{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T10:25:11Z","timestamp":1794219911747,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a chronic occlusive cerebrovascular disease that is commonly associated with comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are antihyperglycemic agents that have demonstrated the ability to reduce stroke. The aim of this study was to analyze the role of GLP-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of patients with MMD and T2DM by comparing those with and without GLP-1 agonist therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with MMD and T2DM were retrospectively identified from the TriNetX research network and subsequently dichotomized into those who were prescribed GLP-1 receptor agonists and those who were not. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to estimate the effect of GLP-1 treatment. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to analyze outcomes of interest, which were stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), and death.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 2770 patients, 476 (17.2%) had a history of GLP-1 receptor agonist usage. Of 2294 (82.8%) who did not have a history of GLP-1 receptor agonist usage, 2272 were included. PSM resulted in 413 patients in each group. Patients with MMD and T2DM who received GLP-1 receptor agonists had 33% lower risk of stroke (HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.55\u20130.81; p &lt; 0.001), 71% lower risk of ICH (HR 0.29, 95% CI 0.15\u20130.58; p &lt; 0.001), and 66% lower risk of death (HR 0.34, 95% CI 0.21\u20130.56; p &lt; 0.001) compared with patients with MMD and T2DM who did not receive GLP-1 agonists.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, patients with MMD and T2DM who were prescribed a GLP-1 receptor agonist had lower risk of stroke, ICH, and death. Prospective studies and randomized controlled trials are needed to clarify the role of GLP-1 receptor agonists in the management of MMD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.12.jns251072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T01:45:30Z","timestamp":1775871930000},"page":"390-396","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in patients with moyamoya disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"145","author":[{"given":"Joanna M.","family":"Roy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basel","family":"Musmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramsay","family":"Hafer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rithvik","family":"Kata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shray","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Spyridon","family":"Karadimas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sravanthi","family":"Koduri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stavropoula I.","family":"Tjoumakaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Reid","family":"Gooch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert H.","family":"Rosenwasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal M.","family":"Jabbour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"b1","series-title":"Lancet Neurol","first-page":"1056","article-title":"Moyamoya disease: current concepts and future perspectives","volume":"7","author":"Kuroda S","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kuroda S, Houkin K. Moyamoya disease: current concepts and future perspectives. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(11):1056\u20131066. doi:10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70240-0"},{"issue":"10","key":"b2","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"e465","article-title":"Adult moyamoya disease and syndrome: current perspectives and future directions: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association","volume":"54","author":"Gonzalez NR","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gonzalez NR, Amin-Hanjani S, Bang OY,  Adult moyamoya disease and syndrome: current perspectives and future directions: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association. 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J Clin Neurosci. 2024;130:110922. doi:10.1016\/j.jocn.2024.110922"},{"issue":"6","key":"b5","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"1500","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus: a risk factor for ischemic stroke in a large biracial population","volume":"44","author":"Khoury JC","year":"2013","unstructured":"Khoury JC, Kleindorfer D, Alwell K,  Diabetes mellitus: a risk factor for ischemic stroke in a large biracial population. Stroke. 2013;44(6):1500\u20131504. doi:10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.001318"},{"issue":"25","key":"b6","series-title":"Eur Heart J","first-page":"2376","article-title":"Diabetes and long-term outcomes of ischaemic stroke: findings from Get With The Guidelines-Stroke","volume":"39","author":"Echouffo-Tcheugui JB","year":"2018","unstructured":"Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Xu H, Matsouaka RA,  Diabetes and long-term outcomes of ischaemic stroke: findings from Get With The Guidelines-Stroke. 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