{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T16:21:41Z","timestamp":1794327701729,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"abstract":"\n OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n CSF shunt placement is a common pediatric neurosurgical procedure. Early failure of newly placed CSF shunts is a considerable risk, occurring in 8% of infants. Significant racial and ethnic disparities in pediatric surgical outcomes have been demonstrated previously; however, the association of race and ethnicity with shunt outcomes is understudied. The objective of the authors\u2019 study was to evaluate the association of race and ethnicity with early unplanned CSF shunt revision. The authors hypothesized that non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic infants would have higher risk of early unplanned CSF shunt revision compared to non-Hispanic White peers.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS<\/jats:title>\n This retrospective cohort study analyzed data from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program\u2013Pediatric (NSQIP-P) database from 2016 to 2021. The authors included children < 1 year of age who underwent first-time permanent shunt placement. Early unplanned shunt revision was defined as any revision or reoperation within 30 days postoperatively. The authors estimated adjusted risk ratios (aRRs) for race and ethnicity using multivariable log-binomial regression. In this study, p values < 0.05 were considered significant.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n During the study period, 4478 children < 1 year of age underwent first-time CSF shunt placement. Of those, 375 (8.4%) required early unplanned shunt revision. Compared with White infants, Black infants had a 35% increased risk of revision (aRR 1.35, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08\u20131.69, p = 0.008). Hispanic infants had a similar risk to White infants (aRR 1.03, 95% CI 0.79\u20131.34, p = 0.820). When results were stratified on the basis of gestational age, the racial disparity remained significant among full-term infants (aRR for Black vs White, 1.47; 95% CI 1.07\u20132.01, p = 0.017) but not among preterm infants (aRR 1.31, 95% CI 0.97\u20131.79, p = 0.082).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n Black infants had higher risk of early unplanned CSF shunt revision compared to White infants. These findings underscore the importance of equitable application of preventative strategies to reduce CSF shunt complications across all pediatric populations.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.12.peds25368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T02:37:10Z","timestamp":1777084630000},"page":"68-76","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Racial and ethnic disparities in early unplanned cerebrospinal fluid shunt revision in infants"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Ashley","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Tay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert M.","family":"Isaacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ammar","family":"Shaikhouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brittany L.","family":"Willer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"b1","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e13617","article-title":"Impact of hospital volume on outcome after surgical treatment for hydrocephalus: a U.S. population study from the National Inpatient Sample","volume":"13","author":"Khan M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Khan M, Farnsworth B, Pope BR, Sherrod B, Karsy M. 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