{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T16:20:14Z","timestamp":1787847614546,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"abstract":"\n OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children. While left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) has been observed following TBI in adults, very little is known regarding it in the pediatric TBI population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency and admission risk factors for systolic dysfunction following pediatric TBI. The authors hypothesized that systolic cardiac dysfunction would be associated with morbidity and mortality.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS<\/jats:title>\n This was a single-center retrospective observational study from a quaternary children\u2019s hospital. Pediatric patients with TBI who were younger than 18 years and had a transthoracic echocardiogram obtained by the pediatric cardiology team from January 2011 to December 2021 were evaluated. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. The secondary outcome was the Glasgow Outcome Scale\u2212Extended (GOS-E) score at 6 months in survivors.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n Of 1059 pediatric patients who presented with TBI, 70 had an echocardiogram, all of which were obtained within 72 hours of admission. LVSD on the echocardiogram was observed in 24 of 70 patients (34%). The mortality rate was 47% (33 of 70). Low admission Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, abusive head trauma, and cardiac arrest were independent risk factors associated with a higher odds of LVSD on univariate analysis, while a low admission GCS score was also a risk factor on multivariate analysis (p < 0.05). Systolic cardiac dysfunction increased the odds for in-hospital mortality or worse outcome (low GOS-E score) in survivors at 6 months on univariate analysis (p < 0.05). When accounting for admission GCS scores, abusive head trauma, and cardiac arrest on multivariate analysis, LVSD did not have a significant association with mortality and morbidity.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n Nearly 35% of pediatric TBI patients who underwent transthoracic echocardiography were found to have LVSD within 72 hours of admission. Low admission GCS score, abusive head trauma, or cardiac arrest significantly increased the risk of LVSD on univariate analysis, while the GCS score was a risk factor on multivariate analysis. The presence of LVSD was associated with an increased risk of mortality and morbidity in survivors on univariate analysis. Future prospective studies are warranted to further characterize myocardial dysfunction in pediatric patients with TBI and determine whether earlier recognition and treatment might improve outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.3.peds24655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T22:50:03Z","timestamp":1747435803000},"page":"186-192","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association of left ventricular systolic dysfunction with outcome following pediatric traumatic brain injury"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Vanessa M.","family":"Mazandi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaitlyn","family":"Boggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kumaran","family":"Senthil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellie D.","family":"Gabriel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nankee","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christie","family":"Glau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam S.","family":"Himebauch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chong-Tae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd J.","family":"Kilbaugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shih-Shan","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Conlon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimmy W.","family":"Huh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury in the United States: emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths, 2002-2006","author":"Faul M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Faul M. Traumatic brain injury in the United States: emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths, 2002-2006. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; 2010.Accessed April 7, 2025. https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/5571"},{"issue":"5","key":"b2","series-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med","first-page":"461","article-title":"Epidemiology and early predictive factors of mortality and outcome in children with traumatic severe brain injury: experience of a French pediatric trauma center","volume":"7","author":"Ducrocq SC","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ducrocq SC, Meyer PG, Orliaguet GA, Epidemiology and early predictive factors of mortality and outcome in children with traumatic severe brain injury: experience of a French pediatric trauma center. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2006;7(5):461\u2013467."},{"issue":"3S Suppl 1","key":"b3","series-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Guidelines for the Management of Pediatric Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Third Edition: update of the Brain Trauma Foundation Guidelines","volume":"20","author":"Kochanek PM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kochanek PM, Tasker RC, Carney N, Guidelines for the Management of Pediatric Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Third Edition: update of the Brain Trauma Foundation Guidelines. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2019;20(3S Suppl 1):S1\u2013S82."},{"issue":"1","key":"b4","series-title":"Curr Opin Neurol","first-page":"20","article-title":"Neurogenic cardiac effects of cerebrovascular disease","volume":"7","author":"Oppenheimer SM","year":"1994","unstructured":"Oppenheimer SM. Neurogenic cardiac effects of cerebrovascular disease. Curr Opin Neurol. 1994;7(1):20\u201324."},{"issue":"4","key":"b5","series-title":"Circ Res","first-page":"451","article-title":"Brain-heart interaction: cardiac complications after stroke","volume":"121","author":"Chen Z","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen Z, Venkat P, Seyfried D, Chopp M, Yan T, Chen J. Brain-heart interaction: cardiac complications after stroke. Circ Res. 2017;121(4):451\u2013468."},{"issue":"8","key":"b6","series-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr","first-page":"774","article-title":"Regional patterns of left ventricular systolic dysfunction after subarachnoid hemorrhage: evidence for neurally mediated cardiac injury","volume":"13","author":"Zaroff JG","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zaroff JG, Rordorf GA, Ogilvy CS, Picard MH. Regional patterns of left ventricular systolic dysfunction after subarachnoid hemorrhage: evidence for neurally mediated cardiac injury. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2000;13(8):774\u2013779."},{"issue":"2","key":"b7","series-title":"Neurocrit Care","first-page":"132","article-title":"Prevalence and implications of diastolic dysfunction after subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"3","author":"Kopelnik A","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kopelnik A, Fisher L, Miss JC, Prevalence and implications of diastolic dysfunction after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2005;3(2):132\u2013138."},{"issue":"21","key":"b8","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"e2619","article-title":"Cardiac autonomic dysfunction and risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy","volume":"96","author":"Szurhaj W","year":"2021","unstructured":"Szurhaj W, Leclancher A, Nica A, Cardiac autonomic dysfunction and risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Neurology. 2021;96(21):e2619\u2013e2626."},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Epilepsy Res","first-page":"19","article-title":"The pathophysiology of cardiac dysfunction in epilepsy","volume":"127","author":"Ravindran K","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ravindran K, Powell KL, Todaro M, O\u2019Brien TJ. The pathophysiology of cardiac dysfunction in epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2016;127:19\u201329."},{"issue":"6","key":"b10","series-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol","first-page":"442","article-title":"Cardiac dysfunction in patients affected by subarachnoid haemorrhage affects in-hospital mortality: a systematic review and metanalysis","volume":"40","author":"Messina A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Messina A, Longhitano Y, Zanza C, Cardiac dysfunction in patients affected by subarachnoid haemorrhage affects in-hospital mortality: a systematic review and metanalysis. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2023;40(6):442\u2013449."},{"issue":"1","key":"b11","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"87","article-title":"The use of cardiac troponin-I (cTnI) to determine the incidence of myocardial ischemia and injury in patients with aneurysmal and presumed aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"140","author":"Horowitz MB","year":"1998","unstructured":"Horowitz MB, Willet D, Keffer J. The use of cardiac troponin-I (cTnI) to determine the incidence of myocardial ischemia and injury in patients with aneurysmal and presumed aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1998;140(1):87\u201393."},{"issue":"6","key":"b12","series-title":"Crit Care Med","first-page":"1028","article-title":"Early systolic dysfunction following traumatic brain injury: a cohort study","volume":"45","author":"Krishnamoorthy V","year":"2017","unstructured":"Krishnamoorthy V, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Gibbons EF, Early systolic dysfunction following traumatic brain injury: a cohort study. Crit Care Med. 2017;45(6):1028\u20131036."},{"issue":"3-4","key":"b13","series-title":"Clin Med Res","first-page":"57","article-title":"Cardiac dysfunction in adult patients with traumatic brain injury: a prospective cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Venkata C","year":"2018","unstructured":"Venkata C, Kasal J. Cardiac dysfunction in adult patients with traumatic brain injury: a prospective cohort study. Clin Med Res. 2018;16(3-4):57\u201365."},{"issue":"2","key":"b14","series-title":"J Intensive Care Med","first-page":"151","article-title":"Radiographic and clinical predictors of cardiac dysfunction following isolated traumatic brain injury","volume":"32","author":"Urdaneta AE","year":"2017","unstructured":"Urdaneta AE, Fink KR, Krishnamoorthy V, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Vavilala MS. Radiographic and clinical predictors of cardiac dysfunction following isolated traumatic brain injury. J Intensive Care Med. 2017;32(2):151\u2013157."},{"issue":"2","key":"b15","series-title":"J Neurosurg Anesthesiol","first-page":"233","article-title":"TRACK-TBI Investigators Incidence and clinical impact of myocardial injury following traumatic brain injury: a pilot TRACK-TBI study","volume":"34","author":"Krishnamoorthy V","year":"2022","unstructured":"Krishnamoorthy V, Manley GT, Jain S, TRACK-TBI Investigators Incidence and clinical impact of myocardial injury following traumatic brain injury: a pilot TRACK-TBI study. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2022;34(2):233\u2013237."},{"issue":"2","key":"b16","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"548","article-title":"Predictors of neurocardiogenic injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"35","author":"Tung P","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tung P, Kopelnik A, Banki N, Predictors of neurocardiogenic injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2004;35(2):548\u2013551."},{"issue":"1","key":"b17","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"34","article-title":"Cardiac outcome in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and electrocardiographic abnormalities","volume":"44","author":"Zaroff JG","year":"1999","unstructured":"Zaroff JG, Rordorf GA, Newell JB, Ogilvy CS, Levinson JR. Cardiac outcome in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and electrocardiographic abnormalities. Neurosurgery. 1999;44(1):34\u201339."},{"key":"b18","series-title":"World Neurosurg X","first-page":"100361","article-title":"Long-term outcome of traumatic brain injury patients with initial GCS of 3\u20135","volume":"23","author":"Zuniga RDDR","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zuniga RDDR, Vieira R de CA, Solla DJF, Long-term outcome of traumatic brain injury patients with initial GCS of 3\u20135. World Neurosurg X. 2024;23:100361."},{"issue":"6","key":"b19","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"1126","article-title":"Validity of a pediatric version of the Glasgow Outcome Scale\u2013Extended","volume":"29","author":"Beers SR","year":"2012","unstructured":"Beers SR, Wisniewski SR, Garcia-Filion P, Validity of a pediatric version of the Glasgow Outcome Scale\u2013Extended. J Neurotrauma. 2012;29(6):1126\u20131139."},{"issue":"2","key":"b20","series-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr","first-page":"119","article-title":"Guidelines for performing a comprehensive pediatric transthoracic echocardiogram: recommendations from the american society of echocardiography","volume":"37","author":"Lopez L","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lopez L, Saurers DL, Barker PCA, Guidelines for performing a comprehensive pediatric transthoracic echocardiogram: recommendations from the american society of echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2024;37(2):119\u2013170."},{"issue":"Supplement","key":"b21","series-title":"Ann Card Anaesth","first-page":"S26","article-title":"Left ventricular global systolic function assessment by echocardiography","volume":"19","author":"Chengode S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chengode S. Left ventricular global systolic function assessment by echocardiography. Ann Card Anaesth. 2016;19(Supplement):S26-S34."},{"issue":"9","key":"b22","series-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med","first-page":"e759","article-title":"Age-based percentiles of measured mean arterial pressure in pediatric patients in a hospital setting","volume":"21","author":"Roberts JS","year":"2020","unstructured":"Roberts JS, Yanay O, Barry D. Age-based percentiles of measured mean arterial pressure in pediatric patients in a hospital setting. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2020;21(9):e759\u2013e768."},{"issue":"3","key":"b23","series-title":"J Pediatr","first-page":"669","article-title":"Serum cardiac troponin I in the evaluation of nonaccidental trauma","volume":"167","author":"Bennett BL","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bennett BL, Steele P, Dixon CA, Serum cardiac troponin I in the evaluation of nonaccidental trauma. J Pediatr. 2015;167(3):669\u2013673.e1."},{"key":"b24","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","first-page":"126","article-title":"Cardiac-cerebral-renal associations in pediatric traumatic brain injury: preliminary findings","volume":"76","author":"Lele AV","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lele AV, Alunpipatthanachai B, Clark-Bell C, Cardiac-cerebral-renal associations in pediatric traumatic brain injury: preliminary findings. J Clin Neurosci. 2020;76:126\u2013133."},{"issue":"12","key":"b25","series-title":"Injury","first-page":"2046","article-title":"Serum troponin-I as an indicator of clinically significant myocardial injury in paediatric trauma patients","volume":"43","author":"Sangha GS","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sangha GS, Pepelassis D, Buffo-Sequeira I, Seabrook JA, Fraser DD. Serum troponin-I as an indicator of clinically significant myocardial injury in paediatric trauma patients. Injury. 2012;43(12):2046\u20132050."},{"issue":"2","key":"b26","series-title":"Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci","first-page":"103","article-title":"Cardiac dysfunction following brain death after severe pediatric traumatic brain injury: a preliminary study of 32 children","volume":"5","author":"Krishnamoorthy V","year":"2015","unstructured":"Krishnamoorthy V, Prathep S, Sharma D, Fujita Y, Armstead W, Vavilala MS. Cardiac dysfunction following brain death after severe pediatric traumatic brain injury: a preliminary study of 32 children. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2015;5(2):103\u2013107."},{"issue":"4","key":"b27","series-title":"Indian J Anaesth","first-page":"348","article-title":"\"Neurogenic stunned myocardium\": a rare but real possibility in a paediatric patient","volume":"64","author":"Sindhupriya M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sindhupriya M, Menon PA, Radhakrishnan M, Mathangi K. \"Neurogenic stunned myocardium\": a rare but real possibility in a paediatric patient. Indian J Anaesth. 2020;64(4):348\u2013350."},{"issue":"4","key":"b28","series-title":"J Pediatr Intensive Care","first-page":"238","article-title":"Neurogenic stunned myocardium in two children with neurological injury","volume":"8","author":"D\u00edaz Ruiz L","year":"2019","unstructured":"D\u00edaz Ruiz L, Dur\u00e1n Lorenzo I, Ordo\u00f1ez S\u00e1ez O. Neurogenic stunned myocardium in two children with neurological injury. J Pediatr Intensive Care. 2019;8(4):238\u2013241."},{"issue":"8","key":"b29","series-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med","first-page":"689","article-title":"Management changes after echocardiography are associated with improved outcomes in critically ill children","volume":"25","author":"Ip PYF","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ip PYF, Periasamy U, Staffa SJ, Zurakowski D, Kantor DB. Management changes after echocardiography are associated with improved outcomes in critically ill children. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2024;25(8):689\u2013698."},{"issue":"3","key":"b30","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"387","article-title":"Acute myocardial and plasma catecholamine changes in experimental stroke","volume":"17","author":"Hachinski VC","year":"1986","unstructured":"Hachinski VC, Smith KE, Silver MD, Gibson CJ, Ciriello J. Acute myocardial and plasma catecholamine changes in experimental stroke. Stroke. 1986;17(3):387\u2013390."},{"issue":"5","key":"b31","series-title":"Ann Thorac Surg","first-page":"520","article-title":"Prevention of myocardial injury during brain death by total cardiac sympathectomy in the Chacma baboon","volume":"41","author":"Novitzky D","year":"1986","unstructured":"Novitzky D, Wicomb WN, Cooper DK, Rose AG, Reichart B. Prevention of myocardial injury during brain death by total cardiac sympathectomy in the Chacma baboon. Ann Thorac Surg. 1986;41(5):520\u2013524."},{"issue":"9","key":"b32","series-title":"Circ J","first-page":"2026","article-title":"Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of acute cardiac dysfunction associated with acute brain hemorrhage - difference from takotsubo cardiomyopathy","volume":"80","author":"Lee M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee M, Oh JH, Lee KB, Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of acute cardiac dysfunction associated with acute brain hemorrhage - difference from takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Circ J. 2016;80(9):2026\u20132032."},{"issue":"2","key":"b33","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"264","article-title":"Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: an underappreciated ventricular dysfunction","volume":"105","author":"Lee VH","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lee VH, Connolly HM, Fulgham JR, Manno EM, Brown RD, Wijdicks EFM. Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: an underappreciated ventricular dysfunction. J Neurosurg. 2006;105(2):264\u2013270."},{"issue":"6","key":"b34","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"875","article-title":"The predictive value of catecholamines in assessing outcome in traumatic brain injury","volume":"66","author":"Woolf PD","year":"1987","unstructured":"Woolf PD, Hamill RW, Lee LA, Cox C, McDonald JV. The predictive value of catecholamines in assessing outcome in traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg. 1987;66(6):875\u2013882."},{"issue":"4","key":"b35","series-title":"J Am Heart Assoc","first-page":"e017405","article-title":"Maturation of the cardiac autonomic nervous system activity in children and adolescents","volume":"10","author":"Harteveld LM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harteveld LM, Nederend I, Ten Harkel ADJ, Maturation of the cardiac autonomic nervous system activity in children and adolescents. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(4):e017405."},{"issue":"3","key":"b36","series-title":"J Pediatr","first-page":"341","article-title":"Use of catecholamines in pediatrics","volume":"105","author":"Zaritsky A","year":"1984","unstructured":"Zaritsky A, Chernow B. Use of catecholamines in pediatrics. J Pediatr. 1984;105(3):341\u2013350."},{"issue":"11","key":"b37","series-title":"Cardiol Young","first-page":"1711","article-title":"Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in children","volume":"30","author":"Sendi P","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sendi P, Martinez P, Chegondi M, Totapally BR. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in children. Cardiol Young. 2020;30(11):1711\u20131715."},{"issue":"3","key":"b38","series-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med","first-page":"262","article-title":"Integrating focused cardiac ultrasound into pediatric septic shock assessment","volume":"22","author":"Arnoldi S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arnoldi S, Glau CL, Walker SB, Integrating focused cardiac ultrasound into pediatric septic shock assessment. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2021;22(3):262\u2013274."},{"issue":"4","key":"b39","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"e20191402","article-title":"Moving beyond the stethoscope: diagnostic point-of-care ultrasound in pediatric practice","volume":"144","author":"Conlon TW","year":"2019","unstructured":"Conlon TW, Nishisaki A, Singh Y, Moving beyond the stethoscope: diagnostic point-of-care ultrasound in pediatric practice. Pediatrics. 2019;144(4):e20191402."},{"issue":"11","key":"b40","series-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med.","first-page":"988","article-title":"Evolution and impact of a diagnostic point-of-care ultrasound program in a PICU","volume":"25","author":"Baker DR","year":"2024","unstructured":"Baker DR, Glau CL, Himebauch AS, Evolution and impact of a diagnostic point-of-care ultrasound program in a PICU. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2024;25(11):988\u2013997."},{"key":"b41","series-title":"Pediatr Neurol","first-page":"56","article-title":"Cardiac point-of-care ultrasound in pediatric neurocritical care: a case series","volume":"144","author":"Boggs K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Boggs K, Kirschen M, Glau C, Cardiac point-of-care ultrasound in pediatric neurocritical care: a case series. Pediatr Neurol. 2023;144:56\u201359."},{"issue":"4","key":"b42","series-title":"BMJ Open","first-page":"e079370","article-title":"Incidence and associated in-hospital mortality of myocardial injury characterised by elevated cardiac troponin in adult patients with traumatic brain injury: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Tang J","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tang J, Yu J, Zhang X, Incidence and associated in-hospital mortality of myocardial injury characterised by elevated cardiac troponin in adult patients with traumatic brain injury: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2024;14(4):e079370."},{"key":"b1","article-title":"Traumatic brain injury in the United States: emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths, 2002-2006","author":"Faul M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Faul M. Traumatic brain injury in the United States: emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths, 2002-2006. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; 2010.Accessed April 7, 2025. https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/5571"},{"issue":"5","key":"b2","series-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med","first-page":"461","article-title":"Epidemiology and early predictive factors of mortality and outcome in children with traumatic severe brain injury: experience of a French pediatric trauma center","volume":"7","author":"Ducrocq SC","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ducrocq SC, Meyer PG, Orliaguet GA, Epidemiology and early predictive factors of mortality and outcome in children with traumatic severe brain injury: experience of a French pediatric trauma center. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2006;7(5):461\u2013467."},{"issue":"3S Suppl 1","key":"b3","series-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Guidelines for the Management of Pediatric Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Third Edition: update of the Brain Trauma Foundation Guidelines","volume":"20","author":"Kochanek PM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kochanek PM, Tasker RC, Carney N, Guidelines for the Management of Pediatric Severe Traumatic Brain Injury, Third Edition: update of the Brain Trauma Foundation Guidelines. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2019;20(3S Suppl 1):S1\u2013S82."},{"issue":"1","key":"b4","series-title":"Curr Opin Neurol","first-page":"20","article-title":"Neurogenic cardiac effects of cerebrovascular disease","volume":"7","author":"Oppenheimer SM","year":"1994","unstructured":"Oppenheimer SM. Neurogenic cardiac effects of cerebrovascular disease. Curr Opin Neurol. 1994;7(1):20\u201324."},{"issue":"4","key":"b5","series-title":"Circ Res","first-page":"451","article-title":"Brain-heart interaction: cardiac complications after stroke","volume":"121","author":"Chen Z","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen Z, Venkat P, Seyfried D, Chopp M, Yan T, Chen J. Brain-heart interaction: cardiac complications after stroke. Circ Res. 2017;121(4):451\u2013468."},{"issue":"8","key":"b6","series-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr","first-page":"774","article-title":"Regional patterns of left ventricular systolic dysfunction after subarachnoid hemorrhage: evidence for neurally mediated cardiac injury","volume":"13","author":"Zaroff JG","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zaroff JG, Rordorf GA, Ogilvy CS, Picard MH. Regional patterns of left ventricular systolic dysfunction after subarachnoid hemorrhage: evidence for neurally mediated cardiac injury. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2000;13(8):774\u2013779."},{"issue":"2","key":"b7","series-title":"Neurocrit Care","first-page":"132","article-title":"Prevalence and implications of diastolic dysfunction after subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"3","author":"Kopelnik A","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kopelnik A, Fisher L, Miss JC, Prevalence and implications of diastolic dysfunction after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2005;3(2):132\u2013138."},{"issue":"21","key":"b8","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"e2619","article-title":"Cardiac autonomic dysfunction and risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy","volume":"96","author":"Szurhaj W","year":"2021","unstructured":"Szurhaj W, Leclancher A, Nica A, Cardiac autonomic dysfunction and risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Neurology. 2021;96(21):e2619\u2013e2626."},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Epilepsy Res","first-page":"19","article-title":"The pathophysiology of cardiac dysfunction in epilepsy","volume":"127","author":"Ravindran K","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ravindran K, Powell KL, Todaro M, O\u2019Brien TJ. The pathophysiology of cardiac dysfunction in epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2016;127:19\u201329."},{"issue":"6","key":"b10","series-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol","first-page":"442","article-title":"Cardiac dysfunction in patients affected by subarachnoid haemorrhage affects in-hospital mortality: a systematic review and metanalysis","volume":"40","author":"Messina A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Messina A, Longhitano Y, Zanza C, Cardiac dysfunction in patients affected by subarachnoid haemorrhage affects in-hospital mortality: a systematic review and metanalysis. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2023;40(6):442\u2013449."},{"issue":"1","key":"b11","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"87","article-title":"The use of cardiac troponin-I (cTnI) to determine the incidence of myocardial ischemia and injury in patients with aneurysmal and presumed aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"140","author":"Horowitz MB","year":"1998","unstructured":"Horowitz MB, Willet D, Keffer J. The use of cardiac troponin-I (cTnI) to determine the incidence of myocardial ischemia and injury in patients with aneurysmal and presumed aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1998;140(1):87\u201393."},{"issue":"6","key":"b12","series-title":"Crit Care Med","first-page":"1028","article-title":"Early systolic dysfunction following traumatic brain injury: a cohort study","volume":"45","author":"Krishnamoorthy V","year":"2017","unstructured":"Krishnamoorthy V, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Gibbons EF, Early systolic dysfunction following traumatic brain injury: a cohort study. Crit Care Med. 2017;45(6):1028\u20131036."},{"issue":"3-4","key":"b13","series-title":"Clin Med Res","first-page":"57","article-title":"Cardiac dysfunction in adult patients with traumatic brain injury: a prospective cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Venkata C","year":"2018","unstructured":"Venkata C, Kasal J. Cardiac dysfunction in adult patients with traumatic brain injury: a prospective cohort study. Clin Med Res. 2018;16(3-4):57\u201365."},{"issue":"2","key":"b14","series-title":"J Intensive Care Med","first-page":"151","article-title":"Radiographic and clinical predictors of cardiac dysfunction following isolated traumatic brain injury","volume":"32","author":"Urdaneta AE","year":"2017","unstructured":"Urdaneta AE, Fink KR, Krishnamoorthy V, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Vavilala MS. Radiographic and clinical predictors of cardiac dysfunction following isolated traumatic brain injury. J Intensive Care Med. 2017;32(2):151\u2013157."},{"issue":"2","key":"b15","series-title":"J Neurosurg Anesthesiol","first-page":"233","article-title":"TRACK-TBI Investigators Incidence and clinical impact of myocardial injury following traumatic brain injury: a pilot TRACK-TBI study","volume":"34","author":"Krishnamoorthy V","year":"2022","unstructured":"Krishnamoorthy V, Manley GT, Jain S, TRACK-TBI Investigators Incidence and clinical impact of myocardial injury following traumatic brain injury: a pilot TRACK-TBI study. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2022;34(2):233\u2013237."},{"issue":"2","key":"b16","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"548","article-title":"Predictors of neurocardiogenic injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage","volume":"35","author":"Tung P","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tung P, Kopelnik A, Banki N, Predictors of neurocardiogenic injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2004;35(2):548\u2013551."},{"issue":"1","key":"b17","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"34","article-title":"Cardiac outcome in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and electrocardiographic abnormalities","volume":"44","author":"Zaroff JG","year":"1999","unstructured":"Zaroff JG, Rordorf GA, Newell JB, Ogilvy CS, Levinson JR. Cardiac outcome in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and electrocardiographic abnormalities. Neurosurgery. 1999;44(1):34\u201339."},{"key":"b18","series-title":"World Neurosurg X","first-page":"100361","article-title":"Long-term outcome of traumatic brain injury patients with initial GCS of 3\u20135","volume":"23","author":"Zuniga RDDR","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zuniga RDDR, Vieira R de CA, Solla DJF, Long-term outcome of traumatic brain injury patients with initial GCS of 3\u20135. World Neurosurg X. 2024;23:100361."},{"issue":"6","key":"b19","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"1126","article-title":"Validity of a pediatric version of the Glasgow Outcome Scale\u2013Extended","volume":"29","author":"Beers SR","year":"2012","unstructured":"Beers SR, Wisniewski SR, Garcia-Filion P, Validity of a pediatric version of the Glasgow Outcome Scale\u2013Extended. J Neurotrauma. 2012;29(6):1126\u20131139."},{"issue":"2","key":"b20","series-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr","first-page":"119","article-title":"Guidelines for performing a comprehensive pediatric transthoracic echocardiogram: recommendations from the american society of echocardiography","volume":"37","author":"Lopez L","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lopez L, Saurers DL, Barker PCA, Guidelines for performing a comprehensive pediatric transthoracic echocardiogram: recommendations from the american society of echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2024;37(2):119\u2013170."},{"issue":"Supplement","key":"b21","series-title":"Ann Card Anaesth","first-page":"S26","article-title":"Left ventricular global systolic function assessment by echocardiography","volume":"19","author":"Chengode S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chengode S. Left ventricular global systolic function assessment by echocardiography. Ann Card Anaesth. 2016;19(Supplement):S26-S34."},{"issue":"9","key":"b22","series-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med","first-page":"e759","article-title":"Age-based percentiles of measured mean arterial pressure in pediatric patients in a hospital setting","volume":"21","author":"Roberts JS","year":"2020","unstructured":"Roberts JS, Yanay O, Barry D. Age-based percentiles of measured mean arterial pressure in pediatric patients in a hospital setting. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2020;21(9):e759\u2013e768."},{"issue":"3","key":"b23","series-title":"J Pediatr","first-page":"669","article-title":"Serum cardiac troponin I in the evaluation of nonaccidental trauma","volume":"167","author":"Bennett BL","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bennett BL, Steele P, Dixon CA, Serum cardiac troponin I in the evaluation of nonaccidental trauma. J Pediatr. 2015;167(3):669\u2013673.e1."},{"key":"b24","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","first-page":"126","article-title":"Cardiac-cerebral-renal associations in pediatric traumatic brain injury: preliminary findings","volume":"76","author":"Lele AV","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lele AV, Alunpipatthanachai B, Clark-Bell C, Cardiac-cerebral-renal associations in pediatric traumatic brain injury: preliminary findings. J Clin Neurosci. 2020;76:126\u2013133."},{"issue":"12","key":"b25","series-title":"Injury","first-page":"2046","article-title":"Serum troponin-I as an indicator of clinically significant myocardial injury in paediatric trauma patients","volume":"43","author":"Sangha GS","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sangha GS, Pepelassis D, Buffo-Sequeira I, Seabrook JA, Fraser DD. Serum troponin-I as an indicator of clinically significant myocardial injury in paediatric trauma patients. Injury. 2012;43(12):2046\u20132050."},{"issue":"2","key":"b26","series-title":"Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci","first-page":"103","article-title":"Cardiac dysfunction following brain death after severe pediatric traumatic brain injury: a preliminary study of 32 children","volume":"5","author":"Krishnamoorthy V","year":"2015","unstructured":"Krishnamoorthy V, Prathep S, Sharma D, Fujita Y, Armstead W, Vavilala MS. Cardiac dysfunction following brain death after severe pediatric traumatic brain injury: a preliminary study of 32 children. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2015;5(2):103\u2013107."},{"issue":"4","key":"b27","series-title":"Indian J Anaesth","first-page":"348","article-title":"\"Neurogenic stunned myocardium\": a rare but real possibility in a paediatric patient","volume":"64","author":"Sindhupriya M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sindhupriya M, Menon PA, Radhakrishnan M, Mathangi K. \"Neurogenic stunned myocardium\": a rare but real possibility in a paediatric patient. Indian J Anaesth. 2020;64(4):348\u2013350."},{"issue":"4","key":"b28","series-title":"J Pediatr Intensive Care","first-page":"238","article-title":"Neurogenic stunned myocardium in two children with neurological injury","volume":"8","author":"D\u00edaz Ruiz L","year":"2019","unstructured":"D\u00edaz Ruiz L, Dur\u00e1n Lorenzo I, Ordo\u00f1ez S\u00e1ez O. Neurogenic stunned myocardium in two children with neurological injury. J Pediatr Intensive Care. 2019;8(4):238\u2013241."},{"issue":"8","key":"b29","series-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med","first-page":"689","article-title":"Management changes after echocardiography are associated with improved outcomes in critically ill children","volume":"25","author":"Ip PYF","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ip PYF, Periasamy U, Staffa SJ, Zurakowski D, Kantor DB. Management changes after echocardiography are associated with improved outcomes in critically ill children. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2024;25(8):689\u2013698."},{"issue":"3","key":"b30","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"387","article-title":"Acute myocardial and plasma catecholamine changes in experimental stroke","volume":"17","author":"Hachinski VC","year":"1986","unstructured":"Hachinski VC, Smith KE, Silver MD, Gibson CJ, Ciriello J. Acute myocardial and plasma catecholamine changes in experimental stroke. Stroke. 1986;17(3):387\u2013390."},{"issue":"5","key":"b31","series-title":"Ann Thorac Surg","first-page":"520","article-title":"Prevention of myocardial injury during brain death by total cardiac sympathectomy in the Chacma baboon","volume":"41","author":"Novitzky D","year":"1986","unstructured":"Novitzky D, Wicomb WN, Cooper DK, Rose AG, Reichart B. Prevention of myocardial injury during brain death by total cardiac sympathectomy in the Chacma baboon. Ann Thorac Surg. 1986;41(5):520\u2013524."},{"issue":"9","key":"b32","series-title":"Circ J","first-page":"2026","article-title":"Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of acute cardiac dysfunction associated with acute brain hemorrhage - difference from takotsubo cardiomyopathy","volume":"80","author":"Lee M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee M, Oh JH, Lee KB, Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of acute cardiac dysfunction associated with acute brain hemorrhage - difference from takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Circ J. 2016;80(9):2026\u20132032."},{"issue":"2","key":"b33","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"264","article-title":"Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: an underappreciated ventricular dysfunction","volume":"105","author":"Lee VH","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lee VH, Connolly HM, Fulgham JR, Manno EM, Brown RD, Wijdicks EFM. Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: an underappreciated ventricular dysfunction. J Neurosurg. 2006;105(2):264\u2013270."},{"issue":"6","key":"b34","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"875","article-title":"The predictive value of catecholamines in assessing outcome in traumatic brain injury","volume":"66","author":"Woolf PD","year":"1987","unstructured":"Woolf PD, Hamill RW, Lee LA, Cox C, McDonald JV. The predictive value of catecholamines in assessing outcome in traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg. 1987;66(6):875\u2013882."},{"issue":"4","key":"b35","series-title":"J Am Heart Assoc","first-page":"e017405","article-title":"Maturation of the cardiac autonomic nervous system activity in children and adolescents","volume":"10","author":"Harteveld LM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harteveld LM, Nederend I, Ten Harkel ADJ, Maturation of the cardiac autonomic nervous system activity in children and adolescents. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(4):e017405."},{"issue":"3","key":"b36","series-title":"J Pediatr","first-page":"341","article-title":"Use of catecholamines in pediatrics","volume":"105","author":"Zaritsky A","year":"1984","unstructured":"Zaritsky A, Chernow B. Use of catecholamines in pediatrics. J Pediatr. 1984;105(3):341\u2013350."},{"issue":"11","key":"b37","series-title":"Cardiol Young","first-page":"1711","article-title":"Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in children","volume":"30","author":"Sendi P","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sendi P, Martinez P, Chegondi M, Totapally BR. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in children. Cardiol Young. 2020;30(11):1711\u20131715."},{"issue":"3","key":"b38","series-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med","first-page":"262","article-title":"Integrating focused cardiac ultrasound into pediatric septic shock assessment","volume":"22","author":"Arnoldi S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arnoldi S, Glau CL, Walker SB, Integrating focused cardiac ultrasound into pediatric septic shock assessment. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2021;22(3):262\u2013274."},{"issue":"4","key":"b39","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"e20191402","article-title":"Moving beyond the stethoscope: diagnostic point-of-care ultrasound in pediatric practice","volume":"144","author":"Conlon TW","year":"2019","unstructured":"Conlon TW, Nishisaki A, Singh Y, Moving beyond the stethoscope: diagnostic point-of-care ultrasound in pediatric practice. Pediatrics. 2019;144(4):e20191402."},{"issue":"11","key":"b40","series-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med.","first-page":"988","article-title":"Evolution and impact of a diagnostic point-of-care ultrasound program in a PICU","volume":"25","author":"Baker DR","year":"2024","unstructured":"Baker DR, Glau CL, Himebauch AS, Evolution and impact of a diagnostic point-of-care ultrasound program in a PICU. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2024;25(11):988\u2013997."},{"key":"b41","series-title":"Pediatr Neurol","first-page":"56","article-title":"Cardiac point-of-care ultrasound in pediatric neurocritical care: a case series","volume":"144","author":"Boggs K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Boggs K, Kirschen M, Glau C, Cardiac point-of-care ultrasound in pediatric neurocritical care: a case series. Pediatr Neurol. 2023;144:56\u201359."},{"issue":"4","key":"b42","series-title":"BMJ Open","first-page":"e079370","article-title":"Incidence and associated in-hospital mortality of myocardial injury characterised by elevated cardiac troponin in adult patients with traumatic brain injury: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Tang J","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tang J, Yu J, Zhang X, Incidence and associated in-hospital mortality of myocardial injury characterised by elevated cardiac troponin in adult patients with traumatic brain injury: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2024;14(4):e079370."}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/36\/2\/article-p186.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/36\/2\/article-p186.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/36\/2\/article-p186.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T13:46:06Z","timestamp":1772804766000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/36\/2\/article-p186.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2025.3.peds24655","relation":{},"ISSN":["1933-0707","1933-0715"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1933-0707","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0715","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]}}}