{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T15:42:44Z","timestamp":1787499764779,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early reports from single institutions have suggested that pediatric sinogenic and otogenic intracranial infections increased following the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, the authors conducted a multicenter study to confirm their hypothesis that the incidence of severe intracranial bacterial infections significantly increased across North America during that time frame and to gain insights into the mechanism and complications of these infections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Consecutive pediatric patients from 31 North American centers who underwent a neurosurgical procedure for a sinogenic or otogenic intracranial infection from January 1, 2015, through March 31, 2023, were retrospectively identified, and information about demographics, clinical features, interventions, complications, and outcomes was collated. An interrupted time series analysis was conducted, and records of patients who presented before versus during the COVID-19 pandemic were compared.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 638 patients who met inclusion criteria, 279 (43.7%) presented over a 5-year period before the COVID-19 pandemic and 359 (56.3%) presented over a 3-year period during the pandemic. There were no significant differences in age, sex, race, or ethnicity between the time periods. The interrupted time series analysis confirmed a significant increase in rates of sinogenic and otogenic intracranial infections during COVID-19. During the pandemic, more patients had public insurance (p = 0.004), facial swelling (p = 0.03), and confusion (p &lt; 0.001) and underwent otolaryngological procedures (p = 0.03). The rate of viridans streptococcal isolation decreased &gt; threefold during the COVID-19 pandemic, suggesting that these ubiquitous commensal organisms might play an important role in protecting against invasion by other opportunistic bacteria. There were similar rates of adverse outcomes between the time periods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This North American multicenter retrospective study demonstrated a significant increase in the incidence of sinogenic and otogenic intracranial infections requiring neurosurgical intervention but similar rates of adverse outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Possible explanations include direct modulation of the immune system by SARS-CoV-2, a loss of certain commensal respiratory bacteria, and\/or indirect effects of the pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.11.peds25514","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T02:13:33Z","timestamp":1775268813000},"page":"621-631","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pediatric sinogenic and otogenic intracranial infections requiring neurosurgical intervention: a North American multicenter study in the era of COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Megan G.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, UConn School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Pindrik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus;"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian C.","family":"Michelow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Connecticut Children\u2019s, Hartford;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amirul","family":"Anuar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Operations and Development, Connecticut Children\u2019s, Hartford, Connecticut;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jared","family":"Haught","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Lehmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoko","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock;"},{"name":"Pediatric Neurosurgery, Arkansas Children\u2019s Hospital, Little Rock;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aidan","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arkansas Children\u2019s Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weston T.","family":"Northam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moise","family":"Danielpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine M.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian B.","family":"Kaufman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas;"},{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Children\u2019s Mercy Kansas City, Missouri;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas;"},{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Children\u2019s Mercy Kansas City, Missouri;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua J.","family":"Chern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery Children\u2019s Healthcare of Atlanta;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Smruti K.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Mierke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Omar","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helayne","family":"Okeiff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. Hassan A.","family":"Akbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins All Children\u2019s Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Trout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins All Children\u2019s Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Yunus","family":"Rizvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kentlee","family":"Battick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins All Children\u2019s Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oritsejolomi","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary O.","family":"Haastrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Notarianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Louisiana;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlie","family":"Proctor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Louisiana;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"DeCuypere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children\u2019s Hospital of Chicago;"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Votoupal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children\u2019s Hospital of Chicago;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaudia","family":"Dziugan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children\u2019s Hospital of Chicago;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather J.","family":"McCrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Holtz Children\u2019s Hospital, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor M.","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Holtz Children\u2019s Hospital, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami, Florida;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Piatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Nemours Children\u2019s Hospital, Wilmington, Delaware;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Gernsback","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Oklahoma Children\u2019s Hospital, Oklahoma City;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Omini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Oklahoma Children\u2019s Hospital, Oklahoma City;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay M.","family":"Ravindra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego;"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Rady Children\u2019s Hospital, San Diego, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David D.","family":"Gonda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego;"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Rady Children\u2019s Hospital, San Diego, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiefer","family":"Forseth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurie L.","family":"Ackerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Witten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nisha","family":"Gadgil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston;"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ihika","family":"Rampalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston;"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lance S.","family":"Governale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan E. H.","family":"Still","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Botros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariana","family":"Barkley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jericho","family":"Vandr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharini","family":"Sam Chee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western University, London, Ontario, Canada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangwen","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Children\u2019s Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard","family":"Silberstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Jay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Bollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Primary Children\u2019s Hospital, Salt Lake City;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Ludwick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Primary Children\u2019s Hospital, Salt Lake City;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kurtis","family":"Auguste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catalina","family":"Pen-Caguin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krystal L.","family":"Tomei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rainbow Babies & Children\u2019s Hospital, Cleveland;"},{"name":"University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland;"},{"name":"Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian D.","family":"Rothstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rainbow Babies & Children\u2019s Hospital, Cleveland;"},{"name":"University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zulma","family":"Tovar-Spinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George W.","family":"Koutsouras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David I.","family":"Sandberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bangning","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael C.","family":"Dewan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meredith A.","family":"Monsour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gary W.","family":"Tye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Richmond at Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Dunbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jared M.","family":"Pisapia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Maria Fareri Children\u2019s Hospital, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina L.","family":"Zeller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David S.","family":"Hersh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, UConn School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut;"},{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Connecticut Children\u2019s, Hartford, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b1","series-title":"J Infect","first-page":"S42","article-title":"Pediatric intracranial abscesses","volume":"71","author":"Bonfield CM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bonfield CM, Sharma J, Dobson S. Pediatric intracranial abscesses. J Infect. 2015;71 Suppl 1:S42\u2013S46. doi:10.1016\/j.jinf.2015.04.012"},{"issue":"4","key":"b2","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E8","article-title":"Anticoagulation for the treatment of septic cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in the setting of pediatric sinogenic and otogenic intracranial infections","volume":"55","author":"Sutter PA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sutter PA, Anderson MG, Sahyouni R,  Anticoagulation for the treatment of septic cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in the setting of pediatric sinogenic and otogenic intracranial infections. Neurosurg Focus. 2023;55(4):E8. doi:10.3171\/2023.7.FOCUS23374"},{"issue":"6","key":"b3","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"567","article-title":"Intracranial suppuration complicating sinusitis among children: an epidemiological and clinical study","volume":"7","author":"Piatt JH Jr","year":"2011","unstructured":"Piatt JH Jr. Intracranial suppuration complicating sinusitis among children: an epidemiological and clinical study. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2011;7(6):567\u2013574. doi:10.3171\/2011.3.PEDS10504"},{"issue":"2","key":"b4","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"231","article-title":"Changes in the epidemiology of pediatric sinogenic and otogenic intracranial infections during the COVID-19 pandemic: a single-institution study","volume":"32","author":"Angelo SJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Angelo SJ, Anderson MG, Sutter PA,  Changes in the epidemiology of pediatric sinogenic and otogenic intracranial infections during the COVID-19 pandemic: a single-institution study. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2023;32(2):231\u2013241. doi:10.3171\/2023.4.PEDS23130"},{"issue":"4","key":"b5","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","first-page":"215","article-title":"Intracranial empyemas in the COVID-19 era: a new phenomenon? A paediatric case series and review of the literature","volume":"58","author":"Hall BJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hall BJ, Duddy JC, Apostolopoulou K,  Intracranial empyemas in the COVID-19 era: a new phenomenon? A paediatric case series and review of the literature. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2023;58(4):215\u2013222. doi:10.1159\/000531753"},{"issue":"1","key":"b6","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"205","article-title":"The association of COVID-19 pandemic with the increase of sinogenic and otogenic intracranial infections in children: a 10-year retrospective comparative single-center study","volume":"47","author":"Issa M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Issa M, Kalliri V, Euteneuer S,  The association of COVID-19 pandemic with the increase of sinogenic and otogenic intracranial infections in children: a 10-year retrospective comparative single-center study. Neurosurg Rev. 2024;47(1):205. doi:10.1007\/s10143-024-02442-9"},{"issue":"5","key":"b7","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"479","article-title":"Intracranial complications secondary to acute bacterial sinusitis requiring neurosurgical intervention before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"34","author":"Flanders TM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Flanders TM, Kumar NK, Zhao C,  Intracranial complications secondary to acute bacterial sinusitis requiring neurosurgical intervention before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2024;34(5):479\u2013488. doi:10.3171\/2024.5.PEDS2433"},{"issue":"1","key":"b8","series-title":"BMC Pediatr","first-page":"600","article-title":"Changes in the epidemiology of pediatric brain abscesses pre- and post-COVID-19 pandemic: a single-center study","volume":"24","author":"Liu Y","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu Y, Bai Z, Yang T,  Changes in the epidemiology of pediatric brain abscesses pre- and post-COVID-19 pandemic: a single-center study. BMC Pediatr. 2024;24(1):600. doi:10.1186\/s12887-024-05082-6"},{"issue":"3","key":"b9","series-title":"Neurochirurgie","first-page":"101644","article-title":"Empyemas secondary to ENT infections in children before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"71","author":"Joud A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Joud A, Bteich F, Stella I, Klein O. Empyemas secondary to ENT infections in children before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Neurochirurgie. 2025;71(3):101644. doi:10.1016\/j.neuchi.2025.101644"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"112240","article-title":"Acute pediatric mastoiditis numbers and related complications before during and after the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"189","author":"Khalifee E","year":"2025","unstructured":"Khalifee E, Ojeaga M, Singerman K, Tracy M, Cramer E. Acute pediatric mastoiditis numbers and related complications before during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2025;189:112240. doi:10.1016\/j.ijporl.2025.112240"},{"issue":"6","key":"b11","series-title":"Eur J Pediatr","first-page":"359","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on the epidemiology of severe sinogenic and otogenic infections and their intracranial complications","volume":"184","author":"Dimopoulou D","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dimopoulou D, Berikopoulou MM, Tsoliakos I, Michos A. Impact of COVID-19 on the epidemiology of severe sinogenic and otogenic infections and their intracranial complications. Eur J Pediatr. 2025;184(6):359. doi:10.1007\/s00431-025-06188-4"},{"issue":"37","key":"b12","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"1169","article-title":"Pediatric brain abscesses, epidural empyemas, and subdural empyemas associated with streptococcus species - United States, January 2016-August 2022","volume":"71","author":"Accorsi EK","year":"2022","unstructured":"Accorsi EK, Chochua S, Moline HL,  Pediatric brain abscesses, epidural empyemas, and subdural empyemas associated with streptococcus species - United States, January 2016-August 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71(37):1169\u20131173. doi:10.15585\/mmwr.mm7137a2"},{"issue":"22","key":"b13","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"608","article-title":"Notes from the field: update on pediatric intracranial infections - 19 states and the District of Columbia, January 2016-March 2023","volume":"72","author":"Accorsi EK","year":"2023","unstructured":"Accorsi EK, Hall M, Hersh AL, Shah SS, Schrag SJ, Cohen AL. Notes from the field: update on pediatric intracranial infections - 19 states and the District of Columbia, January 2016-March 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72(22):608\u2013610. doi:10.15585\/mmwr.mm7222a5"},{"issue":"2","key":"b14","series-title":"J Biomed Inform","first-page":"377","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2013a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"Harris PA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2013a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009;42(2):377\u2013381. doi:10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"J Biomed Inform","first-page":"103208","article-title":"The REDCap consortium: building an international community of software platform partners","volume":"95","author":"Harris PA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Minor BL,  The REDCap consortium: building an international community of software platform partners. J Biomed Inform. 2019;95:103208. doi:10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208"},{"issue":"4","key":"b16","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"1221","article-title":"Intracranial complications of sinogenic and otogenic infections in children: an ESPN survey on their occurrence in the pre-COVID and post-COVID era","volume":"40","author":"Massimi L","year":"2024","unstructured":"Massimi L, Cinalli G, Frassanito P,  Intracranial complications of sinogenic and otogenic infections in children: an ESPN survey on their occurrence in the pre-COVID and post-COVID era. Childs Nerv Syst. 2024;40(4):1221\u20131237. doi:10.1007\/s00381-024-06332-9"},{"issue":"1","key":"b17","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"e69","article-title":"Age-specific changes in virulence associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern","volume":"75","author":"Fisman DN","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fisman DN, Tuite AR. Age-specific changes in virulence associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;75(1):e69\u2013e75. doi:10.1093\/cid\/ciac174"},{"issue":"6","key":"b18","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1182","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 disease severity and cycle threshold values in children infected during pre-delta, delta, and omicron periods, Colorado, USA, 2021-2022","volume":"30","author":"Bankers L","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bankers L, O\u2019Brien SC, Tapay DM,  SARS-CoV-2 disease severity and cycle threshold values in children infected during pre-delta, delta, and omicron periods, Colorado, USA, 2021-2022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(6):1182\u20131192. doi:10.3201\/eid3006.231427"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"J Clin Virol","first-page":"105833","article-title":"Differential severity of SARS-CoV-2 variant infections in children and adults with COVID-19","volume":"180","author":"Brazer N","year":"2025","unstructured":"Brazer N, Servellita V, Jin C,  Differential severity of SARS-CoV-2 variant infections in children and adults with COVID-19. J Clin Virol. 2025;180:105833. doi:10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105833"},{"issue":"11","key":"b20","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1900","article-title":"Shifting patterns of respiratory virus activity following social distancing measures for Coronavirus disease 2019 in South Korea","volume":"224","author":"Park S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Park S, Michelow IC, Choe YJ. Shifting patterns of respiratory virus activity following social distancing measures for Coronavirus disease 2019 in South Korea. J Infect Dis. 2021;224(11):1900\u20131906. doi:10.1093\/infdis\/jiab231"},{"issue":"1","key":"b21","series-title":"Nat Commun","first-page":"4354","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection induces the dedifferentiation of multiciliated cells and impairs mucociliary clearance","volume":"12","author":"Robinot R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Robinot R, Hubert M, de Melo GD,  SARS-CoV-2 infection induces the dedifferentiation of multiciliated cells and impairs mucociliary clearance. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):4354. doi:10.1038\/s41467-021-24521-x"},{"issue":"9","key":"b22","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"e29076","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection of polarized human airway epithelium induces necroptosis that causes airway epithelial barrier dysfunction","volume":"95","author":"Hao S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hao S, Ning K, Kuz CA,  SARS-CoV-2 infection of polarized human airway epithelium induces necroptosis that causes airway epithelial barrier dysfunction. J Med Virol. 2023;95(9):e29076. doi:10.1002\/jmv.29076"},{"issue":"1","key":"b23","series-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther","first-page":"74","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein impairs airway epithelial barrier function and exacerbates airway inflammation via increased intracellular Cl(-) concentration","volume":"9","author":"Xu JB","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu JB, Guan WJ, Zhang YL,  SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein impairs airway epithelial barrier function and exacerbates airway inflammation via increased intracellular Cl(-) concentration. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2024;9(1):74. doi:10.1038\/s41392-024-01753-z"},{"issue":"6","key":"b24","series-title":"Lancet Respir Med","first-page":"545","article-title":"Early Th2 inflammation in the upper respiratory mucosa as a predictor of severe COVID-19 and modulation by early treatment with inhaled corticosteroids: a mechanistic analysis","volume":"10","author":"Baker JR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baker JR, Mahdi M, Nicolau DV,  Early Th2 inflammation in the upper respiratory mucosa as a predictor of severe COVID-19 and modulation by early treatment with inhaled corticosteroids: a mechanistic analysis. Lancet Respir Med. 2022;10(6):545\u2013556. doi:10.1016\/S2213-2600(22)00002-9"},{"issue":"6508","key":"b25","series-title":"Science","first-page":"1210","article-title":"Systems biological assessment of immunity to mild versus severe COVID-19 infection in humans","volume":"369","author":"Arunachalam PS","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arunachalam PS, Wimmers F, Mok CKP,  Systems biological assessment of immunity to mild versus severe COVID-19 infection in humans. Science. 2020;369(6508):1210\u20131220. doi:10.1126\/science.abc6261"},{"issue":"7","key":"b26","series-title":"Immunity","first-page":"1299","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell memory with common TCR\u03b1\u03b2 motifs is established in unvaccinated children who seroconvert after infection","volume":"55","author":"Rowntree LC","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rowntree LC, Nguyen THO, Kedzierski L,  SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell memory with common TCR\u03b1\u03b2 motifs is established in unvaccinated children who seroconvert after infection. Immunity. 2022;55(7):1299\u20131315.e4. doi:10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.06.003"},{"issue":"7896","key":"b27","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"321","article-title":"Local and systemic responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adults","volume":"602","author":"Yoshida M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yoshida M, Worlock KB, Huang N,  Local and systemic responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adults. Nature. 2022;602(7896):321\u2013327. doi:10.1038\/s41586-021-04345-x"},{"issue":"1","key":"b28","series-title":"Nat Commun","first-page":"2383","article-title":"Age-associated differences in mucosal and systemic host responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"16","author":"Hurst JH","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hurst JH, Mohan AA, Dalapati T,  Age-associated differences in mucosal and systemic host responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Commun. 2025;16(1):2383. doi:10.1038\/s41467-025-57655-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"b29","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"e928","article-title":"Age-related changes in the nasopharyngeal microbiome are associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and symptoms among children, adolescents, and young adults","volume":"75","author":"Hurst JH","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hurst JH, McCumber AW, Aquino JN,  Age-related changes in the nasopharyngeal microbiome are associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and symptoms among children, adolescents, and young adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;75(1):e928\u2013e937. doi:10.1093\/cid\/ciac184"},{"issue":"11","key":"b30","series-title":"Nat Immunol","first-page":"1428","article-title":"Distinct systemic and mucosal immune responses during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"22","author":"Smith N","year":"2021","unstructured":"Smith N, Goncalves P, Charbit B,  Distinct systemic and mucosal immune responses during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Immunol. 2021;22(11):1428\u20131439. doi:10.1038\/s41590-021-01028-7"},{"issue":"3","key":"b31","series-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol","first-page":"e0133624","article-title":"Inhibition of pneumococcal growth and biofilm formation by human isolates of Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus oralis","volume":"91","author":"Borralho J","year":"2025","unstructured":"Borralho J, Handem S, Lan\u00e7a J,  Inhibition of pneumococcal growth and biofilm formation by human isolates of Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus oralis. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2025;91(3):e0133624. doi:10.1128\/aem.01336-24"},{"issue":"7","key":"b32","series-title":"Lancet Microbe","first-page":"101062","article-title":"Interactions between bacteria in the human nasopharynx: a scoping review","volume":"6","author":"Yu K","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yu K, Tenaglia V, Chua EG,  Interactions between bacteria in the human nasopharynx: a scoping review. Lancet Microbe. 2025;6(7):101062. doi:10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101062"},{"issue":"10","key":"b33","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1408","article-title":"H(2)O(2) produced by viridans group streptococci may contribute to inhibition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization of oral cavities in newborns","volume":"32","author":"Uehara Y","year":"2001","unstructured":"Uehara Y, Kikuchi K, Nakamura T,  H(2)O(2) produced by viridans group streptococci may contribute to inhibition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization of oral cavities in newborns. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32(10):1408\u20131413. doi:10.1086\/320179"},{"issue":"2","key":"b34","series-title":"JAMA Netw Open","first-page":"e2254909","article-title":"Circulation of rhinoviruses and\/or enteroviruses in pediatric patients with acute respiratory illness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the US","volume":"6","author":"Rankin DA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rankin DA, Spieker AJ, Perez A,  Circulation of rhinoviruses and\/or enteroviruses in pediatric patients with acute respiratory illness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(2):e2254909. doi:10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.54909"},{"issue":"11","key":"b35","series-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis","first-page":"ofad563","article-title":"Invasive community-onset gram-positive infections from July 2018 through December 2022 at 2 children\u2019s hospitals","volume":"10","author":"Engstrom EE","year":"2023","unstructured":"Engstrom EE, Plattner AS, McNeil JC,  Invasive community-onset gram-positive infections from July 2018 through December 2022 at 2 children\u2019s hospitals. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2023;10(11):ofad563. doi:10.1093\/ofid\/ofad563"},{"issue":"5","key":"b36","series-title":"Infect Dis Now","first-page":"418","article-title":"Pediatric Infectious Disease Group (GPIP) position paper on the immune debt of the COVID-19 pandemic in childhood, how can we fill the immunity gap?","volume":"51","author":"Cohen R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cohen R, Ashman M, Taha MK,  Pediatric Infectious Disease Group (GPIP) position paper on the immune debt of the COVID-19 pandemic in childhood, how can we fill the immunity gap? Infect Dis Now. 2021;51(5):418\u2013423. doi:10.1016\/j.idnow.2021.05.004"},{"issue":"7","key":"b37","series-title":"Viruses","first-page":"1521","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on the nasopharyngeal microbiota of children and adults self-confined at home","volume":"14","author":"Rocafort M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rocafort M, Henares D, Brotons P,  Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on the nasopharyngeal microbiota of children and adults self-confined at home. Viruses. 2022;14(7):1521. doi:10.3390\/v14071521"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"111860","article-title":"Pediatric intracranial empyema complicating otogenic and sinogenic infection","volume":"177","author":"Raineau M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Raineau M, Crowe AM, Beccaria K,  Pediatric intracranial empyema complicating otogenic and sinogenic infection. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2024;177:111860. doi:10.1016\/j.ijporl.2024.111860"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b1","series-title":"J Infect","first-page":"S42","article-title":"Pediatric intracranial abscesses","volume":"71","author":"Bonfield CM","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bonfield CM, Sharma J, Dobson S. Pediatric intracranial abscesses. J Infect. 2015;71 Suppl 1:S42\u2013S46. doi:10.1016\/j.jinf.2015.04.012"},{"issue":"4","key":"b2","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E8","article-title":"Anticoagulation for the treatment of septic cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in the setting of pediatric sinogenic and otogenic intracranial infections","volume":"55","author":"Sutter PA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sutter PA, Anderson MG, Sahyouni R,  Anticoagulation for the treatment of septic cerebral venous sinus thrombosis in the setting of pediatric sinogenic and otogenic intracranial infections. Neurosurg Focus. 2023;55(4):E8. doi:10.3171\/2023.7.FOCUS23374"},{"issue":"6","key":"b3","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"567","article-title":"Intracranial suppuration complicating sinusitis among children: an epidemiological and clinical study","volume":"7","author":"Piatt JH Jr","year":"2011","unstructured":"Piatt JH Jr. Intracranial suppuration complicating sinusitis among children: an epidemiological and clinical study. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2011;7(6):567\u2013574. doi:10.3171\/2011.3.PEDS10504"},{"issue":"2","key":"b4","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"231","article-title":"Changes in the epidemiology of pediatric sinogenic and otogenic intracranial infections during the COVID-19 pandemic: a single-institution study","volume":"32","author":"Angelo SJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Angelo SJ, Anderson MG, Sutter PA,  Changes in the epidemiology of pediatric sinogenic and otogenic intracranial infections during the COVID-19 pandemic: a single-institution study. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2023;32(2):231\u2013241. doi:10.3171\/2023.4.PEDS23130"},{"issue":"4","key":"b5","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","first-page":"215","article-title":"Intracranial empyemas in the COVID-19 era: a new phenomenon? A paediatric case series and review of the literature","volume":"58","author":"Hall BJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hall BJ, Duddy JC, Apostolopoulou K,  Intracranial empyemas in the COVID-19 era: a new phenomenon? A paediatric case series and review of the literature. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2023;58(4):215\u2013222. doi:10.1159\/000531753"},{"issue":"1","key":"b6","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"205","article-title":"The association of COVID-19 pandemic with the increase of sinogenic and otogenic intracranial infections in children: a 10-year retrospective comparative single-center study","volume":"47","author":"Issa M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Issa M, Kalliri V, Euteneuer S,  The association of COVID-19 pandemic with the increase of sinogenic and otogenic intracranial infections in children: a 10-year retrospective comparative single-center study. Neurosurg Rev. 2024;47(1):205. doi:10.1007\/s10143-024-02442-9"},{"issue":"5","key":"b7","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"479","article-title":"Intracranial complications secondary to acute bacterial sinusitis requiring neurosurgical intervention before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"34","author":"Flanders TM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Flanders TM, Kumar NK, Zhao C,  Intracranial complications secondary to acute bacterial sinusitis requiring neurosurgical intervention before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2024;34(5):479\u2013488. doi:10.3171\/2024.5.PEDS2433"},{"issue":"1","key":"b8","series-title":"BMC Pediatr","first-page":"600","article-title":"Changes in the epidemiology of pediatric brain abscesses pre- and post-COVID-19 pandemic: a single-center study","volume":"24","author":"Liu Y","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu Y, Bai Z, Yang T,  Changes in the epidemiology of pediatric brain abscesses pre- and post-COVID-19 pandemic: a single-center study. BMC Pediatr. 2024;24(1):600. doi:10.1186\/s12887-024-05082-6"},{"issue":"3","key":"b9","series-title":"Neurochirurgie","first-page":"101644","article-title":"Empyemas secondary to ENT infections in children before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"71","author":"Joud A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Joud A, Bteich F, Stella I, Klein O. Empyemas secondary to ENT infections in children before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Neurochirurgie. 2025;71(3):101644. doi:10.1016\/j.neuchi.2025.101644"},{"key":"b10","series-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"112240","article-title":"Acute pediatric mastoiditis numbers and related complications before during and after the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"189","author":"Khalifee E","year":"2025","unstructured":"Khalifee E, Ojeaga M, Singerman K, Tracy M, Cramer E. Acute pediatric mastoiditis numbers and related complications before during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2025;189:112240. doi:10.1016\/j.ijporl.2025.112240"},{"issue":"6","key":"b11","series-title":"Eur J Pediatr","first-page":"359","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 on the epidemiology of severe sinogenic and otogenic infections and their intracranial complications","volume":"184","author":"Dimopoulou D","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dimopoulou D, Berikopoulou MM, Tsoliakos I, Michos A. Impact of COVID-19 on the epidemiology of severe sinogenic and otogenic infections and their intracranial complications. Eur J Pediatr. 2025;184(6):359. doi:10.1007\/s00431-025-06188-4"},{"issue":"37","key":"b12","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"1169","article-title":"Pediatric brain abscesses, epidural empyemas, and subdural empyemas associated with streptococcus species - United States, January 2016-August 2022","volume":"71","author":"Accorsi EK","year":"2022","unstructured":"Accorsi EK, Chochua S, Moline HL,  Pediatric brain abscesses, epidural empyemas, and subdural empyemas associated with streptococcus species - United States, January 2016-August 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022;71(37):1169\u20131173. doi:10.15585\/mmwr.mm7137a2"},{"issue":"22","key":"b13","series-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep","first-page":"608","article-title":"Notes from the field: update on pediatric intracranial infections - 19 states and the District of Columbia, January 2016-March 2023","volume":"72","author":"Accorsi EK","year":"2023","unstructured":"Accorsi EK, Hall M, Hersh AL, Shah SS, Schrag SJ, Cohen AL. Notes from the field: update on pediatric intracranial infections - 19 states and the District of Columbia, January 2016-March 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72(22):608\u2013610. doi:10.15585\/mmwr.mm7222a5"},{"issue":"2","key":"b14","series-title":"J Biomed Inform","first-page":"377","article-title":"Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2013a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support","volume":"42","author":"Harris PA","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2013a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009;42(2):377\u2013381. doi:10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010"},{"key":"b15","series-title":"J Biomed Inform","first-page":"103208","article-title":"The REDCap consortium: building an international community of software platform partners","volume":"95","author":"Harris PA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Minor BL,  The REDCap consortium: building an international community of software platform partners. J Biomed Inform. 2019;95:103208. doi:10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208"},{"issue":"4","key":"b16","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"1221","article-title":"Intracranial complications of sinogenic and otogenic infections in children: an ESPN survey on their occurrence in the pre-COVID and post-COVID era","volume":"40","author":"Massimi L","year":"2024","unstructured":"Massimi L, Cinalli G, Frassanito P,  Intracranial complications of sinogenic and otogenic infections in children: an ESPN survey on their occurrence in the pre-COVID and post-COVID era. Childs Nerv Syst. 2024;40(4):1221\u20131237. doi:10.1007\/s00381-024-06332-9"},{"issue":"1","key":"b17","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"e69","article-title":"Age-specific changes in virulence associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern","volume":"75","author":"Fisman DN","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fisman DN, Tuite AR. Age-specific changes in virulence associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;75(1):e69\u2013e75. doi:10.1093\/cid\/ciac174"},{"issue":"6","key":"b18","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1182","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 disease severity and cycle threshold values in children infected during pre-delta, delta, and omicron periods, Colorado, USA, 2021-2022","volume":"30","author":"Bankers L","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bankers L, O\u2019Brien SC, Tapay DM,  SARS-CoV-2 disease severity and cycle threshold values in children infected during pre-delta, delta, and omicron periods, Colorado, USA, 2021-2022. Emerg Infect Dis. 2024;30(6):1182\u20131192. doi:10.3201\/eid3006.231427"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"J Clin Virol","first-page":"105833","article-title":"Differential severity of SARS-CoV-2 variant infections in children and adults with COVID-19","volume":"180","author":"Brazer N","year":"2025","unstructured":"Brazer N, Servellita V, Jin C,  Differential severity of SARS-CoV-2 variant infections in children and adults with COVID-19. J Clin Virol. 2025;180:105833. doi:10.1016\/j.jcv.2025.105833"},{"issue":"11","key":"b20","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1900","article-title":"Shifting patterns of respiratory virus activity following social distancing measures for Coronavirus disease 2019 in South Korea","volume":"224","author":"Park S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Park S, Michelow IC, Choe YJ. Shifting patterns of respiratory virus activity following social distancing measures for Coronavirus disease 2019 in South Korea. J Infect Dis. 2021;224(11):1900\u20131906. doi:10.1093\/infdis\/jiab231"},{"issue":"1","key":"b21","series-title":"Nat Commun","first-page":"4354","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection induces the dedifferentiation of multiciliated cells and impairs mucociliary clearance","volume":"12","author":"Robinot R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Robinot R, Hubert M, de Melo GD,  SARS-CoV-2 infection induces the dedifferentiation of multiciliated cells and impairs mucociliary clearance. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):4354. doi:10.1038\/s41467-021-24521-x"},{"issue":"9","key":"b22","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"e29076","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection of polarized human airway epithelium induces necroptosis that causes airway epithelial barrier dysfunction","volume":"95","author":"Hao S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hao S, Ning K, Kuz CA,  SARS-CoV-2 infection of polarized human airway epithelium induces necroptosis that causes airway epithelial barrier dysfunction. J Med Virol. 2023;95(9):e29076. doi:10.1002\/jmv.29076"},{"issue":"1","key":"b23","series-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther","first-page":"74","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein impairs airway epithelial barrier function and exacerbates airway inflammation via increased intracellular Cl(-) concentration","volume":"9","author":"Xu JB","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xu JB, Guan WJ, Zhang YL,  SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein impairs airway epithelial barrier function and exacerbates airway inflammation via increased intracellular Cl(-) concentration. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2024;9(1):74. doi:10.1038\/s41392-024-01753-z"},{"issue":"6","key":"b24","series-title":"Lancet Respir Med","first-page":"545","article-title":"Early Th2 inflammation in the upper respiratory mucosa as a predictor of severe COVID-19 and modulation by early treatment with inhaled corticosteroids: a mechanistic analysis","volume":"10","author":"Baker JR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baker JR, Mahdi M, Nicolau DV,  Early Th2 inflammation in the upper respiratory mucosa as a predictor of severe COVID-19 and modulation by early treatment with inhaled corticosteroids: a mechanistic analysis. Lancet Respir Med. 2022;10(6):545\u2013556. doi:10.1016\/S2213-2600(22)00002-9"},{"issue":"6508","key":"b25","series-title":"Science","first-page":"1210","article-title":"Systems biological assessment of immunity to mild versus severe COVID-19 infection in humans","volume":"369","author":"Arunachalam PS","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arunachalam PS, Wimmers F, Mok CKP,  Systems biological assessment of immunity to mild versus severe COVID-19 infection in humans. Science. 2020;369(6508):1210\u20131220. doi:10.1126\/science.abc6261"},{"issue":"7","key":"b26","series-title":"Immunity","first-page":"1299","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell memory with common TCR\u03b1\u03b2 motifs is established in unvaccinated children who seroconvert after infection","volume":"55","author":"Rowntree LC","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rowntree LC, Nguyen THO, Kedzierski L,  SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell memory with common TCR\u03b1\u03b2 motifs is established in unvaccinated children who seroconvert after infection. Immunity. 2022;55(7):1299\u20131315.e4. doi:10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.06.003"},{"issue":"7896","key":"b27","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"321","article-title":"Local and systemic responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adults","volume":"602","author":"Yoshida M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yoshida M, Worlock KB, Huang N,  Local and systemic responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adults. Nature. 2022;602(7896):321\u2013327. doi:10.1038\/s41586-021-04345-x"},{"issue":"1","key":"b28","series-title":"Nat Commun","first-page":"2383","article-title":"Age-associated differences in mucosal and systemic host responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"16","author":"Hurst JH","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hurst JH, Mohan AA, Dalapati T,  Age-associated differences in mucosal and systemic host responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Commun. 2025;16(1):2383. doi:10.1038\/s41467-025-57655-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"b29","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"e928","article-title":"Age-related changes in the nasopharyngeal microbiome are associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and symptoms among children, adolescents, and young adults","volume":"75","author":"Hurst JH","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hurst JH, McCumber AW, Aquino JN,  Age-related changes in the nasopharyngeal microbiome are associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and symptoms among children, adolescents, and young adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;75(1):e928\u2013e937. doi:10.1093\/cid\/ciac184"},{"issue":"11","key":"b30","series-title":"Nat Immunol","first-page":"1428","article-title":"Distinct systemic and mucosal immune responses during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"22","author":"Smith N","year":"2021","unstructured":"Smith N, Goncalves P, Charbit B,  Distinct systemic and mucosal immune responses during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Immunol. 2021;22(11):1428\u20131439. doi:10.1038\/s41590-021-01028-7"},{"issue":"3","key":"b31","series-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol","first-page":"e0133624","article-title":"Inhibition of pneumococcal growth and biofilm formation by human isolates of Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus oralis","volume":"91","author":"Borralho J","year":"2025","unstructured":"Borralho J, Handem S, Lan\u00e7a J,  Inhibition of pneumococcal growth and biofilm formation by human isolates of Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus oralis. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2025;91(3):e0133624. doi:10.1128\/aem.01336-24"},{"issue":"7","key":"b32","series-title":"Lancet Microbe","first-page":"101062","article-title":"Interactions between bacteria in the human nasopharynx: a scoping review","volume":"6","author":"Yu K","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yu K, Tenaglia V, Chua EG,  Interactions between bacteria in the human nasopharynx: a scoping review. Lancet Microbe. 2025;6(7):101062. doi:10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101062"},{"issue":"10","key":"b33","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1408","article-title":"H(2)O(2) produced by viridans group streptococci may contribute to inhibition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization of oral cavities in newborns","volume":"32","author":"Uehara Y","year":"2001","unstructured":"Uehara Y, Kikuchi K, Nakamura T,  H(2)O(2) produced by viridans group streptococci may contribute to inhibition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization of oral cavities in newborns. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32(10):1408\u20131413. doi:10.1086\/320179"},{"issue":"2","key":"b34","series-title":"JAMA Netw Open","first-page":"e2254909","article-title":"Circulation of rhinoviruses and\/or enteroviruses in pediatric patients with acute respiratory illness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the US","volume":"6","author":"Rankin DA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rankin DA, Spieker AJ, Perez A,  Circulation of rhinoviruses and\/or enteroviruses in pediatric patients with acute respiratory illness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(2):e2254909. doi:10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.54909"},{"issue":"11","key":"b35","series-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis","first-page":"ofad563","article-title":"Invasive community-onset gram-positive infections from July 2018 through December 2022 at 2 children\u2019s hospitals","volume":"10","author":"Engstrom EE","year":"2023","unstructured":"Engstrom EE, Plattner AS, McNeil JC,  Invasive community-onset gram-positive infections from July 2018 through December 2022 at 2 children\u2019s hospitals. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2023;10(11):ofad563. doi:10.1093\/ofid\/ofad563"},{"issue":"5","key":"b36","series-title":"Infect Dis Now","first-page":"418","article-title":"Pediatric Infectious Disease Group (GPIP) position paper on the immune debt of the COVID-19 pandemic in childhood, how can we fill the immunity gap?","volume":"51","author":"Cohen R","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cohen R, Ashman M, Taha MK,  Pediatric Infectious Disease Group (GPIP) position paper on the immune debt of the COVID-19 pandemic in childhood, how can we fill the immunity gap? Infect Dis Now. 2021;51(5):418\u2013423. doi:10.1016\/j.idnow.2021.05.004"},{"issue":"7","key":"b37","series-title":"Viruses","first-page":"1521","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on the nasopharyngeal microbiota of children and adults self-confined at home","volume":"14","author":"Rocafort M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rocafort M, Henares D, Brotons P,  Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on the nasopharyngeal microbiota of children and adults self-confined at home. Viruses. 2022;14(7):1521. doi:10.3390\/v14071521"},{"key":"b38","series-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"111860","article-title":"Pediatric intracranial empyema complicating otogenic and sinogenic infection","volume":"177","author":"Raineau M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Raineau M, Crowe AM, Beccaria K,  Pediatric intracranial empyema complicating otogenic and sinogenic infection. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2024;177:111860. doi:10.1016\/j.ijporl.2024.111860"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/37\/6\/article-p621.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/37\/6\/article-p621.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/37\/6\/article-p621.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T14:18:40Z","timestamp":1781187520000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/37\/6\/article-p621.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2025.11.peds25514","relation":{},"ISSN":["1933-0707","1933-0715"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1933-0707","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0715","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]}}}