw placement: analysis of 1,218 screws in 198 patients","volume":"14","author":"Koktekir E","year":"2014","unstructured":"Koktekir E, Ceylan D, Tatarli N, Karabagli H, Recber F, Akdemir G. Accuracy of fluoroscopically-assisted pedicle screw placement: analysis of 1,218 screws in 198 patients. Spine J. 2014;14(8):1702\u20131708."},{"issue":"10","key":"b17","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"2011","article-title":"Accuracy of 837 pedicle screw positions in degenerative lumbar spine with conventional open surgery evaluated by computed tomography","volume":"159","author":"Saarenp\u00e4\u00e4 I","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saarenp\u00e4\u00e4 I, Laine T, Hirvonen J,  Accuracy of 837 pedicle screw positions in degenerative lumbar spine with conventional open surgery evaluated by computed tomography. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2017;159(10):2011\u20132017."},{"issue":"7","key":"b18","series-title":"J Spinal Disord Tech","first-page":"358","article-title":"Incidence of lumbar spine pedicle breach after percutaneous screw fixation: a radiographic evaluation of 601 screws in 151 patients","volume":"27","author":"Smith ZA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Smith ZA, Sugimoto K, Lawton CD, Fessler RG. Incidence of lumbar spine pedicle breach after percutaneous screw fixation: a radiographic evaluation of 601 screws in 151 patients. J Spinal Disord Tech. 2014;27(7):358\u2013363."},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Int J Surg","first-page":"46","article-title":"Accuracy of pedicle screw placement in posterior lumbosacral instrumentation by computer tomography evaluation: a multi-centric retrospective clinical study","volume":"43","author":"Yu T","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yu T, Mi S, He Y,  Accuracy of pedicle screw placement in posterior lumbosacral instrumentation by computer tomography evaluation: a multi-centric retrospective clinical study. Int J Surg. 2017;43:46\u201351."},{"key":"b20","series-title":"N Am Spine Soc J","first-page":"100199","article-title":"Comparing radiation dose of image-guided techniques in lumbar fusion surgery with pedicle screw insertion; a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Caelers IJMH","year":"2023","unstructured":"Caelers IJMH, Berendsen RCM, Droeghaag R,  Comparing radiation dose of image-guided techniques in lumbar fusion surgery with pedicle screw insertion; a systematic review. N Am Spine Soc J. 2023;13:100199."},{"issue":"13","key":"b21","series-title":"Ann Transl Med","first-page":"824","article-title":"Accuracy of robot-assisted versus conventional freehand pedicle screw placement in spine surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"8","author":"Peng YN","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peng YN, Tsai LC, Hsu HC, Kao CH. Accuracy of robot-assisted versus conventional freehand pedicle screw placement in spine surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Transl Med. 2020;8(13):824."},{"issue":"2","key":"b22","series-title":"Orthopedics","first-page":"e89","article-title":"Alternative uses of O-arm and Stealth navigation technology over 10 years: the University of Colorado experience","volume":"46","author":"Delcont MR","year":"2023","unstructured":"Delcont MR, Ou-Yang DC, Burger EL, Patel VV, Wessell NM, Kleck CJ. Alternative uses of O-arm and Stealth navigation technology over 10 years: the University of Colorado experience. Orthopedics. 2023;46(2):e89\u2013e97."},{"key":"b23","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e87","article-title":"Pedicle screw insertion: is O-arm-based navigation superior to the conventional freehand technique? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"144","author":"Sun J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sun J, Wu D, Wang Q, Wei Y, Yuan F. Pedicle screw insertion: is O-arm-based navigation superior to the conventional freehand technique? A systematic review and meta-analysis. World Neurosurg. 2020;144:e87\u2013e99."},{"issue":"3","key":"b24","series-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)","first-page":"e5835","article-title":"Pedicle screw placement accuracy of bone-mounted miniature robot system","volume":"96","author":"Tsai TH","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tsai TH, Tzou RD, Su YF, Wu CH, Tsai CY, Lin CL. Pedicle screw placement accuracy of bone-mounted miniature robot system. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(3):e5835."},{"issue":"4","key":"b25","series-title":"Int Orthop","first-page":"773","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for the misplacement of pedicle screws in scoliosis surgery assisted by O-arm navigation-analysis of a large series of one thousand, one hundred and forty five screws","volume":"41","author":"Jin M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jin M, Liu Z, Qiu Y, Yan H, Han X, Zhu Z. Incidence and risk factors for the misplacement of pedicle screws in scoliosis surgery assisted by O-arm navigation-analysis of a large series of one thousand, one hundred and forty five screws. Int Orthop. 2017;41(4):773\u2013780."},{"issue":"1","key":"b26","series-title":"Orthop Surg","first-page":"118","article-title":"Risk factors for the drift phenomenon in O-arm navigation-assisted pedicle screw placement during spinal deformity surgery","volume":"15","author":"Zhao J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao J, Jiang H, Zhuge Y,  Risk factors for the drift phenomenon in O-arm navigation-assisted pedicle screw placement during spinal deformity surgery. Orthop Surg. 2023;15(1):118\u2013123."},{"issue":"23","key":"b27","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"1613","article-title":"Factors affecting the accuracy of pedicle screw placement in robot-assisted surgery: a multicenter study","volume":"47","author":"Toossi N","year":"2022","unstructured":"Toossi N, Vardiman AB, Benech CA,  Factors affecting the accuracy of pedicle screw placement in robot-assisted surgery: a multicenter study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2022;47(23):1613\u20131619."},{"issue":"1","key":"b28","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"3025","article-title":"Risk factors for robot-assisted spinal pedicle screw malposition","volume":"9","author":"Zhang JN","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhang JN, Fan Y, Hao DJ. Risk factors for robot-assisted spinal pedicle screw malposition. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):3025."},{"issue":"6","key":"b29","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1179","article-title":"Image-guided navigation and robotics in spine surgery","volume":"84","author":"Kochanski RB","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kochanski RB, Lombardi JM, Laratta JL, Lehman RA, O\u2019Toole JE. Image-guided navigation and robotics in spine surgery. Neurosurgery. 2019;84(6):1179\u20131189."},{"issue":"4","key":"b30","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0153235","article-title":"Assessing the intraoperative accuracy of pedicle screw placement by using a bone-mounted miniature robot system through secondary registration","volume":"11","author":"Kuo KL","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kuo KL, Su YF, Wu CH,  Assessing the intraoperative accuracy of pedicle screw placement by using a bone-mounted miniature robot system through secondary registration. PLoS One. 2016;11(4):e0153235."},{"issue":"3","key":"b1","series-title":"Neurospine","first-page":"479","article-title":"History and evolution of the minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion","volume":"19","author":"Prabhu MC","year":"2022","unstructured":"Prabhu MC, Jacob KC, Patel MR, Pawlowski H, Vanjani NN, Singh K. History and evolution of the minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. Neurospine. 2022;19(3):479\u2013491."},{"issue":"3","key":"b2","series-title":"J Robot Surg","first-page":"409","article-title":"Pedicle screw accuracy in clinical utilization of minimally invasive navigated robot-assisted spine surgery","volume":"14","author":"Vardiman AB","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vardiman AB, Wallace DJ, Crawford NR, Riggleman JR, Ahrendtsen LA, Ledonio CG. Pedicle screw accuracy in clinical utilization of minimally invasive navigated robot-assisted spine surgery. J Robot Surg. 2020;14(3):409\u2013413."},{"key":"b3","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e731","article-title":"Robotic-navigated percutaneous pedicle screw placement has less facet joint violation than fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous screws","volume":"151","author":"Katsevman GA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Katsevman GA, Spencer RD, Daffner SD,  Robotic-navigated percutaneous pedicle screw placement has less facet joint violation than fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous screws. World Neurosurg. 2021;151:e731\u2013e737."},{"issue":"2","key":"b4","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"240","article-title":"Comparison of intraoperative cone-beam CT versus preoperative fan-beam CT for navigated spine surgery: a prospective randomized study","volume":"40","author":"Tu TH","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tu TH, Kuo YH, Chang CC,  Comparison of intraoperative cone-beam CT versus preoperative fan-beam CT for navigated spine surgery: a prospective randomized study. J Neurosurg Spine. 2023;40(2):240\u2013247."},{"issue":"5","key":"b5","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E4","article-title":"Initial academic experience and learning curve with robotic spine instrumentation","volume":"42","author":"Urakov TM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Urakov TM, Chang KH, Burks SS, Wang MY. Initial academic experience and learning curve with robotic spine instrumentation. Neurosurg Focus. 2017;42(5):E4."},{"key":"b6","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e489","article-title":"Comparison of radiation exposure between O-arm navigated and C-arm guided screw placement in minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion","volume":"139","author":"Chang CC","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chang CC, Chang HK, Wu JC, Tu TH, Cheng H, Huang WC. Comparison of radiation exposure between O-arm navigated and C-arm guided screw placement in minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion. World Neurosurg. 2020;139:e489\u2013e495."},{"issue":"1","key":"b7","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E9","article-title":"Robot-guided versus freehand fluoroscopy-guided minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: a single-institution, observational, case-control study","volume":"52","author":"Lin MC","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin MC, Liu HW, Su YK, Lo WL, Lin CM. Robot-guided versus freehand fluoroscopy-guided minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: a single-institution, observational, case-control study. Neurosurg Focus. 2022;52(1):E9."},{"issue":"5","key":"b8","series-title":"Int Orthop","first-page":"919","article-title":"O-arm navigation versus C-arm guidance for pedicle screw placement in spine surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Feng W","year":"2020","unstructured":"Feng W, Wang W, Chen S, Wu K, Wang H. O-arm navigation versus C-arm guidance for pedicle screw placement in spine surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Orthop. 2020;44(5):919\u2013926."},{"issue":"2","key":"b9","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"E111","article-title":"Accuracy of pedicle screw placement and clinical outcomes of robot-assisted technique versus conventional freehand technique in spine surgery from nine randomized controlled trials: a meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Li HM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li HM, Zhang RJ, Shen CL. Accuracy of pedicle screw placement and clinical outcomes of robot-assisted technique versus conventional freehand technique in spine surgery from nine randomized controlled trials: a meta-analysis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2020;45(2):E111\u2013E119."},{"issue":"2","key":"b10","series-title":"Neurospine","first-page":"367","article-title":"Learning curve of ROSA ONE spine system for transpedicular screw placement","volume":"19","author":"Hsu BH","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hsu BH, Liu HW, Lee KL,  Learning curve of ROSA ONE spine system for transpedicular screw placement. Neurospine. 2022;19(2):367\u2013375."},{"issue":"4","key":"b11","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"397","article-title":"Use of the Airo mobile intraoperative CT system versus the O-arm for transpedicular screw fixation in the thoracic and lumbar spine: a retrospective cohort study of 263 patients","volume":"29","author":"Scarone P","year":"2018","unstructured":"Scarone P, Vincenzo G, Distefano D,  Use of the Airo mobile intraoperative CT system versus the O-arm for transpedicular screw fixation in the thoracic and lumbar spine: a retrospective cohort study of 263 patients. J Neurosurg Spine. 2018;29(4):397\u2013406."},{"issue":"1","key":"b12","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"890","article-title":"Radiological and clinical differences among three assisted technologies in pedicle screw fixation of adult degenerative scoliosis","volume":"8","author":"Fan Y","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fan Y, Peng Du J, Liu JJ, Zhang JN, Liu SC, Hao DJ. Radiological and clinical differences among three assisted technologies in pedicle screw fixation of adult degenerative scoliosis. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):890."},{"issue":"1","key":"b13","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"11","article-title":"Accuracy of pedicular screw placement in vivo","volume":"15","author":"Gertzbein SD","year":"1990","unstructured":"Gertzbein SD, Robbins SE. Accuracy of pedicular screw placement in vivo. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1990;15(1):11\u201314."},{"issue":"1","key":"b14","series-title":"Asian Spine J","first-page":"37","article-title":"Postoperative assessment of pedicle screws and management of breaches: a survey among Canadian spine surgeons and a new scoring system","volume":"12","author":"Aoude A","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aoude A, Ghadakzadeh S, Alhamzah H,  Postoperative assessment of pedicle screws and management of breaches: a survey among Canadian spine surgeons and a new scoring system. Asian Spine J. 2018;12(1):37\u201346."},{"issue":"5","key":"b15","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"866-871.e1","article-title":"Accuracy of pedicle screw placement in the thoracic and lumbosacral spine using a conventional intraoperative fluoroscopy-guided technique: a national neurosurgical education and training center analysis of 1236 consecutive screws","volume":"82","author":"Nevzati E","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nevzati E, Marbacher S, Soleman J,  Accuracy of pedicle screw placement in the thoracic and lumbosacral spine using a conventional intraoperative fluoroscopy-guided technique: a national neurosurgical education and training center analysis of 1236 consecutive screws. 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