{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T11:07:32Z","timestamp":1779361652615,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Traumatic central cord syndrome (TCCS) is the most common incomplete spinal cord injury, yet the optimal management strategy remains controversial, particularly for older adults who often present with worse outcomes. The authors aimed to determine whether surgical intervention confers different benefits across age groups, focusing on 1-year functional and neurological recovery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors retrospectively analyzed 890 patients with TCCS from the multi-institutional Spinal Cord Injury Model Systems (SCIMS) Database between 2006 and 2021. TCCS was defined as an American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale grade C or D cervical injury and at least a 5-point discrepancy favoring lower extremity motor score over upper extremity motor score. Missing admission ASIA data were addressed via validated random forest imputation. The authors compared surgical versus nonsurgical groups using full optimal matching to reduce confounding, achieving balanced cohorts (698 patients in the surgical group vs 179 in the nonsurgical group). The authors then applied a causal forest algorithm to detect heterogeneous treatment effects and used segmented regression to identify age-related inflection points. The primary outcome was the Physical Function Composite Score (PFCS) (range 0\u2013300), which captures physical independence, mobility, and occupational function. Sensitivity analyses further evaluated neurological recovery on the basis of ASIA motor scores and stricter criteria for TCCS identification after the exclusion of imputed data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Across the matched cohort, surgery was associated with mean PFCS improvement of 6.6 points (95% CI \u22124.5 to 17.8), which did not reach statistical significance. However, subgroup analysis revealed that age was the strongest effect modifier of surgical benefit (relative importance 42.8%, p &lt; 0.001). Segmented regression identified an inflection at approximately 64 years of age. Patients older than 64 years demonstrated a significant improvement of 34.7 points (95% CI 12.2\u201357.2), whereas younger individuals showed no statistically significant surgical benefit (\u22124.1 points, 95% CI \u221216.8 to 8.6). All sensitivity analyses were consistent with the results of our primary findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors\u2019 findings suggest that the effectiveness of surgical intervention for TCCS may be influenced by age, with adults older than 64 years experiencing differentially greater functional and neurological benefit. These results may inform patient-specific treatment decisions and clinical guidelines. Prospective research is needed to validate these observations, elucidate underlying mechanisms, and guide evidence-based TCCS management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.12.spine25166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T16:15:34Z","timestamp":1778516134000},"page":"1-10","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Age-related differences in surgical outcomes for traumatic central cord syndrome: a multi-institutional causal machine learning analysis"],"prefix":"10.3171","author":[{"given":"Carlos A.","family":"Aude","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vikas N.","family":"Vattipally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ritvik","family":"Jillala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jawad","family":"Khalifeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liam P.","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James P.","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia\/Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Witiw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto\/St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Chryssikos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine\/Shock Trauma Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Schwartzbauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine\/Shock Trauma Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School at UTHealth, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Lubelski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Bydon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy F.","family":"Witham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Theodore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tej D.","family":"Azad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"b1","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"652","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria of traumatic central cord syndrome. 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