{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T10:25:05Z","timestamp":1794219905350,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The optimal order of treatment with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitor immunotherapy and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) in malignant gliomas remains unclear. This study examined whether the timing of PD-1 inhibitor administration relative to SRS affects patient neurological outcomes and survival in a multi-institutional propensity score\u2013matched cohort.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective analysis was conducted using the TriNetX Research Network database (2005\u20132022), identifying adults with malignant gliomas who received SRS and at least one PD-1 inhibitor. Patients were stratified into two cohorts based on whether PD-1 inhibition occurred 8 weeks before SRS (pre-SRS) versus after SRS (post-SRS). Propensity score matching (1:1) was performed for demographics, comorbidities, and relevant medications. Clinical outcomes, including mortality, cognitive impairments, cranial nerve deficits, seizures, hemorrhagic complications, and functional impairments, were assessed over a 3-year follow-up period. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated, and Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival analyses were used to compare cumulative incidence rates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Before matching, the pre-SRS (n = 429) versus post-SRS (n = 381) cohorts differed significantly in sex (female, unknown), ethnicity (Hispanic\/Latino, unknown), race (Asian, American Indian, other), overweight\/obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, lipidemia, anticoagulant use, durvalumab use, and atezolizumab use (all p &lt; 0.05). After propensity score matching (n = 233 per group), PD-1 inhibition pre- versus post-SRS showed no significant differences in baseline characteristics except for age (mean 63.50 [SD 11.84] years vs 63.36 [SD 10.82] years, p = 0.012) and tremelimumab use (n = 0 [0%] vs n = \u2264 10 [\u2264 4.29%], p = 0.001). In propensity score\u2013matched patients, PD-1 inhibitor use before SRS was associated with significantly higher odds of cognitive impairments (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.04\u20132.98, p = 0.034), cranial nerve deficits (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.11\u20133.69, p = 0.021), and mortality (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.06\u20132.20, p = 0.023), while other outcomes including behavioral\/mood changes (OR 0.91, p = 0.726), gait\/coordination disorders (OR 1.28, p = 0.421), hemorrhagic complications (OR 0.97, p = 0.930), motor deficits (OR 0.86, p = 0.590), seizures\/epilepsy (OR 0.99, p = 0.971), and sensory disturbances (OR 0.91, p = 0.737) showed no significant differences. KM analyses confirmed elevated risks of cognitive impairment (p = 0.0076), cranial nerve deficits (p = 0.0104), and mortality (p = 0.0109) in the pre-SRS group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pre-SRS PD-1 inhibitor use was associated with more neurological deficits and lower survival, highlighting the need for prospective studies on optimal SRS immunotherapy timing in malignant gliomas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.12.jns252327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T01:49:10Z","timestamp":1778896150000},"page":"378-389","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimal timing of PD-1 inhibitor immunotherapy administration to stereotactic radiosurgery in malignant gliomas: a propensity score\u2013matched multi-institutional cohort study"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"145","author":[{"given":"Sean","family":"O\u2019Leary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen Y.","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaughn A.","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blake","family":"Perdikis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Farid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwadwo","family":"Darko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srivats","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Umaru","family":"Barrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hammad A.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew Z.","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ankur","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"b1","series-title":"Nat Rev Neurol","first-page":"405","article-title":"Genetic and molecular epidemiology of adult diffuse glioma","volume":"15","author":"Molinaro AM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Molinaro AM, Taylor JW, Wiencke JK, Wrensch MR. 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