{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T07:47:19Z","timestamp":1793951239091,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Neuropixels probe, a high-density silicon microelectrode array, has been a transformative tool for extracellular recording of large numbers of single neurons across animal models. Traditional tungsten microelectrodes available for clinical neurophysiology typically only record 1\u20132 neurons at a given time. Human intraoperative Neuropixels recording increases access to single-neuron spiking by an order of magnitude and is poised for rapid adoption. The authors\u2019 objective was to determine the safety and yield of intraoperative Neuropixels for large-scale simultaneous neuronal recordings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examined safety and the success rate from the authors\u2019 case series of 56 consecutive patients who participated in Neuropixels intraoperative recording at the authors\u2019 institution. All participants were undergoing craniotomy for resection for various pathologies (intractable epilepsy [n = 33], tumor [n = 19], and vascular lesion [n = 4]). Among these craniotomies for resection, the vast majority were done under monitored anesthesia care with awake mapping (50\/56). In all cases, a Neuropixels probe was placed into tissue that was resected, allowing histology to be recovered from a subset of cases. All intraoperative probe fractures, cases that did not yield any putative single-neuron recordings, and postoperative complications are reported here.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No medical or neurological complications, surgical complications, 30-day readmissions, or deaths were observed. Overall, probe fractures were rare (n = 3) and all occurred within the first 6 cases. All fractures occurred at the base of the probe shank and were easily recovered. In recovered acute histology from 1 case, the histological evidence of insertion was minimal and proportional to the 70 mm \u00d7 132 mm cross-sectional area. In terms of yield, most cases had good neuronal yield, with only 9 (16.1%) cases that did not result in at least 1 putative single-neuron recording, with the etiology of failure being attributable to either electrical noise (6\/9) or there being no detectable spikes (3\/9). All cases that did not result in at least 1 putative single-neuron recording occurred within the first 20 cases, suggesting significant improvements in the learning curve and techniques for high-yield and safe intraoperative recordings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intraoperative Neuropixels recordings can be done safely for large-scale neuronal recordings. Over time, the authors experienced no probe fractures and improved success rate of microelectrode recording. Further measures to float the electrodes, limit forces on the probe, and prevent probe fracture during insertion may improve the yield. Neuropixels has tremendous potential for future applications in clinical functional mapping over traditional microelectrodes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.4.jns241162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,30]],"date-time":"2025-08-30T01:38:06Z","timestamp":1756517886000},"page":"63-73","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Experience and safety of intraoperative Neuropixels: a case series of 56 patients"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"144","author":[{"given":"Jason E.","family":"Chung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duo","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quinn R.","family":"Greicius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanay","family":"Poddar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew K.","family":"Leonard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin K.","family":"Sellers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Andrews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marleen","family":"Welkenhuysen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMEC, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barundeb","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMEC, Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cathryn R.","family":"Cadwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco"},{"name":"Weill Neurohub, University of California, San Francisco; and"},{"name":"Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward F.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"7679","key":"b1","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"232","article-title":"Fully integrated silicon probes for high-density recording of neural activity","volume":"551","author":"Jun JJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jun JJ, Steinmetz NA, Siegle JH,  Fully integrated silicon probes for high-density recording of neural activity. Nature. 2017;551(7679):232\u2013236."},{"issue":"6539","key":"b2","series-title":"Science","first-page":"eabf4588","article-title":"Neuropixels 2.0: a miniaturized high-density probe for stable, long-term brain recordings","volume":"372","author":"Steinmetz NA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Steinmetz NA, Aydin C, Lebedeva A,  Neuropixels 2.0: a miniaturized high-density probe for stable, long-term brain recordings. Science. 2021;372(6539):eabf4588."},{"issue":"7852","key":"b3","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"86","article-title":"Survey of spiking in the mouse visual system reveals functional hierarchy","volume":"592","author":"Siegle JH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Siegle JH, Jia X, Durand S,  Survey of spiking in the mouse visual system reveals functional hierarchy. 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Neuron. 2022;110(15):2409\u20132421.e3."},{"issue":"2","key":"b6","series-title":"Nat Neurosci","first-page":"252","article-title":"Large-scale neural recordings with single neuron resolution using Neuropixels probes in human cortex","volume":"25","author":"Paulk AC","year":"2022","unstructured":"Paulk AC, Kfir Y, Khanna AR,  Large-scale neural recordings with single neuron resolution using Neuropixels probes in human cortex. Nat Neurosci. 2022;25(2):252\u2013263."},{"issue":"10","key":"b7","series-title":"Nat Protoc","first-page":"2927","article-title":"Modified Neuropixels probes for recording human neurophysiology in the operating room","volume":"18","author":"Coughlin B","year":"2023","unstructured":"Coughlin B, Mu\u00f1oz W, Kfir Y,  Modified Neuropixels probes for recording human neurophysiology in the operating room. 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Nat Protoc. 2023;18(10):2927\u20132953."},{"issue":"7999","key":"b8","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"593","article-title":"Large-scale single-neuron speech sound encoding across the depth of human cortex","volume":"626","author":"Leonard MK","year":"2024","unstructured":"Leonard MK, Gwilliams L, Sellers KK,  Large-scale single-neuron speech sound encoding across the depth of human cortex. Nature. 2024;626(7999):593\u2013602."},{"issue":"7999","key":"b9","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"603","article-title":"Single-neuronal elements of speech production in humans","volume":"626","author":"Khanna AR","year":"2024","unstructured":"Khanna AR, Mu\u00f1oz W, Kim YJ,  Single-neuronal elements of speech production in humans. 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