{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T18:47:17Z","timestamp":1792176437360,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peripheral nerve field stimulation (PNFS) is a neuromodulatory surgical treatment used to treat severe refractory trigeminal neuralgia. However, most studies have had comparatively short follow-up periods. Thus, the authors performed a long-term analysis of patients who had received PNFS for trigeminal neuralgia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An institutional database was searched for patients who had received PNFS from 2012 to 2017. Only patients with trigeminal neuralgia who received a permanent implant were included. The electronic medical records were reviewed, and patients were contacted for outpatient appointments or telephone interviews. Perceived treatment effectiveness was the primary outcome parameter. Additionally, revision surgeries, other invasive treatments after PNFS implantation, system explants, and the painDETECT questionnaire (PD-Q) score at the latest follow-up were assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifteen patients (6 male and 9 female; median age 70 years, range 45\u201387 years) were included in the analysis, 7 with classic trigeminal neuralgia and 8 with secondary trigeminal neuralgia (7 due to multiple sclerosis, 1 due to an inoperable meningioma). The median symptom duration was 11.5 years (range 2.5\u201317 years) and the median follow-up duration was 93 months (range 30\u2013126, IQR 66.5\u2013107 months). Half the male patients still perceived treatment effectiveness at the latest follow-up assessment, but none of the female patients did. Kaplan-Meier analysis with the log-rank test revealed a median time to failure of 2 years, with a median of 5.1 years in males and 1.5 years in females (p = 0.003). The median PD-Q score was 16 (range 0\u201327). There were 7 revision surgeries in 4 patients, and 4 patients underwent additional procedures after implantation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PNFS in trigeminal neuralgia is associated with a high rate of treatment failure in the long term, with females possibly experiencing worse results than males.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.1.jns242951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T21:51:37Z","timestamp":1746827497000},"page":"982-986","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Long-term outcomes of peripheral nerve field stimulation in patients with refractory trigeminal neuralgia: a cohort study"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"143","author":[{"given":"Johann","family":"Klein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden; and"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Helios Dr. Horst Schmidt Kliniken, Wiesbaden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tareq A.","family":"Juratli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Schackert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilker Y.","family":"Ey\u00fcpoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majd A.","family":"Alkhatib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t Dresden; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"b1","series-title":"Cephalalgia","first-page":"1","article-title":"Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition","volume":"38","year":"2018","unstructured":"Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(1):1\u2013211."},{"issue":"1","key":"b2","series-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers","first-page":"39","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"10","author":"Ashina S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ashina S, Robertson CE, Srikiatkhachorn A,  Trigeminal neuralgia. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2024;10(1):39."},{"issue":"8","key":"b3","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e66724","article-title":"Outcomes of different surgical interventions for treating trigeminal neuralgia: a review","volume":"16","author":"McBenedict B","year":"2024","unstructured":"McBenedict B, Hauwanga WN, Yau MCY,  Outcomes of different surgical interventions for treating trigeminal neuralgia: a review. Cureus. 2024;16(8):e66724."},{"issue":"5","key":"b4","series-title":"Cephalalgia","first-page":"445","article-title":"Peripheral nerve field stimulation for trigeminal neuralgia, trigeminal neuropathic pain, and persistent idiopathic facial pain","volume":"36","author":"Klein J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Klein J, Sandi-Gahun S, Schackert G, Juratli TA. Peripheral nerve field stimulation for trigeminal neuralgia, trigeminal neuropathic pain, and persistent idiopathic facial pain. Cephalalgia. 2016;36(5):445\u2013453."},{"issue":"9","key":"b5","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"1767","article-title":"Subcutaneous trigeminal nerve field stimulation for refractory trigeminal pain: a cohort analysis","volume":"158","author":"Jakobs M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jakobs M, Unterberg A, Treede RD, Schuh-Hofer S, Ahmadi R. Subcutaneous trigeminal nerve field stimulation for refractory trigeminal pain: a cohort analysis. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2016;158(9):1767\u20131774."},{"issue":"6","key":"b6","series-title":"Neuromodulation","first-page":"796","article-title":"Peripheral nerve stimulation for refractory trigeminal pain: recent single-institution case series with long-term follow-up and review of the literature","volume":"23","author":"Bina RW","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bina RW, Palsma RS, Weinand ME, Kasoff WS. Peripheral nerve stimulation for refractory trigeminal pain: recent single-institution case series with long-term follow-up and review of the literature. Neuromodulation. 2020;23(6):796\u2013804."},{"issue":"1","key":"b7","series-title":"Neuromodulation","first-page":"7","article-title":"Trigeminal branch stimulation for intractable neuropathic pain: technical note","volume":"8","author":"Slavin KV","year":"2005","unstructured":"Slavin KV, Wess C. Trigeminal branch stimulation for intractable neuropathic pain: technical note. Neuromodulation. 2005;8(1):7\u201313."},{"issue":"1","key":"b8","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"283","article-title":"Trigeminal branch stimulation for the treatment of intractable craniofacial pain","volume":"123","author":"Ellis JA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ellis JA, Mejia Munne JC, Winfree CJ. Trigeminal branch stimulation for the treatment of intractable craniofacial pain. J Neurosurg. 2015;123(1):283\u2013288."},{"issue":"3","key":"b9","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1244","article-title":"Peripheral nerve field stimulation in medically refractory trigeminal neuralgia attributed to multiple sclerosis","volume":"134","author":"Klein J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Klein J, Siepmann T, Schackert G, Ziemssen T, Juratli TA. Peripheral nerve field stimulation in medically refractory trigeminal neuralgia attributed to multiple sclerosis. J Neurosurg. 2020;134(3):1244\u20131250."},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Interdiscip Neurosurg","first-page":"100767","article-title":"Non-invasive trial testing for trigeminal branch stimulation to treat refractory trigeminal neuropathic pain: a technical note","volume":"21","author":"Maragkos GA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maragkos GA, Gomez-Paz S, Salem MM, Baum P, Arle J. Non-invasive trial testing for trigeminal branch stimulation to treat refractory trigeminal neuropathic pain: a technical note. Interdiscip Neurosurg. 2020;21:100767."},{"issue":"10","key":"b11","series-title":"Curr Med Res Opin","first-page":"1911","article-title":"painDETECT: a new screening questionnaire to identify neuropathic components in patients with back pain","volume":"22","author":"Freynhagen R","year":"2006","unstructured":"Freynhagen R, Baron R, Gockel U, T\u00f6lle TR. painDETECT: a new screening questionnaire to identify neuropathic components in patients with back pain. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006;22(10):1911\u20131920."},{"issue":"4","key":"b12","series-title":"Princ Pract Clin Res","article-title":"Assessment of the painDETECT questionnaire as a tool for screening and treatment evaluation in trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"8","author":"Klein J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Klein J, Schackert G. Assessment of the painDETECT questionnaire as a tool for screening and treatment evaluation in trigeminal neuralgia. Princ Pract Clin Res. 2023;8(4)."},{"issue":"5","key":"b13","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1387","article-title":"Clinical outcomes and complications of peripheral nerve field stimulation in the management of refractory trigeminal pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"137","author":"Sarica C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sarica C, Iorio-Morin C, Aguirre-Padilla DH,  Clinical outcomes and complications of peripheral nerve field stimulation in the management of refractory trigeminal pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosurg. 2022;137(5):1387\u20131395."},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"b14","series-title":"Surg Neurol Int","first-page":"S260","article-title":"Brain imaging correlates of peripheral nerve stimulation","volume":"3","author":"Bari AA","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bari AA, Pouratian N. Brain imaging correlates of peripheral nerve stimulation. Surg Neurol Int. 2012;3(Suppl 4):S260-S268."},{"issue":"9","key":"b15","series-title":"Pain Med","first-page":"1560","article-title":"The modifying of functional connectivity induced by peripheral nerve field stimulation using electroacupuncture for migraine: a prospective clinical study","volume":"23","author":"Ishiyama S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ishiyama S, Shibata Y, Ayuzawa S, Matsushita A, Matsumura A, Ishikawa E. The modifying of functional connectivity induced by peripheral nerve field stimulation using electroacupuncture for migraine: a prospective clinical study. Pain Med. 2022;23(9):1560\u20131569."},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol","first-page":"191","article-title":"The placebo effect in pain therapies","volume":"59","author":"Colloca L","year":"2019","unstructured":"Colloca L. The placebo effect in pain therapies. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2019;59:191\u2013211."},{"key":"b17","first-page":"41","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia: comparison of characteristics and impact in patients with or without multiple sclerosis","volume":"34","author":"Godazandeh K","year":"2019","unstructured":"Godazandeh K, Martinez Sosa S, Wu J, Zakrzewska JM. Trigeminal neuralgia: comparison of characteristics and impact in patients with or without multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord.2019;34:41\u201346."},{"issue":"2","key":"b18","series-title":"Acta Neurol Scand","first-page":"139","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia in multiple sclerosis: prevalence and association with demyelination","volume":"142","author":"Laakso SM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Laakso SM, Hekali O, Kurdo G, Martola J, Sairanen T, Atula S. Trigeminal neuralgia in multiple sclerosis: prevalence and association with demyelination. Acta Neurol Scand. 2020;142(2):139\u2013144."},{"issue":"8","key":"b19","series-title":"J Pain","first-page":"867","article-title":"Sex differences in the neural representation of pain unpleasantness","volume":"15","author":"Girard-Tremblay L","year":"2014","unstructured":"Girard-Tremblay L, Auclair V, Daigle K, L\u00e9onard G, Whittingstall K, Goffaux P. Sex differences in the neural representation of pain unpleasantness. J Pain. 2014;15(8):867\u2013877."},{"issue":"3","key":"b20","series-title":"Pain","first-page":"195","article-title":"Gender, coping and the perception of pain","volume":"97","author":"Keogh E","year":"2002","unstructured":"Keogh E, Herdenfeldt M. Gender, coping and the perception of pain. Pain. 2002;97(3):195\u2013201."},{"issue":"5","key":"b21","series-title":"Neuromodulation","first-page":"673","article-title":"Less pain relief, more depression, and female sex correlate with spinal cord stimulation explants","volume":"23","author":"Slyer J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Slyer J, Scott S, Sheldon B, Hancu M, Bridger C, Pilitsis JG. Less pain relief, more depression, and female sex correlate with spinal cord stimulation explants. Neuromodulation. 2020;23(5):673\u2013679."},{"issue":"3","key":"b22","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"481","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation in treatment of chronic benign pain: challenges in treatment planning and present status, a 22-year experience","volume":"58","author":"Kumar K","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kumar K, Hunter G, Demeria D. Spinal cord stimulation in treatment of chronic benign pain: challenges in treatment planning and present status, a 22-year experience. Neurosurgery. 2006;58(3):481\u2013496."},{"issue":"7","key":"b23","series-title":"Eur J Pain","first-page":"1449","article-title":"Patient reported outcome measures in trigeminal neuralgia\u2014a systematic review of psychometric performance","volume":"25","author":"Venda Nova C","year":"2021","unstructured":"Venda Nova C, Zakrzewska JM, Baker SR, Ni Riordain R. Patient reported outcome measures in trigeminal neuralgia\u2014a systematic review of psychometric performance. Eur J Pain. 2021;25(7):1449\u20131461."},{"issue":"1","key":"b24","series-title":"J Headache Pain","first-page":"103","article-title":"Accuracy of the painDETECT screening questionnaire for detection of neuropathic components in hospital-based patients with orofacial pain: a prospective cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Jafree DJ","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jafree DJ, Zakrzewska JM, Bhatia S, Venda Nova C. Accuracy of the painDETECT screening questionnaire for detection of neuropathic components in hospital-based patients with orofacial pain: a prospective cohort study. J Headache Pain. 2018;19(1):103."},{"issue":"1","key":"b1","series-title":"Cephalalgia","first-page":"1","article-title":"Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition","volume":"38","year":"2018","unstructured":"Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia. 2018;38(1):1\u2013211."},{"issue":"1","key":"b2","series-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers","first-page":"39","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"10","author":"Ashina S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ashina S, Robertson CE, Srikiatkhachorn A,  Trigeminal neuralgia. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2024;10(1):39."},{"issue":"8","key":"b3","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e66724","article-title":"Outcomes of different surgical interventions for treating trigeminal neuralgia: a review","volume":"16","author":"McBenedict B","year":"2024","unstructured":"McBenedict B, Hauwanga WN, Yau MCY,  Outcomes of different surgical interventions for treating trigeminal neuralgia: a review. Cureus. 2024;16(8):e66724."},{"issue":"5","key":"b4","series-title":"Cephalalgia","first-page":"445","article-title":"Peripheral nerve field stimulation for trigeminal neuralgia, trigeminal neuropathic pain, and persistent idiopathic facial pain","volume":"36","author":"Klein J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Klein J, Sandi-Gahun S, Schackert G, Juratli TA. Peripheral nerve field stimulation for trigeminal neuralgia, trigeminal neuropathic pain, and persistent idiopathic facial pain. Cephalalgia. 2016;36(5):445\u2013453."},{"issue":"9","key":"b5","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"1767","article-title":"Subcutaneous trigeminal nerve field stimulation for refractory trigeminal pain: a cohort analysis","volume":"158","author":"Jakobs M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jakobs M, Unterberg A, Treede RD, Schuh-Hofer S, Ahmadi R. Subcutaneous trigeminal nerve field stimulation for refractory trigeminal pain: a cohort analysis. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2016;158(9):1767\u20131774."},{"issue":"6","key":"b6","series-title":"Neuromodulation","first-page":"796","article-title":"Peripheral nerve stimulation for refractory trigeminal pain: recent single-institution case series with long-term follow-up and review of the literature","volume":"23","author":"Bina RW","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bina RW, Palsma RS, Weinand ME, Kasoff WS. Peripheral nerve stimulation for refractory trigeminal pain: recent single-institution case series with long-term follow-up and review of the literature. Neuromodulation. 2020;23(6):796\u2013804."},{"issue":"1","key":"b7","series-title":"Neuromodulation","first-page":"7","article-title":"Trigeminal branch stimulation for intractable neuropathic pain: technical note","volume":"8","author":"Slavin KV","year":"2005","unstructured":"Slavin KV, Wess C. Trigeminal branch stimulation for intractable neuropathic pain: technical note. Neuromodulation. 2005;8(1):7\u201313."},{"issue":"1","key":"b8","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"283","article-title":"Trigeminal branch stimulation for the treatment of intractable craniofacial pain","volume":"123","author":"Ellis JA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ellis JA, Mejia Munne JC, Winfree CJ. Trigeminal branch stimulation for the treatment of intractable craniofacial pain. J Neurosurg. 2015;123(1):283\u2013288."},{"issue":"3","key":"b9","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1244","article-title":"Peripheral nerve field stimulation in medically refractory trigeminal neuralgia attributed to multiple sclerosis","volume":"134","author":"Klein J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Klein J, Siepmann T, Schackert G, Ziemssen T, Juratli TA. Peripheral nerve field stimulation in medically refractory trigeminal neuralgia attributed to multiple sclerosis. J Neurosurg. 2020;134(3):1244\u20131250."},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Interdiscip Neurosurg","first-page":"100767","article-title":"Non-invasive trial testing for trigeminal branch stimulation to treat refractory trigeminal neuropathic pain: a technical note","volume":"21","author":"Maragkos GA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maragkos GA, Gomez-Paz S, Salem MM, Baum P, Arle J. Non-invasive trial testing for trigeminal branch stimulation to treat refractory trigeminal neuropathic pain: a technical note. Interdiscip Neurosurg. 2020;21:100767."},{"issue":"10","key":"b11","series-title":"Curr Med Res Opin","first-page":"1911","article-title":"painDETECT: a new screening questionnaire to identify neuropathic components in patients with back pain","volume":"22","author":"Freynhagen R","year":"2006","unstructured":"Freynhagen R, Baron R, Gockel U, T\u00f6lle TR. painDETECT: a new screening questionnaire to identify neuropathic components in patients with back pain. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006;22(10):1911\u20131920."},{"issue":"4","key":"b12","series-title":"Princ Pract Clin Res","article-title":"Assessment of the painDETECT questionnaire as a tool for screening and treatment evaluation in trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"8","author":"Klein J","year":"2023","unstructured":"Klein J, Schackert G. Assessment of the painDETECT questionnaire as a tool for screening and treatment evaluation in trigeminal neuralgia. Princ Pract Clin Res. 2023;8(4)."},{"issue":"5","key":"b13","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1387","article-title":"Clinical outcomes and complications of peripheral nerve field stimulation in the management of refractory trigeminal pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"137","author":"Sarica C","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sarica C, Iorio-Morin C, Aguirre-Padilla DH,  Clinical outcomes and complications of peripheral nerve field stimulation in the management of refractory trigeminal pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosurg. 2022;137(5):1387\u20131395."},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"b14","series-title":"Surg Neurol Int","first-page":"S260","article-title":"Brain imaging correlates of peripheral nerve stimulation","volume":"3","author":"Bari AA","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bari AA, Pouratian N. Brain imaging correlates of peripheral nerve stimulation. Surg Neurol Int. 2012;3(Suppl 4):S260-S268."},{"issue":"9","key":"b15","series-title":"Pain Med","first-page":"1560","article-title":"The modifying of functional connectivity induced by peripheral nerve field stimulation using electroacupuncture for migraine: a prospective clinical study","volume":"23","author":"Ishiyama S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ishiyama S, Shibata Y, Ayuzawa S, Matsushita A, Matsumura A, Ishikawa E. The modifying of functional connectivity induced by peripheral nerve field stimulation using electroacupuncture for migraine: a prospective clinical study. Pain Med. 2022;23(9):1560\u20131569."},{"key":"b16","series-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol","first-page":"191","article-title":"The placebo effect in pain therapies","volume":"59","author":"Colloca L","year":"2019","unstructured":"Colloca L. The placebo effect in pain therapies. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2019;59:191\u2013211."},{"key":"b17","first-page":"41","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia: comparison of characteristics and impact in patients with or without multiple sclerosis","volume":"34","author":"Godazandeh K","year":"2019","unstructured":"Godazandeh K, Martinez Sosa S, Wu J, Zakrzewska JM. Trigeminal neuralgia: comparison of characteristics and impact in patients with or without multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord.2019;34:41\u201346."},{"issue":"2","key":"b18","series-title":"Acta Neurol Scand","first-page":"139","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia in multiple sclerosis: prevalence and association with demyelination","volume":"142","author":"Laakso SM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Laakso SM, Hekali O, Kurdo G, Martola J, Sairanen T, Atula S. Trigeminal neuralgia in multiple sclerosis: prevalence and association with demyelination. Acta Neurol Scand. 2020;142(2):139\u2013144."},{"issue":"8","key":"b19","series-title":"J Pain","first-page":"867","article-title":"Sex differences in the neural representation of pain unpleasantness","volume":"15","author":"Girard-Tremblay L","year":"2014","unstructured":"Girard-Tremblay L, Auclair V, Daigle K, L\u00e9onard G, Whittingstall K, Goffaux P. Sex differences in the neural representation of pain unpleasantness. J Pain. 2014;15(8):867\u2013877."},{"issue":"3","key":"b20","series-title":"Pain","first-page":"195","article-title":"Gender, coping and the perception of pain","volume":"97","author":"Keogh E","year":"2002","unstructured":"Keogh E, Herdenfeldt M. Gender, coping and the perception of pain. Pain. 2002;97(3):195\u2013201."},{"issue":"5","key":"b21","series-title":"Neuromodulation","first-page":"673","article-title":"Less pain relief, more depression, and female sex correlate with spinal cord stimulation explants","volume":"23","author":"Slyer J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Slyer J, Scott S, Sheldon B, Hancu M, Bridger C, Pilitsis JG. Less pain relief, more depression, and female sex correlate with spinal cord stimulation explants. Neuromodulation. 2020;23(5):673\u2013679."},{"issue":"3","key":"b22","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"481","article-title":"Spinal cord stimulation in treatment of chronic benign pain: challenges in treatment planning and present status, a 22-year experience","volume":"58","author":"Kumar K","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kumar K, Hunter G, Demeria D. Spinal cord stimulation in treatment of chronic benign pain: challenges in treatment planning and present status, a 22-year experience. 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Accuracy of the painDETECT screening questionnaire for detection of neuropathic components in hospital-based patients with orofacial pain: a prospective cohort study. 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