{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:55:57Z","timestamp":1790787357414,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is characterized by impaired gait, cognitive impairment, and urinary incontinence. Idiopathic NPH is treated with insertion of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS), but response to VPS placement varies. Extended lumbar drain (ELD) trials over a 3-day period can predict VPS success. Patients undergoing ELD trials are evaluated for gait improvement after lumbar drain (LD) placement using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS). This study examines changes in BBS scores in iNPH patients undergoing an ELD trial to determine the optimal trial length.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This single-center, retrospective analysis included iNPH patients from 2007 to 2023 who underwent an ELD trial. Daily BBS scores were compared along with frequency of achieving the minimal detectable change (MDC), the threshold for clinical improvement, which varies between 4 and 7 points depending on the baseline score. Billing data were used to calculate the average daily charges of admission for ELD trials, excluding the LD procedure cost.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eighty iNPH patients were included. The mean BBS score difference from baseline improved by 3.7 points on day 1, 7.19 points on day 2, and 8.38 points on day 3. MDC thresholds were met by 31% of patients on day 1, 77% on day 2, and 82% on day 3. The increase in MDC achievement from day 1 to day 2 was significant (p &lt; 0.0001), while the change from day 2 to day 3 was not (p = 0.3428). The average total admission charge was $31,168.14 (standard error of the mean $994.61), with a per diem charge of $9756.05 after subtracting the LD procedure charge ($1900).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While daily improvements in BBS score are seen during the ELD trial, achievement of MDC thresholds primarily happens by day 2. These data suggest that for patients who meet the MDC, limiting the ELD trial to 2 days could reduce costs without compromising the diagnostic utility of the ELD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.1.jns242354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T21:47:36Z","timestamp":1748641656000},"page":"863-870","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Extended lumbar drain trials for diagnostic evaluation of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus with the Berg Balance Scale"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"143","author":[{"given":"Nishanth S.","family":"Sadagopan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rushmin","family":"Khazanchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethan J.","family":"Houskamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khizar R.","family":"Nandoliya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahul K.","family":"Chaliparambil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sachin","family":"Govind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amr","family":"Alwakeal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preventative Medicine Biostatistics and Informatics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniella","family":"Cannone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Therapy, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenna","family":"Grivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Therapy, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Therapy, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua M.","family":"Rosenow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej S.","family":"Lesniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James P.","family":"Chandler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew B.","family":"Potts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew C.","family":"Tate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen T.","family":"Magill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"b1","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"2002","article-title":"Disability risk or unimproved symptoms following shunt surgery in patients with idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus: post hoc analysis of SINPHONI-2","volume":"126","author":"Yamada S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yamada S, Kimura T, Jingami N,  Disability risk or unimproved symptoms following shunt surgery in patients with idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus: post hoc analysis of SINPHONI-2. J Neurosurg. 2017;126(6):2002\u20132009."},{"issue":"5","key":"b2","series-title":"Neurol Clin Pract","first-page":"375","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"3","author":"Williams MA","year":"2013","unstructured":"Williams MA, Relkin NR. Diagnosis and management of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Neurol Clin Pract. 2013;3(5):375\u2013385."},{"key":"b3","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"117","article-title":"Symptomatic occult hydrocephalus with \"normal\" cerbrospinal-fluid pressure. A treatable syndrome","volume":"273","author":"Adams RD","year":"1965","unstructured":"Adams RD, Fisher CM, Hakim S, Ojemann RG, Sweet WH. Symptomatic occult hydrocephalus with \"normal\" cerbrospinal-fluid pressure. A treatable syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1965;273:117\u2013126."},{"issue":"1","key":"b4","series-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord Extra","first-page":"202","article-title":"Cognitive profile of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"1","author":"Saito M","year":"2011","unstructured":"Saito M, Nishio Y, Kanno S,  Cognitive profile of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord Extra. 2011;1(1):202\u2013211."},{"issue":"5","key":"b5","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1166","article-title":"Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a systematic review of diagnosis and outcome","volume":"49","author":"Hebb AO","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hebb AO, Cusimano MD. Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a systematic review of diagnosis and outcome. Neurosurgery. 2001;49(5):1166\u20131186."},{"issue":"5","key":"b6","series-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep","first-page":"371","article-title":"Normal pressure hydrocephalus: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"8","author":"Shprecher D","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shprecher D, Schwalb J, Kurlan R. Normal pressure hydrocephalus: diagnosis and treatment. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2008;8(5):371\u2013376."},{"issue":"3 suppl","key":"b7","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"S40","article-title":"Outcome of shunting in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus and the value of outcome assessment in shunted patients","volume":"57","author":"Klinge P","year":"2005","unstructured":"Klinge P, Marmarou A, Bergsneider M, Relkin N, Black PM. Outcome of shunting in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus and the value of outcome assessment in shunted patients. Neurosurgery. 2005;57(3 suppl):S40\u2013S52."},{"issue":"1","key":"b8","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"306","article-title":"Lumbar drain trial outcomes of normal pressure hydrocephalus: a single-center experience of 254 patients","volume":"132","author":"El Ahmadieh TY","year":"2020","unstructured":"El Ahmadieh TY, Wu EM, Kafka B,  Lumbar drain trial outcomes of normal pressure hydrocephalus: a single-center experience of 254 patients. J Neurosurg. 2020;132(1):306\u2013312."},{"issue":"4","key":"b9","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","first-page":"503","article-title":"The value of temporary external lumbar CSF drainage in predicting the outcome of shunting on normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"72","author":"Walchenbach R","year":"2002","unstructured":"Walchenbach R, Geiger E, Thomeer RTWM, Vanneste JAL. The value of temporary external lumbar CSF drainage in predicting the outcome of shunting on normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;72(4):503\u2013506."},{"issue":"11","key":"b10","series-title":"West J Nurs Res","first-page":"1502","article-title":"The diagnostic accuracy of the Berg Balance Scale in predicting falls","volume":"39","author":"Park SH","year":"2017","unstructured":"Park SH, Lee YS. The diagnostic accuracy of the Berg Balance Scale in predicting falls. West J Nurs Res. 2017;39(11):1502\u20131525."},{"issue":"4","key":"b11","series-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int","first-page":"396","article-title":"The relationship between balance ability and walking ability using the Berg Balance Scale in people with transfemoral amputation","volume":"43","author":"Azuma Y","year":"2019","unstructured":"Azuma Y, Chin T, Miura Y. The relationship between balance ability and walking ability using the Berg Balance Scale in people with transfemoral amputation. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2019;43(4):396\u2013401."},{"issue":"1","key":"b12","series-title":"J Rehabil Med","first-page":"37","article-title":"Berg Balance Scale score at admission can predict walking suitable for community ambulation at discharge from inpatient stroke rehabilitation","volume":"50","author":"Louie DR","year":"2018","unstructured":"Louie DR, Eng JJ. Berg Balance Scale score at admission can predict walking suitable for community ambulation at discharge from inpatient stroke rehabilitation. J Rehabil Med. 2018;50(1):37\u201344."},{"issue":"5","key":"b13","series-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med","first-page":"570","article-title":"Characteristics that affect score reliability in the Berg Balance Scale: a meta-analytic reliability generalization study","volume":"55","author":"Meseguer-Henarejos AB","year":"2019","unstructured":"Meseguer-Henarejos AB, Rubio-Aparicio M, L\u00f3pez-Pina JA, Carles-Hern\u00e1ndez R, G\u00f3mez-Conesa A. Characteristics that affect score reliability in the Berg Balance Scale: a meta-analytic reliability generalization study. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2019;55(5):570\u2013584."},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"b14","series-title":"Can J Public Health","first-page":"S7","article-title":"Measuring balance in the elderly: validation of an instrument","volume":"83","author":"Berg KO","year":"1992","unstructured":"Berg KO, Wood-Dauphinee SL, Williams JI, Maki B. Measuring balance in the elderly: validation of an instrument. Can J Public Health. 1992;83(suppl 2):S7-S11."},{"issue":"11","key":"b15","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"2244","article-title":"Gait and balance measures can identify change from a cerebrospinal fluid tap test in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"99","author":"Gallagher R","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gallagher R, Marquez J, Osmotherly P. Gait and balance measures can identify change from a cerebrospinal fluid tap test in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2018;99(11):2244\u20132250."},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"1201932","article-title":"Useful outcome measures in INPH patients evaluation","volume":"14","author":"Mori L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mori L, Collino F, Marzi A,  Useful outcome measures in INPH patients evaluation. Front Neurol. 2023;14:1201932."},{"issue":"5","key":"b17","series-title":"J Rehabil Med","first-page":"343","article-title":"How much change is true change? The minimum detectable change of the Berg Balance Scale in elderly people","volume":"41","author":"Donoghue D","year":"2009","unstructured":"Donoghue D, Stokes EK. How much change is true change? The minimum detectable change of the Berg Balance Scale in elderly people. J Rehabil Med. 2009;41(5):343\u2013346."},{"issue":"3","key":"b18","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","first-page":"285","article-title":"Extended lumbar drainage in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy","volume":"35","author":"Nunn AC","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nunn AC, Jones HE, Morosanu CO,  Extended lumbar drainage in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy. Br J Neurosurg. 2021;35(3):285\u2013291."},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Surg Neurol Int","first-page":"12","article-title":"External lumbar drain: a pragmatic test for prediction of shunt outcomes in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"5","author":"Chotai S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chotai S, Medel R, Herial NA, Medhkour A. External lumbar drain: a pragmatic test for prediction of shunt outcomes in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Surg Neurol Int. 2014;5:12."},{"issue":"7","key":"b20","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"1456","article-title":"Lumbar puncture test in normal pressure hydrocephalus: does the volume of CSF removed affect the response to tap?","volume":"38","author":"Thakur SK","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thakur SK, Serulle Y, Miskin NP, Rusinek H, Golomb J, George AE. Lumbar puncture test in normal pressure hydrocephalus: does the volume of CSF removed affect the response to tap?. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2017;38(7):1456\u20131460."},{"key":"b21","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","first-page":"31","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of changes in gait after extended cerebrospinal fluid drainage for normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"28","author":"Yang F","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang F, Hickman TT, Tinl M,  Quantitative evaluation of changes in gait after extended cerebrospinal fluid drainage for normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Clin Neurosci. 2016;28:31\u201337."},{"issue":"2","key":"b22","series-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol","first-page":"144","article-title":"Central limit theorem: the cornerstone of modern statistics","volume":"70","author":"Kwak SG","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kwak SG, Kim JH. Central limit theorem: the cornerstone of modern statistics. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2017;70(2):144\u2013156."},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment and Outcome","first-page":"209","article-title":"Extended lumbar drainage: supplementary test to diagnose shunt responsive iNPH","author":"Toma AK","year":"2023","unstructured":"Toma AK. Extended lumbar drainage: supplementary test to diagnose shunt responsive iNPH. In: Bradac O, ed.Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment and Outcome. 1st ed. Springer Cham; 2023:209-219."},{"issue":"6","key":"b24","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"823","article-title":"Screening tests for normal-pressure hydrocephalus: sensitivity, specificity, and cost","volume":"105","author":"Burnett MG","year":"2006","unstructured":"Burnett MG, Sonnad SS, Stein SC. Screening tests for normal-pressure hydrocephalus: sensitivity, specificity, and cost. J Neurosurg. 2006;105(6):823\u2013829."},{"issue":"6","key":"b1","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"2002","article-title":"Disability risk or unimproved symptoms following shunt surgery in patients with idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus: post hoc analysis of SINPHONI-2","volume":"126","author":"Yamada S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yamada S, Kimura T, Jingami N,  Disability risk or unimproved symptoms following shunt surgery in patients with idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus: post hoc analysis of SINPHONI-2. J Neurosurg. 2017;126(6):2002\u20132009."},{"issue":"5","key":"b2","series-title":"Neurol Clin Pract","first-page":"375","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"3","author":"Williams MA","year":"2013","unstructured":"Williams MA, Relkin NR. Diagnosis and management of idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus. Neurol Clin Pract. 2013;3(5):375\u2013385."},{"key":"b3","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"117","article-title":"Symptomatic occult hydrocephalus with \"normal\" cerbrospinal-fluid pressure. A treatable syndrome","volume":"273","author":"Adams RD","year":"1965","unstructured":"Adams RD, Fisher CM, Hakim S, Ojemann RG, Sweet WH. Symptomatic occult hydrocephalus with \"normal\" cerbrospinal-fluid pressure. A treatable syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1965;273:117\u2013126."},{"issue":"1","key":"b4","series-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord Extra","first-page":"202","article-title":"Cognitive profile of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"1","author":"Saito M","year":"2011","unstructured":"Saito M, Nishio Y, Kanno S,  Cognitive profile of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord Extra. 2011;1(1):202\u2013211."},{"issue":"5","key":"b5","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1166","article-title":"Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a systematic review of diagnosis and outcome","volume":"49","author":"Hebb AO","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hebb AO, Cusimano MD. Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a systematic review of diagnosis and outcome. Neurosurgery. 2001;49(5):1166\u20131186."},{"issue":"5","key":"b6","series-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep","first-page":"371","article-title":"Normal pressure hydrocephalus: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"8","author":"Shprecher D","year":"2008","unstructured":"Shprecher D, Schwalb J, Kurlan R. Normal pressure hydrocephalus: diagnosis and treatment. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2008;8(5):371\u2013376."},{"issue":"3 suppl","key":"b7","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"S40","article-title":"Outcome of shunting in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus and the value of outcome assessment in shunted patients","volume":"57","author":"Klinge P","year":"2005","unstructured":"Klinge P, Marmarou A, Bergsneider M, Relkin N, Black PM. Outcome of shunting in idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus and the value of outcome assessment in shunted patients. Neurosurgery. 2005;57(3 suppl):S40\u2013S52."},{"issue":"1","key":"b8","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"306","article-title":"Lumbar drain trial outcomes of normal pressure hydrocephalus: a single-center experience of 254 patients","volume":"132","author":"El Ahmadieh TY","year":"2020","unstructured":"El Ahmadieh TY, Wu EM, Kafka B,  Lumbar drain trial outcomes of normal pressure hydrocephalus: a single-center experience of 254 patients. J Neurosurg. 2020;132(1):306\u2013312."},{"issue":"4","key":"b9","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","first-page":"503","article-title":"The value of temporary external lumbar CSF drainage in predicting the outcome of shunting on normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"72","author":"Walchenbach R","year":"2002","unstructured":"Walchenbach R, Geiger E, Thomeer RTWM, Vanneste JAL. The value of temporary external lumbar CSF drainage in predicting the outcome of shunting on normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;72(4):503\u2013506."},{"issue":"11","key":"b10","series-title":"West J Nurs Res","first-page":"1502","article-title":"The diagnostic accuracy of the Berg Balance Scale in predicting falls","volume":"39","author":"Park SH","year":"2017","unstructured":"Park SH, Lee YS. The diagnostic accuracy of the Berg Balance Scale in predicting falls. West J Nurs Res. 2017;39(11):1502\u20131525."},{"issue":"4","key":"b11","series-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int","first-page":"396","article-title":"The relationship between balance ability and walking ability using the Berg Balance Scale in people with transfemoral amputation","volume":"43","author":"Azuma Y","year":"2019","unstructured":"Azuma Y, Chin T, Miura Y. The relationship between balance ability and walking ability using the Berg Balance Scale in people with transfemoral amputation. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2019;43(4):396\u2013401."},{"issue":"1","key":"b12","series-title":"J Rehabil Med","first-page":"37","article-title":"Berg Balance Scale score at admission can predict walking suitable for community ambulation at discharge from inpatient stroke rehabilitation","volume":"50","author":"Louie DR","year":"2018","unstructured":"Louie DR, Eng JJ. Berg Balance Scale score at admission can predict walking suitable for community ambulation at discharge from inpatient stroke rehabilitation. J Rehabil Med. 2018;50(1):37\u201344."},{"issue":"5","key":"b13","series-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med","first-page":"570","article-title":"Characteristics that affect score reliability in the Berg Balance Scale: a meta-analytic reliability generalization study","volume":"55","author":"Meseguer-Henarejos AB","year":"2019","unstructured":"Meseguer-Henarejos AB, Rubio-Aparicio M, L\u00f3pez-Pina JA, Carles-Hern\u00e1ndez R, G\u00f3mez-Conesa A. Characteristics that affect score reliability in the Berg Balance Scale: a meta-analytic reliability generalization study. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2019;55(5):570\u2013584."},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"b14","series-title":"Can J Public Health","first-page":"S7","article-title":"Measuring balance in the elderly: validation of an instrument","volume":"83","author":"Berg KO","year":"1992","unstructured":"Berg KO, Wood-Dauphinee SL, Williams JI, Maki B. Measuring balance in the elderly: validation of an instrument. Can J Public Health. 1992;83(suppl 2):S7-S11."},{"issue":"11","key":"b15","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"2244","article-title":"Gait and balance measures can identify change from a cerebrospinal fluid tap test in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"99","author":"Gallagher R","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gallagher R, Marquez J, Osmotherly P. Gait and balance measures can identify change from a cerebrospinal fluid tap test in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2018;99(11):2244\u20132250."},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"1201932","article-title":"Useful outcome measures in INPH patients evaluation","volume":"14","author":"Mori L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mori L, Collino F, Marzi A,  Useful outcome measures in INPH patients evaluation. Front Neurol. 2023;14:1201932."},{"issue":"5","key":"b17","series-title":"J Rehabil Med","first-page":"343","article-title":"How much change is true change? The minimum detectable change of the Berg Balance Scale in elderly people","volume":"41","author":"Donoghue D","year":"2009","unstructured":"Donoghue D, Stokes EK. How much change is true change? The minimum detectable change of the Berg Balance Scale in elderly people. J Rehabil Med. 2009;41(5):343\u2013346."},{"issue":"3","key":"b18","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","first-page":"285","article-title":"Extended lumbar drainage in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy","volume":"35","author":"Nunn AC","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nunn AC, Jones HE, Morosanu CO,  Extended lumbar drainage in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy. Br J Neurosurg. 2021;35(3):285\u2013291."},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Surg Neurol Int","first-page":"12","article-title":"External lumbar drain: a pragmatic test for prediction of shunt outcomes in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"5","author":"Chotai S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chotai S, Medel R, Herial NA, Medhkour A. External lumbar drain: a pragmatic test for prediction of shunt outcomes in idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Surg Neurol Int. 2014;5:12."},{"issue":"7","key":"b20","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"1456","article-title":"Lumbar puncture test in normal pressure hydrocephalus: does the volume of CSF removed affect the response to tap?","volume":"38","author":"Thakur SK","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thakur SK, Serulle Y, Miskin NP, Rusinek H, Golomb J, George AE. Lumbar puncture test in normal pressure hydrocephalus: does the volume of CSF removed affect the response to tap?. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2017;38(7):1456\u20131460."},{"key":"b21","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","first-page":"31","article-title":"Quantitative evaluation of changes in gait after extended cerebrospinal fluid drainage for normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"28","author":"Yang F","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yang F, Hickman TT, Tinl M,  Quantitative evaluation of changes in gait after extended cerebrospinal fluid drainage for normal pressure hydrocephalus. J Clin Neurosci. 2016;28:31\u201337."},{"issue":"2","key":"b22","series-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol","first-page":"144","article-title":"Central limit theorem: the cornerstone of modern statistics","volume":"70","author":"Kwak SG","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kwak SG, Kim JH. Central limit theorem: the cornerstone of modern statistics. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2017;70(2):144\u2013156."},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment and Outcome","first-page":"209","article-title":"Extended lumbar drainage: supplementary test to diagnose shunt responsive iNPH","author":"Toma AK","year":"2023","unstructured":"Toma AK. Extended lumbar drainage: supplementary test to diagnose shunt responsive iNPH. In: Bradac O, ed.Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment and Outcome. 1st ed. Springer Cham; 2023:209-219."},{"issue":"6","key":"b24","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"823","article-title":"Screening tests for normal-pressure hydrocephalus: sensitivity, specificity, and cost","volume":"105","author":"Burnett MG","year":"2006","unstructured":"Burnett MG, Sonnad SS, Stein SC. Screening tests for normal-pressure hydrocephalus: sensitivity, specificity, and cost. 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