{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T15:00:17Z","timestamp":1781190017603,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hydrocephalus in infants is a substantial public health burden in East Africa. In sub-Saharan Africa, hydrocephalus is estimated to affect more than 100,000 new infants annually. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is considered a safe procedure and is a method of choice for the treatment of obstructive hydrocephalus. ETV outcomes in children older than 2 years are abundant; however, minimal outcomes data for infants and neonates younger than 2 months are available in the literature. The authors therefore sought to evaluate the patterns of presentation, endoscopic anatomy, and clinical outcomes in a cohort of infants younger than 6 months who underwent ETV at a major East African center.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective cohort study was conducted using prospectively collected data from all patients with hydrocephalus who were younger than 6 months and underwent ETV or ETV with choroid plexus cauterization (CPC) at Muhimbili Orthopaedic Institute from June 2012 to December 2020. Demographic and clinical data were collected and included age, presentation, etiology, endoscopic anatomy, type of treatment, and clinical outcome. The primary outcomes were 1) ETV success and 2) ETV failure. Predictors of each outcome were assessed through univariate\/multivariate logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 325 infants treated for hydrocephalus, 62% were male, with a median age of 86 days; 69% of the infants presented with congenital hydrocephalus, 37% underwent ETV, and 48% underwent ETV\/CPC. The ETV success rate at 4 weeks postoperatively was statistically significantly lower among infants aged 2 months or older compared with those younger than 2 months (0.88 vs 0.95, p = 0.022). No difference was seen 26 weeks postoperatively (0.63 vs 0.73, p = 0.116). At the 52nd week, the failure rates were 0.60 for infants aged 2 months or older versus 0.62 for those younger than 2 months, with no significant difference (p = 0.770).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite prior findings that younger age has poor reliability in ETV, the use of ETV and combined ETV\/CPC have shown better clinical outcomes than that with ventriculoperitoneal shunting in treating hydrocephalus in this study among African neonates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.10.peds24668","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T02:15:22Z","timestamp":1772244922000},"page":"382-392","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The pattern and outcome of infants and neonates undergoing endoscopic third ventriculostomy in Tanzania: an observational cohort study"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Consolata S.","family":"Shayo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Muhimbili Orthopaedic Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chibuikem Anthony","family":"Ikwuegbuenyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romani R.","family":"Sabas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Muhimbili Orthopaedic Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; and"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umberto","family":"Tosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlin","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamisi K.","family":"Shabani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Muhimbili Orthopaedic Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"b1","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E11","article-title":"Global surgery for pediatric hydrocephalus in the developing world: a review of the history, challenges, and future directions","volume":"41","author":"Muir RT","year":"2016","unstructured":"Muir RT, Wang S, Warf BC. Global surgery for pediatric hydrocephalus in the developing world: a review of the history, challenges, and future directions. Neurosurg Focus. 2016;41(5):E11. doi:10.3171\/2016.7.FOCUS16273"},{"issue":"10020","key":"b2","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"788","article-title":"Hydrocephalus in children","volume":"387","author":"Kahle KT","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kahle KT, Kulkarni AV, Limbrick DD Jr, Warf BC. Hydrocephalus in children. Lancet. 2016;387(10020):788\u2013799. doi:10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60694-8"},{"issue":"5","key":"b3","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"423","article-title":"Infant hydrocephalus in sub-Saharan Africa: the reality on the Tanzanian side of the lake","volume":"20","author":"Santos MM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Santos MM, Rubagumya DK, Dominic I,  Infant hydrocephalus in sub-Saharan Africa: the reality on the Tanzanian side of the lake. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2017;20(5):423\u2013431. doi:10.3171\/2017.5.PEDS1755"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"b4","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"S15.e15","article-title":"Educate one to save a few. Educate a few to save many","volume":"79","author":"Warf BC","year":"2013","unstructured":"Warf BC. Educate one to save a few. Educate a few to save many. World Neurosurg. 2013;79(2 Suppl):S15.e15-S15.e18. doi:10.1016\/j.wneu.2010.09.021"},{"issue":"4","key":"b5","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"296","article-title":"Pediatric hydrocephalus in East Africa: prevalence, causes, treatments, and strategies for the future","volume":"73","author":"Warf BC","year":"2010","unstructured":"Warf BC. Pediatric hydrocephalus in East Africa: prevalence, causes, treatments, and strategies for the future. World Neurosurg. 2010;73(4):296\u2013300. doi:10.1016\/j.wneu.2010.02.009"},{"issue":"11","key":"b6","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"2119","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization for infantile hydrocephalus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Weil AG","year":"2016","unstructured":"Weil AG, Westwick H, Wang S,  Efficacy and safety of endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization for infantile hydrocephalus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Childs Nerv Syst. 2016;32(11):2119\u20132131. doi:10.1007\/s00381-016-3236-6"},{"issue":"6","key":"b7","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"633","article-title":"Pediatric hydrocephalus: 40-year outcomes in 128 hydrocephalic patients treated with shunts during childhood. Assessment of surgical outcome, work participation, and health-related quality of life","volume":"16","author":"Paulsen AH","year":"2015","unstructured":"Paulsen AH, Lundar T, Lindegaard KF. Pediatric hydrocephalus: 40-year outcomes in 128 hydrocephalic patients treated with shunts during childhood. Assessment of surgical outcome, work participation, and health-related quality of life. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2015;16(6):633\u2013641. doi:10.3171\/2015.5.PEDS14532"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e331","article-title":"Understanding the mothers of children with spina bifida and hydrocephalus in Tanzania","volume":"142","author":"Henderson D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Henderson D, Ndossi M, Majige R, Sued M, Shabani H. Understanding the mothers of children with spina bifida and hydrocephalus in Tanzania. World Neurosurg. 2020;142:e331\u2013e336. doi:10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.06.224"},{"issue":"1","key":"b9","series-title":"Egypt J Neurosurg","first-page":"31","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy success score in predicting short-term outcome in 68 children with hydrocephalus in a resource-limited tertiary centre in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"34","author":"Morgan E","year":"2019","unstructured":"Morgan E, Bankole OB, Mofikoya BO,  Endoscopic third ventriculostomy success score in predicting short-term outcome in 68 children with hydrocephalus in a resource-limited tertiary centre in sub-Saharan Africa. Egypt J Neurosurg. 2019;34(1):31."},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Surg Neurol Int","first-page":"383","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in the treatment of hydrocephalus: a 20-year retrospective analysis of 209 consecutive cases","volume":"12","author":"Faquini IV","year":"2021","unstructured":"Faquini IV, Fonseca RB, Correia AO,  Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in the treatment of hydrocephalus: a 20-year retrospective analysis of 209 consecutive cases. Surg Neurol Int. 2021;12:383. doi:10.25259\/SNI_458_2021"},{"issue":"5","key":"b11","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"524","article-title":"Early outcome of combined endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization in childhood hydrocephalus","volume":"15","author":"Bankole OB","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bankole OB, Ojo OA, Nnadi MN, Kanu OO, Olatosi JO. Early outcome of combined endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization in childhood hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2015;15(5):524\u2013528. doi:10.3171\/2014.10.PEDS14228"},{"issue":"1","key":"b12","series-title":"Pak J Med Sci","first-page":"267","article-title":"Frequency of success and complications of primary endoscopic third ventriculostomy in infants with obstructive hydrocephalous","volume":"38","author":"Sharafat S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sharafat S, Khan Z, Azam F, Ali M. Frequency of success and complications of primary endoscopic third ventriculostomy in infants with obstructive hydrocephalous. Pak J Med Sci. 2022;38(1):267\u2013270. doi:10.12669\/pjms.38.1.4097"},{"issue":"9","key":"b13","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"1021","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for obstructive hydrocephalus in children younger than 6 months of age: is it a first-choice method?","volume":"24","author":"Lipina R","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lipina R, Reguli S, Dolezilov\u00e1 V, Kunc\u00edkov\u00e1 M, Podesvov\u00e1 H. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for obstructive hydrocephalus in children younger than 6 months of age: is it a first-choice method? Childs Nerv Syst. 2008;24(9):1021\u20131027. doi:10.1007\/s00381-008-0616-6"},{"issue":"3","key":"b14","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"343","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for obstructive hydrocephalus in children younger than 6 months of age","volume":"26","author":"Ogiwara H","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ogiwara H, Dipatri AJ Jr, Alden TD, Bowman RM, Tomita T. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for obstructive hydrocephalus in children younger than 6 months of age. Childs Nerv Syst. 2010;26(3):343\u2013347. doi:10.1007\/s00381-009-1019-z"},{"issue":"6","key":"b15","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1271","article-title":"Long-term reliability of endoscopic third ventriculostomy","volume":"56","author":"Kadrian D","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kadrian D, van Gelder J, Florida D,  Long-term reliability of endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Neurosurgery. 2005;56(6):1271\u20131278. doi:10.1227\/01.neu.0000159712.48093.ad"},{"issue":"3","key":"b16","series-title":"Minim Invasive Neurosurg","first-page":"128","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for hydrocephalus","volume":"42","author":"Gangemi M","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gangemi M, Donati P, Maiuri F, Longatti P, Godano U, Mascari C. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for hydrocephalus. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 1999;42(3):128\u2013132. doi:10.1055\/s-2008-1053384"},{"issue":"6 Suppl","key":"b17","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"475","article-title":"Comparison of endoscopic third ventriculostomy alone and combined with choroid plexus cauterization in infants younger than 1 year of age: a prospective study in 550 African children","volume":"103","author":"Warf BC","year":"2005","unstructured":"Warf BC. Comparison of endoscopic third ventriculostomy alone and combined with choroid plexus cauterization in infants younger than 1 year of age: a prospective study in 550 African children. J Neurosurg. 2005;103(6 Suppl):475-481. doi:10.3171\/ped.2005.103.6.0475"},{"issue":"11","key":"b18","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"2725","article-title":"ETV in infancy and childhood below 2years of age for treatment of hydrocephalus","volume":"36","author":"El Damaty A","year":"2020","unstructured":"El Damaty A, Marx S, Cohrs G,  ETV in infancy and childhood below 2years of age for treatment of hydrocephalus. Childs Nerv Syst. 2020;36(11):2725\u20132731. doi:10.1007\/s00381-020-04585-8"},{"issue":"4","key":"b19","series-title":"Med J Zambia","first-page":"246","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization in childhood hydrocephalus in Zambia","volume":"37","author":"Mweshi MM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mweshi MM, Amosun SL, Ngoma MS,  Endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization in childhood hydrocephalus in Zambia. Med J Zambia. 2010;37(4):246\u2013252."},{"issue":"5","key":"b20","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"439","article-title":"Combined endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization as primary treatment for infant hydrocephalus: a prospective North American series","volume":"14","author":"Stone SS","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stone SS, Warf BC. Combined endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization as primary treatment for infant hydrocephalus: a prospective North American series. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2014;14(5):439\u2013446. doi:10.3171\/2014.7.PEDS14152"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"East Cent Afr J Surg","first-page":"55","article-title":"Complications of ventriculoperitoneal shunts in children in Dar es Salaam","volume":"10","author":"Kinasha ADA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kinasha ADA, Kahamba JF, Semali IT. Complications of ventriculoperitoneal shunts in children in Dar es Salaam. East Cent Afr J Surg. 2005;10:55\u201359."},{"key":"b22","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e339","article-title":"Pediatric hydrocephalus in Northwest Tanzania: a descriptive cross-sectional study of clinical characteristics and early surgical outcomes from the Bugando Medical Centre","volume":"161","author":"Aukrust CG","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aukrust CG, Parikh K, Smart LR,  Pediatric hydrocephalus in Northwest Tanzania: a descriptive cross-sectional study of clinical characteristics and early surgical outcomes from the Bugando Medical Centre. World Neurosurg. 2022;161:e339\u2013e346. doi:10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.02.003"},{"issue":"4","key":"b23","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1065","article-title":"Global hydrocephalus epidemiology and incidence: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"130","author":"Dewan MC","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dewan MC, Rattani A, Mekary R,  Global hydrocephalus epidemiology and incidence: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosurg. 2019;130(4):1065\u20131079. doi:10.3171\/2017.10.JNS17439"},{"issue":"12","key":"b24","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"1537","article-title":"Success and failure of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in young infants: are there different age distributions?","volume":"22","author":"Koch-Wiewrodt D","year":"2006","unstructured":"Koch-Wiewrodt D, Wagner W. Success and failure of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in young infants: are there different age distributions? Childs Nerv Syst. 2006;22(12):1537\u20131541. doi:10.1007\/s00381-006-0191-7"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"b25","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"614","article-title":"Long-term reliability of endoscopic third ventriculostomy","volume":"62","author":"Kadrian D","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kadrian D, van Gelder J, Florida D,  Long-term reliability of endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Neurosurgery. 2008;62 Suppl 2:614\u2013621. doi:10.1227\/01.neu.0000316265.59596.8c"},{"issue":"6","key":"b26","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"405","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in infants of less than 1 year of age: which factors influence the outcome?","volume":"20","author":"Koch D","year":"2004","unstructured":"Koch D, Wagner W. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in infants of less than 1 year of age: which factors influence the outcome? Childs Nerv Syst. 2004;20(6):405\u2013411. doi:10.1007\/s00381-004-0958-7"},{"issue":"5 Suppl Pediatrics","key":"b27","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"427","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in children younger than 1 year of age","volume":"100","author":"Gorayeb RP","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gorayeb RP, Cavalheiro S, Zymberg ST. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in children younger than 1 year of age. J Neurosurg. 2004;100(5 Suppl Pediatrics):427-429. doi:10.3171\/ped.2004.100.5.0427"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"495","article-title":"Endoscopic third venticulostomy in infants under one year of age: a German multicenter study","volume":"21","author":"Fritsch MJ","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fritsch MJ, Kehler U, Joedicke A, Boschert J, Wagner W. Endoscopic third venticulostomy in infants under one year of age: a German multicenter study. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21:495."},{"issue":"6","key":"b29","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"623","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in children younger than 2 years of age","volume":"23","author":"Baldauf J","year":"2007","unstructured":"Baldauf J, Oertel J, Gaab MR, Schroeder HW. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in children younger than 2 years of age. Childs Nerv Syst. 2007;23(6):623\u2013626. doi:10.1007\/s00381-007-0335-4"},{"issue":"5","key":"b1","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E11","article-title":"Global surgery for pediatric hydrocephalus in the developing world: a review of the history, challenges, and future directions","volume":"41","author":"Muir RT","year":"2016","unstructured":"Muir RT, Wang S, Warf BC. Global surgery for pediatric hydrocephalus in the developing world: a review of the history, challenges, and future directions. Neurosurg Focus. 2016;41(5):E11. doi:10.3171\/2016.7.FOCUS16273"},{"issue":"10020","key":"b2","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"788","article-title":"Hydrocephalus in children","volume":"387","author":"Kahle KT","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kahle KT, Kulkarni AV, Limbrick DD Jr, Warf BC. Hydrocephalus in children. Lancet. 2016;387(10020):788\u2013799. doi:10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60694-8"},{"issue":"5","key":"b3","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"423","article-title":"Infant hydrocephalus in sub-Saharan Africa: the reality on the Tanzanian side of the lake","volume":"20","author":"Santos MM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Santos MM, Rubagumya DK, Dominic I,  Infant hydrocephalus in sub-Saharan Africa: the reality on the Tanzanian side of the lake. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2017;20(5):423\u2013431. doi:10.3171\/2017.5.PEDS1755"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"b4","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"S15.e15","article-title":"Educate one to save a few. Educate a few to save many","volume":"79","author":"Warf BC","year":"2013","unstructured":"Warf BC. Educate one to save a few. Educate a few to save many. World Neurosurg. 2013;79(2 Suppl):S15.e15-S15.e18. doi:10.1016\/j.wneu.2010.09.021"},{"issue":"4","key":"b5","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"296","article-title":"Pediatric hydrocephalus in East Africa: prevalence, causes, treatments, and strategies for the future","volume":"73","author":"Warf BC","year":"2010","unstructured":"Warf BC. Pediatric hydrocephalus in East Africa: prevalence, causes, treatments, and strategies for the future. World Neurosurg. 2010;73(4):296\u2013300. doi:10.1016\/j.wneu.2010.02.009"},{"issue":"11","key":"b6","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"2119","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization for infantile hydrocephalus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Weil AG","year":"2016","unstructured":"Weil AG, Westwick H, Wang S,  Efficacy and safety of endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization for infantile hydrocephalus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Childs Nerv Syst. 2016;32(11):2119\u20132131. doi:10.1007\/s00381-016-3236-6"},{"issue":"6","key":"b7","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"633","article-title":"Pediatric hydrocephalus: 40-year outcomes in 128 hydrocephalic patients treated with shunts during childhood. Assessment of surgical outcome, work participation, and health-related quality of life","volume":"16","author":"Paulsen AH","year":"2015","unstructured":"Paulsen AH, Lundar T, Lindegaard KF. Pediatric hydrocephalus: 40-year outcomes in 128 hydrocephalic patients treated with shunts during childhood. Assessment of surgical outcome, work participation, and health-related quality of life. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2015;16(6):633\u2013641. doi:10.3171\/2015.5.PEDS14532"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e331","article-title":"Understanding the mothers of children with spina bifida and hydrocephalus in Tanzania","volume":"142","author":"Henderson D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Henderson D, Ndossi M, Majige R, Sued M, Shabani H. Understanding the mothers of children with spina bifida and hydrocephalus in Tanzania. World Neurosurg. 2020;142:e331\u2013e336. doi:10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.06.224"},{"issue":"1","key":"b9","series-title":"Egypt J Neurosurg","first-page":"31","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy success score in predicting short-term outcome in 68 children with hydrocephalus in a resource-limited tertiary centre in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"34","author":"Morgan E","year":"2019","unstructured":"Morgan E, Bankole OB, Mofikoya BO,  Endoscopic third ventriculostomy success score in predicting short-term outcome in 68 children with hydrocephalus in a resource-limited tertiary centre in sub-Saharan Africa. Egypt J Neurosurg. 2019;34(1):31."},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Surg Neurol Int","first-page":"383","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in the treatment of hydrocephalus: a 20-year retrospective analysis of 209 consecutive cases","volume":"12","author":"Faquini IV","year":"2021","unstructured":"Faquini IV, Fonseca RB, Correia AO,  Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in the treatment of hydrocephalus: a 20-year retrospective analysis of 209 consecutive cases. Surg Neurol Int. 2021;12:383. doi:10.25259\/SNI_458_2021"},{"issue":"5","key":"b11","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"524","article-title":"Early outcome of combined endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization in childhood hydrocephalus","volume":"15","author":"Bankole OB","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bankole OB, Ojo OA, Nnadi MN, Kanu OO, Olatosi JO. Early outcome of combined endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization in childhood hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2015;15(5):524\u2013528. doi:10.3171\/2014.10.PEDS14228"},{"issue":"1","key":"b12","series-title":"Pak J Med Sci","first-page":"267","article-title":"Frequency of success and complications of primary endoscopic third ventriculostomy in infants with obstructive hydrocephalous","volume":"38","author":"Sharafat S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sharafat S, Khan Z, Azam F, Ali M. Frequency of success and complications of primary endoscopic third ventriculostomy in infants with obstructive hydrocephalous. Pak J Med Sci. 2022;38(1):267\u2013270. doi:10.12669\/pjms.38.1.4097"},{"issue":"9","key":"b13","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"1021","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for obstructive hydrocephalus in children younger than 6 months of age: is it a first-choice method?","volume":"24","author":"Lipina R","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lipina R, Reguli S, Dolezilov\u00e1 V, Kunc\u00edkov\u00e1 M, Podesvov\u00e1 H. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for obstructive hydrocephalus in children younger than 6 months of age: is it a first-choice method? Childs Nerv Syst. 2008;24(9):1021\u20131027. doi:10.1007\/s00381-008-0616-6"},{"issue":"3","key":"b14","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"343","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for obstructive hydrocephalus in children younger than 6 months of age","volume":"26","author":"Ogiwara H","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ogiwara H, Dipatri AJ Jr, Alden TD, Bowman RM, Tomita T. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for obstructive hydrocephalus in children younger than 6 months of age. Childs Nerv Syst. 2010;26(3):343\u2013347. doi:10.1007\/s00381-009-1019-z"},{"issue":"6","key":"b15","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1271","article-title":"Long-term reliability of endoscopic third ventriculostomy","volume":"56","author":"Kadrian D","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kadrian D, van Gelder J, Florida D,  Long-term reliability of endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Neurosurgery. 2005;56(6):1271\u20131278. doi:10.1227\/01.neu.0000159712.48093.ad"},{"issue":"3","key":"b16","series-title":"Minim Invasive Neurosurg","first-page":"128","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for hydrocephalus","volume":"42","author":"Gangemi M","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gangemi M, Donati P, Maiuri F, Longatti P, Godano U, Mascari C. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy for hydrocephalus. Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 1999;42(3):128\u2013132. doi:10.1055\/s-2008-1053384"},{"issue":"6 Suppl","key":"b17","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"475","article-title":"Comparison of endoscopic third ventriculostomy alone and combined with choroid plexus cauterization in infants younger than 1 year of age: a prospective study in 550 African children","volume":"103","author":"Warf BC","year":"2005","unstructured":"Warf BC. Comparison of endoscopic third ventriculostomy alone and combined with choroid plexus cauterization in infants younger than 1 year of age: a prospective study in 550 African children. J Neurosurg. 2005;103(6 Suppl):475-481. doi:10.3171\/ped.2005.103.6.0475"},{"issue":"11","key":"b18","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"2725","article-title":"ETV in infancy and childhood below 2years of age for treatment of hydrocephalus","volume":"36","author":"El Damaty A","year":"2020","unstructured":"El Damaty A, Marx S, Cohrs G,  ETV in infancy and childhood below 2years of age for treatment of hydrocephalus. Childs Nerv Syst. 2020;36(11):2725\u20132731. doi:10.1007\/s00381-020-04585-8"},{"issue":"4","key":"b19","series-title":"Med J Zambia","first-page":"246","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization in childhood hydrocephalus in Zambia","volume":"37","author":"Mweshi MM","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mweshi MM, Amosun SL, Ngoma MS,  Endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization in childhood hydrocephalus in Zambia. Med J Zambia. 2010;37(4):246\u2013252."},{"issue":"5","key":"b20","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"439","article-title":"Combined endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization as primary treatment for infant hydrocephalus: a prospective North American series","volume":"14","author":"Stone SS","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stone SS, Warf BC. Combined endoscopic third ventriculostomy and choroid plexus cauterization as primary treatment for infant hydrocephalus: a prospective North American series. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2014;14(5):439\u2013446. doi:10.3171\/2014.7.PEDS14152"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"East Cent Afr J Surg","first-page":"55","article-title":"Complications of ventriculoperitoneal shunts in children in Dar es Salaam","volume":"10","author":"Kinasha ADA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kinasha ADA, Kahamba JF, Semali IT. Complications of ventriculoperitoneal shunts in children in Dar es Salaam. East Cent Afr J Surg. 2005;10:55\u201359."},{"key":"b22","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e339","article-title":"Pediatric hydrocephalus in Northwest Tanzania: a descriptive cross-sectional study of clinical characteristics and early surgical outcomes from the Bugando Medical Centre","volume":"161","author":"Aukrust CG","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aukrust CG, Parikh K, Smart LR,  Pediatric hydrocephalus in Northwest Tanzania: a descriptive cross-sectional study of clinical characteristics and early surgical outcomes from the Bugando Medical Centre. World Neurosurg. 2022;161:e339\u2013e346. doi:10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.02.003"},{"issue":"4","key":"b23","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1065","article-title":"Global hydrocephalus epidemiology and incidence: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"130","author":"Dewan MC","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dewan MC, Rattani A, Mekary R,  Global hydrocephalus epidemiology and incidence: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosurg. 2019;130(4):1065\u20131079. doi:10.3171\/2017.10.JNS17439"},{"issue":"12","key":"b24","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"1537","article-title":"Success and failure of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in young infants: are there different age distributions?","volume":"22","author":"Koch-Wiewrodt D","year":"2006","unstructured":"Koch-Wiewrodt D, Wagner W. Success and failure of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in young infants: are there different age distributions? Childs Nerv Syst. 2006;22(12):1537\u20131541. doi:10.1007\/s00381-006-0191-7"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"b25","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"614","article-title":"Long-term reliability of endoscopic third ventriculostomy","volume":"62","author":"Kadrian D","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kadrian D, van Gelder J, Florida D,  Long-term reliability of endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Neurosurgery. 2008;62 Suppl 2:614\u2013621. doi:10.1227\/01.neu.0000316265.59596.8c"},{"issue":"6","key":"b26","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"405","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in infants of less than 1 year of age: which factors influence the outcome?","volume":"20","author":"Koch D","year":"2004","unstructured":"Koch D, Wagner W. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in infants of less than 1 year of age: which factors influence the outcome? Childs Nerv Syst. 2004;20(6):405\u2013411. doi:10.1007\/s00381-004-0958-7"},{"issue":"5 Suppl Pediatrics","key":"b27","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"427","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in children younger than 1 year of age","volume":"100","author":"Gorayeb RP","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gorayeb RP, Cavalheiro S, Zymberg ST. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in children younger than 1 year of age. J Neurosurg. 2004;100(5 Suppl Pediatrics):427-429. doi:10.3171\/ped.2004.100.5.0427"},{"key":"b28","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"495","article-title":"Endoscopic third venticulostomy in infants under one year of age: a German multicenter study","volume":"21","author":"Fritsch MJ","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fritsch MJ, Kehler U, Joedicke A, Boschert J, Wagner W. Endoscopic third venticulostomy in infants under one year of age: a German multicenter study. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21:495."},{"issue":"6","key":"b29","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"623","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in children younger than 2 years of age","volume":"23","author":"Baldauf J","year":"2007","unstructured":"Baldauf J, Oertel J, Gaab MR, Schroeder HW. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in children younger than 2 years of age. Childs Nerv Syst. 2007;23(6):623\u2013626. doi:10.1007\/s00381-007-0335-4"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/37\/5\/article-p382.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/37\/5\/article-p382.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/37\/5\/article-p382.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T14:19:06Z","timestamp":1781187546000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/37\/5\/article-p382.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2025.10.peds24668","relation":{},"ISSN":["1933-0707","1933-0715"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1933-0707","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0715","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]}}}