{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T19:13:08Z","timestamp":1773429188355,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Astroblastomas (ABs) are rare glial tumors categorized by MN1 gene alterations in the WHO 2021 CNS tumor guidelines. While previously reported primarily in cerebral hemispheres, there have been few reports regarding primary spinal ABs, and no established guidelines have been published on the management of these lesions. Here, the authors present an illustrative case with a systematic review exploring presenting characteristics, diagnosis, management, and outcomes of spinal AB.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The patient\u2019s electronic medical record was retrospectively reviewed. Additionally, a systematic literature review was performed by searching the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Web of Science databases for articles published through June 20, 2024, and all English-language articles describing patients with primary spinal AB were analyzed. Conference abstracts and articles describing secondary spinal AB or cerebral AB were excluded. Eleven previous cases of primary spinal AB were identified. Articles were screened by multiple reviewers to limit bias. For each case, clinical presentation, surgical pathology, molecular testing, treatment strategies, clinical course, and outcome were tabulated and compared.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A 6-year-old male presented with thoracic back pain and limp and was found to have a high-grade thoracic AB with EWSR1::BEND2 fusion, treated with resection and radiation therapy; he is clinically stable at 12 months of follow-up. A systematic review yielded 11 prior cases; patient ages ranged from 3 months to 36 years, with most cases being pediatric. Clinical presentations commonly featured back pain, motor weakness, and gait disturbances. All cases except one underwent resection. Common pathological findings included perivascular hyalinization, pseudorosettes, pseudopapillae, high cellularity, and positive staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein\/epithelial membrane antigen\/S100. Molecular testing showed direct MN1 alteration in 6 cases, while the remaining cases showed MN1 methylation, EWSR1::BEND2 fusion, and MAMLD1::BEND2 fusion. Eight patients underwent chemotherapy, and 7 underwent radiation therapy. Except for 2 reported deaths, most patients were alive at the last follow-up (range 1 month\u201315 years). Progression of spinal AB occurred in one-third (4\/12) of cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>With the present report of a patient whose tumor exhibited EWSR1::BEND2 fusion, there are now 12 total reports in the literature of primary spinal AB. These cases span various pathological and molecular testing results, treatment strategies, and clinical courses. Given the diversity of current molecular signatures of spinal AB, this summative assessment of the current literature offers insights to inform guidelines for classifying AB and developing evidence-based treatment strategies going forward.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.2.peds24426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T22:44:35Z","timestamp":1748645075000},"page":"360-368","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Primary spinal cord astroblastoma: a case report and systematic review of the literature detailing management and understanding histopathological, epigenetic, and molecular analysis"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Adam Y.","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tharan","family":"Mungara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aman","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna C.","family":"Kolstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Jay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajnish","family":"Bharadwaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa A.","family":"LoPresti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David N.","family":"Korones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology\/Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Howard J.","family":"Silberstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"b1","series-title":"J Pediatr Neurosci","first-page":"45","article-title":"Cerebral astroblastoma: a radiopathological diagnosis","volume":"9","author":"Singh DK","year":"2014","unstructured":"Singh DK, Singh N, Singh R, Husain N. Cerebral astroblastoma: a radiopathological diagnosis. J Pediatr Neurosci. 2014;9(1):45\u201347."},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"114","article-title":"Astroblastoma: report of two cases with unexpected clinical behavior and review of the literature","volume":"125","author":"Janz C","year":"2014","unstructured":"Janz C, Buhl R. Astroblastoma: report of two cases with unexpected clinical behavior and review of the literature. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2014;125:114\u2013124."},{"issue":"5","key":"b3","series-title":"Cell","first-page":"1060","article-title":"New brain tumor entities emerge from molecular classification of CNS-PNETs","volume":"164","author":"Sturm D","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sturm D, Orr BA, Toprak UH,  New brain tumor entities emerge from molecular classification of CNS-PNETs. Cell. 2016;164(5):1060\u20131072."},{"issue":"1","key":"b4","series-title":"Acta Neuropathol","first-page":"109","article-title":"EWSR1-BEND2 fusion defines an epigenetically distinct subtype of astroblastoma","volume":"143","author":"Lucas CG","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lucas CG, Gupta R, Wu J,  EWSR1-BEND2 fusion defines an epigenetically distinct subtype of astroblastoma. Acta Neuropathol. 2022;143(1):109\u2013113."},{"issue":"5","key":"b5","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"1309","article-title":"MN1 altered astroblastoma with APC and LRP1B gene mutations: a unique variant in the cervical spine of a pediatric patient","volume":"39","author":"Mugge L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mugge L, Dang DD, Stabingas K, Keating G, Rossi C, Keating R. MN1 altered astroblastoma with APC and LRP1B gene mutations: a unique variant in the cervical spine of a pediatric patient. Childs Nerv Syst. 2023;39(5):1309\u20131315."},{"issue":"7","key":"b6","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"928","article-title":"The 2021 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: what neuroradiologists need to know","volume":"43","author":"Osborn AG","year":"2022","unstructured":"Osborn AG, Louis DN, Poussaint TY, Linscott LL, Salzman KL. The 2021 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: what neuroradiologists need to know. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2022;43(7):928\u2013937."},{"issue":"2","key":"b7","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"379","article-title":"The spectrum of morphological findings in pediatric central nervous system MN1-fusion-positive neuroepithelial tumors","volume":"39","author":"Lubieniecki F","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lubieniecki F, Vazquez V, Lamas GS,  The spectrum of morphological findings in pediatric central nervous system MN1-fusion-positive neuroepithelial tumors. Childs Nerv Syst. 2023;39(2):379\u2013386."},{"issue":"6","key":"b8","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"642","article-title":"Primary spinal cord astroblastoma: case report","volume":"28","author":"Yamada SM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yamada SM, Tomita Y, Shibui S,  Primary spinal cord astroblastoma: case report. J Neurosurg Spine. 2018;28(6):642\u2013646."},{"issue":"2","key":"b9","series-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol","first-page":"190","article-title":"Spinal cord astroblastoma with an EWSR1-BEND2 fusion classified as a high-grade neuroepithelial tumour with MN1 alteration","volume":"46","author":"Yamasaki K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yamasaki K, Nakano Y, Nobusawa S,  Spinal cord astroblastoma with an EWSR1-BEND2 fusion classified as a high-grade neuroepithelial tumour with MN1 alteration. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2020;46(2):190\u2013193."},{"issue":"4","key":"b10","series-title":"Brain Tumor Pathol","first-page":"283","article-title":"Spinal cord astroblastoma with EWSR1-BEND2 fusion classified as HGNET-MN1 by methylation classification: a case report","volume":"38","author":"Tsutsui T","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tsutsui T, Arakawa Y, Makino Y,  Spinal cord astroblastoma with EWSR1-BEND2 fusion classified as HGNET-MN1 by methylation classification: a case report. Brain Tumor Pathol. 2021;38(4):283\u2013289."},{"issue":"71","key":"b11","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page MJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM,  The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372(71):n71."},{"issue":"160","key":"b12","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"n160","article-title":"PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page MJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, Moher D, Bossuyt PM,  PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372(160):n160."},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Free Neuropathol","first-page":"16","article-title":"Molecular clarification of brainstem astroblastoma with EWSR1-BEND2 fusion in a 38-year-old man","volume":"2","author":"Smith-Cohn MA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Smith-Cohn MA, Abdullaev Z, Aldape KD,  Molecular clarification of brainstem astroblastoma with EWSR1-BEND2 fusion in a 38-year-old man. Free Neuropathol. 2021;2:16."},{"issue":"9","key":"b14","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"1797","article-title":"Spinal astroblastoma: a rare tumour in an unusual location","volume":"38","author":"Rao S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rao S, Nufina TA, Sugur H, Arumalla K, Devi BI, Santosh V. Spinal astroblastoma: a rare tumour in an unusual location. Childs Nerv Syst. 2022;38(9):1797\u20131801."},{"issue":"5","key":"b15","series-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol","first-page":"e12814","article-title":"Paediatric astroblastoma-like neuroepithelial tumour of the spinal cord with a MAMLD1-BEND2 rearrangement","volume":"48","author":"Rossi S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rossi S, Barresi S, Colafati GS,  Paediatric astroblastoma-like neuroepithelial tumour of the spinal cord with a MAMLD1-BEND2 rearrangement. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2022;48(5):e12814."},{"issue":"4","key":"b16","series-title":"Neuropathology","first-page":"278","article-title":"A case of disseminated spinal astroblastoma harboring a MAMLD1:BEND2 fusion","volume":"44","author":"Walker EN","year":"2024","unstructured":"Walker EN, Laws MT, Cozzi F,  A case of disseminated spinal astroblastoma harboring a MAMLD1:BEND2 fusion. Neuropathology. 2024;44(4):278\u2013284."},{"issue":"1","key":"b17","series-title":"Clin Neuropathol","first-page":"30","article-title":"Recurrent high-grade astroblastoma with MN1-BEND2 fusion in spinal cord and literature review","volume":"42","author":"Sun D","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun D, Liu J, Xiao L, Guan H. Recurrent high-grade astroblastoma with MN1-BEND2 fusion in spinal cord and literature review. Clin Neuropathol. 2023;42(1):30\u201339."},{"issue":"4","key":"b18","series-title":"Neuropathology","first-page":"314","article-title":"Spinal astroblastoma, MN1 altered in 3-year-old child: an uncommon tumor at an unusual site","volume":"44","author":"Panda AK","year":"2024","unstructured":"Panda AK, Das S, Singh A,  Spinal astroblastoma, MN1 altered in 3-year-old child: an uncommon tumor at an unusual site. Neuropathology. 2024;44(4):314\u2013318."},{"issue":"1","key":"b19","series-title":"Nat Commun","first-page":"2083","article-title":"Astroblastomas exhibit radial glia stem cell lineages and differential expression of imprinted and X-inactivation escape genes","volume":"13","author":"Lehman NL","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lehman NL, Spassky N, Sak M,  Astroblastomas exhibit radial glia stem cell lineages and differential expression of imprinted and X-inactivation escape genes. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):2083."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"b20","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e291","article-title":"Astroblastomas: a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-based patterns of care analysis","volume":"82","author":"Ahmed KA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ahmed KA, Allen PK, Mahajan A, Brown PD, Ghia AJ. Astroblastomas: a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-based patterns of care analysis. World Neurosurg. 2014;82(1-2):e291\u2013e297."},{"issue":"6","key":"b21","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","first-page":"750","article-title":"Clinical features and post-surgical outcome of patients with astroblastoma","volume":"18","author":"Sughrue ME","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sughrue ME, Choi J, Rutkowski MJ,  Clinical features and post-surgical outcome of patients with astroblastoma. J Clin Neurosci. 2011;18(6):750\u2013754."},{"issue":"2","key":"b22","series-title":"CNS Oncology","first-page":"CNS13","article-title":"Patterns of care and treatment outcomes of patients with astroblastoma: a National Cancer Database analysis","volume":"7","author":"Merfeld EC","year":"2018","unstructured":"Merfeld EC, Dahiya S, Perkins SM. Patterns of care and treatment outcomes of patients with astroblastoma: a National Cancer Database analysis. CNS Oncology. 2018;7(2):CNS13."},{"issue":"3","key":"b23","series-title":"J Neurooncol","first-page":"369","article-title":"Cerebral astroblastoma: analysis of six cases and critical review of treatment options","volume":"93","author":"Salvati M","year":"2009","unstructured":"Salvati M, D\u2019Elia A, Brogna C,  Cerebral astroblastoma: analysis of six cases and critical review of treatment options. J Neurooncol. 2009;93(3):369\u2013378."},{"issue":"1","key":"b1","series-title":"J Pediatr Neurosci","first-page":"45","article-title":"Cerebral astroblastoma: a radiopathological diagnosis","volume":"9","author":"Singh DK","year":"2014","unstructured":"Singh DK, Singh N, Singh R, Husain N. Cerebral astroblastoma: a radiopathological diagnosis. J Pediatr Neurosci. 2014;9(1):45\u201347."},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"114","article-title":"Astroblastoma: report of two cases with unexpected clinical behavior and review of the literature","volume":"125","author":"Janz C","year":"2014","unstructured":"Janz C, Buhl R. Astroblastoma: report of two cases with unexpected clinical behavior and review of the literature. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2014;125:114\u2013124."},{"issue":"5","key":"b3","series-title":"Cell","first-page":"1060","article-title":"New brain tumor entities emerge from molecular classification of CNS-PNETs","volume":"164","author":"Sturm D","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sturm D, Orr BA, Toprak UH,  New brain tumor entities emerge from molecular classification of CNS-PNETs. Cell. 2016;164(5):1060\u20131072."},{"issue":"1","key":"b4","series-title":"Acta Neuropathol","first-page":"109","article-title":"EWSR1-BEND2 fusion defines an epigenetically distinct subtype of astroblastoma","volume":"143","author":"Lucas CG","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lucas CG, Gupta R, Wu J,  EWSR1-BEND2 fusion defines an epigenetically distinct subtype of astroblastoma. Acta Neuropathol. 2022;143(1):109\u2013113."},{"issue":"5","key":"b5","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"1309","article-title":"MN1 altered astroblastoma with APC and LRP1B gene mutations: a unique variant in the cervical spine of a pediatric patient","volume":"39","author":"Mugge L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mugge L, Dang DD, Stabingas K, Keating G, Rossi C, Keating R. MN1 altered astroblastoma with APC and LRP1B gene mutations: a unique variant in the cervical spine of a pediatric patient. Childs Nerv Syst. 2023;39(5):1309\u20131315."},{"issue":"7","key":"b6","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"928","article-title":"The 2021 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: what neuroradiologists need to know","volume":"43","author":"Osborn AG","year":"2022","unstructured":"Osborn AG, Louis DN, Poussaint TY, Linscott LL, Salzman KL. The 2021 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: what neuroradiologists need to know. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2022;43(7):928\u2013937."},{"issue":"2","key":"b7","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"379","article-title":"The spectrum of morphological findings in pediatric central nervous system MN1-fusion-positive neuroepithelial tumors","volume":"39","author":"Lubieniecki F","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lubieniecki F, Vazquez V, Lamas GS,  The spectrum of morphological findings in pediatric central nervous system MN1-fusion-positive neuroepithelial tumors. Childs Nerv Syst. 2023;39(2):379\u2013386."},{"issue":"6","key":"b8","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"642","article-title":"Primary spinal cord astroblastoma: case report","volume":"28","author":"Yamada SM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yamada SM, Tomita Y, Shibui S,  Primary spinal cord astroblastoma: case report. J Neurosurg Spine. 2018;28(6):642\u2013646."},{"issue":"2","key":"b9","series-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol","first-page":"190","article-title":"Spinal cord astroblastoma with an EWSR1-BEND2 fusion classified as a high-grade neuroepithelial tumour with MN1 alteration","volume":"46","author":"Yamasaki K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yamasaki K, Nakano Y, Nobusawa S,  Spinal cord astroblastoma with an EWSR1-BEND2 fusion classified as a high-grade neuroepithelial tumour with MN1 alteration. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2020;46(2):190\u2013193."},{"issue":"4","key":"b10","series-title":"Brain Tumor Pathol","first-page":"283","article-title":"Spinal cord astroblastoma with EWSR1-BEND2 fusion classified as HGNET-MN1 by methylation classification: a case report","volume":"38","author":"Tsutsui T","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tsutsui T, Arakawa Y, Makino Y,  Spinal cord astroblastoma with EWSR1-BEND2 fusion classified as HGNET-MN1 by methylation classification: a case report. Brain Tumor Pathol. 2021;38(4):283\u2013289."},{"issue":"71","key":"b11","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page MJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM,  The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372(71):n71."},{"issue":"160","key":"b12","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"n160","article-title":"PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page MJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, Moher D, Bossuyt PM,  PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372(160):n160."},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Free Neuropathol","first-page":"16","article-title":"Molecular clarification of brainstem astroblastoma with EWSR1-BEND2 fusion in a 38-year-old man","volume":"2","author":"Smith-Cohn MA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Smith-Cohn MA, Abdullaev Z, Aldape KD,  Molecular clarification of brainstem astroblastoma with EWSR1-BEND2 fusion in a 38-year-old man. Free Neuropathol. 2021;2:16."},{"issue":"9","key":"b14","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"1797","article-title":"Spinal astroblastoma: a rare tumour in an unusual location","volume":"38","author":"Rao S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rao S, Nufina TA, Sugur H, Arumalla K, Devi BI, Santosh V. Spinal astroblastoma: a rare tumour in an unusual location. Childs Nerv Syst. 2022;38(9):1797\u20131801."},{"issue":"5","key":"b15","series-title":"Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol","first-page":"e12814","article-title":"Paediatric astroblastoma-like neuroepithelial tumour of the spinal cord with a MAMLD1-BEND2 rearrangement","volume":"48","author":"Rossi S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rossi S, Barresi S, Colafati GS,  Paediatric astroblastoma-like neuroepithelial tumour of the spinal cord with a MAMLD1-BEND2 rearrangement. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2022;48(5):e12814."},{"issue":"4","key":"b16","series-title":"Neuropathology","first-page":"278","article-title":"A case of disseminated spinal astroblastoma harboring a MAMLD1:BEND2 fusion","volume":"44","author":"Walker EN","year":"2024","unstructured":"Walker EN, Laws MT, Cozzi F,  A case of disseminated spinal astroblastoma harboring a MAMLD1:BEND2 fusion. Neuropathology. 2024;44(4):278\u2013284."},{"issue":"1","key":"b17","series-title":"Clin Neuropathol","first-page":"30","article-title":"Recurrent high-grade astroblastoma with MN1-BEND2 fusion in spinal cord and literature review","volume":"42","author":"Sun D","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun D, Liu J, Xiao L, Guan H. Recurrent high-grade astroblastoma with MN1-BEND2 fusion in spinal cord and literature review. Clin Neuropathol. 2023;42(1):30\u201339."},{"issue":"4","key":"b18","series-title":"Neuropathology","first-page":"314","article-title":"Spinal astroblastoma, MN1 altered in 3-year-old child: an uncommon tumor at an unusual site","volume":"44","author":"Panda AK","year":"2024","unstructured":"Panda AK, Das S, Singh A,  Spinal astroblastoma, MN1 altered in 3-year-old child: an uncommon tumor at an unusual site. Neuropathology. 2024;44(4):314\u2013318."},{"issue":"1","key":"b19","series-title":"Nat Commun","first-page":"2083","article-title":"Astroblastomas exhibit radial glia stem cell lineages and differential expression of imprinted and X-inactivation escape genes","volume":"13","author":"Lehman NL","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lehman NL, Spassky N, Sak M,  Astroblastomas exhibit radial glia stem cell lineages and differential expression of imprinted and X-inactivation escape genes. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):2083."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"b20","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e291","article-title":"Astroblastomas: a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-based patterns of care analysis","volume":"82","author":"Ahmed KA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ahmed KA, Allen PK, Mahajan A, Brown PD, Ghia AJ. Astroblastomas: a Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-based patterns of care analysis. 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CNS Oncology. 2018;7(2):CNS13."},{"issue":"3","key":"b23","series-title":"J Neurooncol","first-page":"369","article-title":"Cerebral astroblastoma: analysis of six cases and critical review of treatment options","volume":"93","author":"Salvati M","year":"2009","unstructured":"Salvati M, D\u2019Elia A, Brogna C,  Cerebral astroblastoma: analysis of six cases and critical review of treatment options. 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