{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T15:27:28Z","timestamp":1772724448053,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The role of amputation and myoelectric prosthetic fitting for hand function in traumatic pan\u2013brachial plexus injury (pBPI) continues to evolve. This study evaluated the function and activity performance of patients with traumatic pBPI who underwent amputation and prosthetic fitting with a myoelectric prosthesis (MEP) for hand function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective analysis of adult patients who underwent elective amputation after sustaining a pBPI followed by MEP for hand function was performed. Demographics, mechanisms of injury, amputation details, and outcomes were collected from medical records. The Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) outcome measure was used to evaluate the impact of impairment, the visual analog scale (VAS) to assess pain, and the Activities Measure for Upper Limb Amputees (AM-ULA) to determine functional activity performance pre- and post-MEP usage. Follow-up time, prosthesis usage, satisfaction, and site of electrical signal used were recorded. Paired t-tests were used to compare outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-one adult patients with pBPI (90% male, mean age 32 years at the time of BPI) underwent amputations and were fitted with MEPs for hand function controlled by nonintuitive signals. Fifteen patients underwent a trans-radial amputation and 6 underwent a trans-humeral amputation. While all patients sought improved terminal grasp function, 3 patients subsequently declined prosthetic fitting after amputation. Of the 18 patients who underwent myoelectric prosthetic hand fittings, linear transducers activated by the contralateral shoulder protraction were used in 66% of patients, and traditional electrode signals from ipsilateral nonintuitive muscle were used in 33% to control MEP grasp function. Disability (DASH) and pain (VAS) scores significantly improved after amputation (p = 0.04 and p &lt; 0.01, respectively). AM-ULA scores showed a significant improvement in activity performance after application of the MEP, with an average increase of 23 points from 0 points on a 40-point scale before amputation and prosthetic fitting (p &lt; 0.0001). Daily users of the MEP averaged 6 hours per day and reported the prosthesis was useful during daily activities with great satisfaction at an average of 22 months of follow-up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Amputation followed by MEP fitting in adult traumatic pBPI significantly improved function, reduced pain, and had a high prosthetic usage. The AM-ULA, a tool for quantitatively evaluating activity performance, was applied to measure the bimanual functional activity performance of patients before and after using MEPs, which revealed a significant improvement. Patients reported using their prosthetics daily with a high satisfaction rate with functional terminal grasp and release.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.5.jns242795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T01:41:13Z","timestamp":1757122873000},"page":"1634-1641","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Activity performance in patients with traumatic brachial plexus injuries after elective amputation and myoelectric hand prosthetic fitting"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"143","author":[{"given":"Tiam M.","family":"Saffari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hand and Microvascular Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew W.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Limb Lab, Rochester;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brandon P.","family":"Sampson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Limb Lab, Rochester;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fantley C.","family":"Smither","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Pulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hand and Microvascular Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Spinner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allen T.","family":"Bishop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hand and Microvascular Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander Y.","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hand and Microvascular Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"b1","series-title":"J Trauma","first-page":"491","article-title":"The management of the flail upper extremity in brachial plexus injuries","volume":"20","author":"Rorabeck CH","year":"1980","unstructured":"Rorabeck CH. The management of the flail upper extremity in brachial plexus injuries. J Trauma. 1980;20(6):491\u2013493."},{"key":"b2","series-title":"ISRN Orthop","first-page":"314137","article-title":"Treatment options for brachial plexus injuries","volume":"2014","author":"Sakellariou VI","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sakellariou VI, Badilas NK, Stavropoulos NA,  Treatment options for brachial plexus injuries. ISRN Orthop. 2014;2014:314137."},{"issue":"9","key":"b3","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"819","article-title":"Comparison of nerve transfers and nerve grafting for traumatic upper plexus palsy: a systematic review and analysis","volume":"93","author":"Garg R","year":"2011","unstructured":"Garg R, Merrell GA, Hillstrom HJ, Wolfe SW. Comparison of nerve transfers and nerve grafting for traumatic upper plexus palsy: a systematic review and analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011;93(9):819\u2013829."},{"issue":"2","key":"b4","series-title":"Neurosurg","first-page":"417","article-title":"A systematic review of nerve transfer and nerve repair for the treatment of adult upper brachial plexus injury","volume":"71","author":"Yang LJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yang LJ, Chang KW, Chung KC. A systematic review of nerve transfer and nerve repair for the treatment of adult upper brachial plexus injury. Neurosurg. 2012;71(2):417\u2013429."},{"issue":"4","key":"b5","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"73e","article-title":"The surgical treatment of brachial plexus injuries in adults","volume":"119","author":"Terzis JK","year":"2007","unstructured":"Terzis JK, Kostopoulos VK. The surgical treatment of brachial plexus injuries in adults. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;119(4):73e\u201392e."},{"issue":"5","key":"b6","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"1097","article-title":"The surgical treatment of brachial plexus injuries in adults","volume":"106","author":"Terzis JK","year":"2000","unstructured":"Terzis JK, Papakonstantinou KC. The surgical treatment of brachial plexus injuries in adults. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;106(5):1097\u20131194."},{"issue":"2","key":"b7","series-title":"Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg","first-page":"113","article-title":"Combined glenohumeral arthrodesis and above-elbow amputation for the flail limb following a complete posttraumatic brachial plexus injury","volume":"9","author":"Bedi A","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bedi A, Miller B, Jebson PJ. Combined glenohumeral arthrodesis and above-elbow amputation for the flail limb following a complete posttraumatic brachial plexus injury. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg. 2005;9(2):113\u2013119."},{"issue":"5","key":"b8","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"836","article-title":"Functional outcome following traumatic upper limb amputation and prosthetic limb fitting","volume":"19","author":"Pinzur MS","year":"1994","unstructured":"Pinzur MS, Angelats J, Light TR, Izuierdo R, Pluth T. Functional outcome following traumatic upper limb amputation and prosthetic limb fitting. J Hand Surg Am. 1994;19(5):836\u2013839."},{"key":"b9","series-title":"The Promise of Assistive Technology to Enhance Activity and Work Participation","article-title":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Health Care Services Committee on the Use of Selected Assistive Products and Technologies in Eliminating or Reducing the Effects of Impairments","year":"2017","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Health Care Services Committee on the Use of Selected Assistive Products and Technologies in Eliminating or Reducing the Effects of Impairments. In: Flaubert JL, Spicer CM, Jette AM , eds. The Promise of Assistive Technology to Enhance Activity and Work Participation. National Academies Press (US); 2017."},{"issue":"5","key":"b10","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1160","article-title":"Editorial. Myoelectric functional hand prosthesis for total brachial plexus injury","volume":"127","author":"Nadi M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nadi M, Midha R. Editorial. Myoelectric functional hand prosthesis for total brachial plexus injury. J Neurosurg. 2017;127(5):1160\u20131162."},{"issue":"1","key":"b11","series-title":"J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj","first-page":"2","article-title":"Results and current approach for brachial plexus reconstruction","volume":"6","author":"Bertelli JA","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bertelli JA, Ghizoni MF. Results and current approach for brachial plexus reconstruction. J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj. 2011;6(1):2."},{"issue":"16","key":"b12","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"1475","article-title":"The role of amputation and myoelectric prosthetic fitting in patients with traumatic brachial plexus injuries","volume":"104","author":"Cantwell SR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cantwell SR, Nelson AW, Sampson BP,  The role of amputation and myoelectric prosthetic fitting in patients with traumatic brachial plexus injuries. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2022;104(16):1475\u20131482."},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int","first-page":"191","article-title":"Development and measurement properties of the Orthotics and Prosthetics Users\u2019 Survey (OPUS): a comprehensive set of clinical outcome instruments","volume":"27","author":"Heinemann AW","year":"2003","unstructured":"Heinemann AW, Bode RK, O\u2019Reilly C. Development and measurement properties of the Orthotics and Prosthetics Users\u2019 Survey (OPUS): a comprehensive set of clinical outcome instruments. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2003;27:191\u2013206."},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Am J Ind Med","first-page":"602","article-title":"Development of an upper extremity outcome measure: the DASH (disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand) [corrected]. The Upper Extremity Collaborative Group (UECG)","volume":"29","author":"Hudak PL","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hudak PL, Amadio PC, Bombardier C. Development of an upper extremity outcome measure: the DASH (disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand) [corrected]. The Upper Extremity Collaborative Group (UECG). Am J Ind Med. 1996;29:602\u2013608."},{"issue":"24","key":"b15","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"2375","article-title":"Evaluating the ability of brachial plexus-injured patients to control an externally powered (myoelectric) hand prosthesis","volume":"106","author":"Lee EY","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee EY, Nelson AW, Sampson BP,  Evaluating the ability of brachial plexus-injured patients to control an externally powered (myoelectric) hand prosthesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2024;106(24):2375\u20132382."},{"issue":"3","key":"b16","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"488","article-title":"Development and evaluation of the activities measure for upper limb amputees","volume":"94","author":"Resnik L","year":"2013","unstructured":"Resnik L, Adams L, Borgia M,  Development and evaluation of the activities measure for upper limb amputees. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;94(3):488\u2013494.e4."},{"issue":"9","key":"b17","series-title":"Injury","first-page":"603","article-title":"Brachial plexus injury: when to amputate?","volume":"24","author":"Wilkinson MC","year":"1993","unstructured":"Wilkinson MC, Birch R, Bonney G. Brachial plexus injury: when to amputate? Injury. 1993;24(9):603\u2013605."},{"issue":"4","key":"b18","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","first-page":"417","article-title":"Complete brachial plexus lesions: a ten-year follow-up of twenty cases","volume":"59-B","author":"Ransford AO","year":"1977","unstructured":"Ransford AO, Hughes SP. Complete brachial plexus lesions: a ten-year follow-up of twenty cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1977;59-B(4):417-420."},{"issue":"1","key":"b19","series-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg","first-page":"57","article-title":"Long-term functional results of contralateral C7 transfer","volume":"14","author":"Gu YD","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gu YD, Chen DS, Zhang GM,  Long-term functional results of contralateral C7 transfer. J Reconstr Microsurg. 1998;14(1):57\u201359."},{"issue":"5","key":"b20","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"652","article-title":"Restoration of prehension with the double free muscle technique following complete avulsion of the brachial plexus. Indications and long-term results","volume":"82","author":"Doi K","year":"2000","unstructured":"Doi K, Muramatsu K, Hattori Y,  Restoration of prehension with the double free muscle technique following complete avulsion of the brachial plexus. Indications and long-term results. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000;82(5):652\u2013666."},{"issue":"3","key":"b21","series-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg","first-page":"311","article-title":"The role of elective amputation in patients with traumatic brachial plexus injury","volume":"69","author":"Maldonado AA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maldonado AA, Kircher MF, Spinner RJ, Bishop AT, Shin AY. The role of elective amputation in patients with traumatic brachial plexus injury. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2016;69(3):311\u2013317."},{"issue":"1","key":"b22","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"23","article-title":"Bionic upper limb reconstruction: a valuable alternative in global brachial plexus avulsion injuries-a case series","volume":"9","author":"Hruby LA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hruby LA, Gstoettner C, Sturma A, Salminger S, Mayer JA, Aszmann OC. Bionic upper limb reconstruction: a valuable alternative in global brachial plexus avulsion injuries-a case series. J Clin Med. 2019;9(1):23."},{"issue":"5","key":"b23","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1163","article-title":"Algorithm for bionic hand reconstruction in patients with global brachial plexopathies","volume":"127","author":"Hruby LA","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hruby LA, Sturma A, Mayer JA, Pittermann A, Salminger S, Aszmann OC. Algorithm for bionic hand reconstruction in patients with global brachial plexopathies. J Neurosurg. 2017;127(5):1163\u20131171."},{"issue":"1","key":"b24","series-title":"J Neuroeng Rehab","first-page":"72","article-title":"Myoelectric prosthesis users and non-disabled individuals wearing a simulated prosthesis exhibit similar compensatory movement strategies","volume":"18","author":"Williams HE","year":"2021","unstructured":"Williams HE, Chapman CS, Pilarski PM, Vette AH, Hebert JS. Myoelectric prosthesis users and non-disabled individuals wearing a simulated prosthesis exhibit similar compensatory movement strategies. J Neuroeng Rehab. 2021;18(1):72."},{"issue":"2","key":"b25","series-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int","first-page":"109","article-title":"Upper limb prosthetic outcome measures: review and content comparison based on International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health","volume":"34","author":"Lindner HY","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lindner HY, N\u00e4tterlund BS, Hermansson LM. Upper limb prosthetic outcome measures: review and content comparison based on International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2010;34(2):109\u2013128."},{"issue":"8","key":"b26","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1396","article-title":"Function and quality of life of unilateral major upper limb amputees: effect of prosthesis use and type","volume":"101","author":"Resnik L","year":"2020","unstructured":"Resnik L, Borgia M, Clark M. Function and quality of life of unilateral major upper limb amputees: effect of prosthesis use and type. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2020;101(8):1396\u20131406."},{"issue":"3","key":"b27","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","first-page":"493","article-title":"Brachial plexus injuries: treatment of the flail arm","volume":"43-B","author":"Yeoman PM","year":"1961","unstructured":"Yeoman PM, Seddon HJ. Brachial plexus injuries: treatment of the flail arm. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1961;43-B(3):493-500."},{"issue":"6","key":"b1","series-title":"J Trauma","first-page":"491","article-title":"The management of the flail upper extremity in brachial plexus injuries","volume":"20","author":"Rorabeck CH","year":"1980","unstructured":"Rorabeck CH. The management of the flail upper extremity in brachial plexus injuries. J Trauma. 1980;20(6):491\u2013493."},{"key":"b2","series-title":"ISRN Orthop","first-page":"314137","article-title":"Treatment options for brachial plexus injuries","volume":"2014","author":"Sakellariou VI","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sakellariou VI, Badilas NK, Stavropoulos NA,  Treatment options for brachial plexus injuries. ISRN Orthop. 2014;2014:314137."},{"issue":"9","key":"b3","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"819","article-title":"Comparison of nerve transfers and nerve grafting for traumatic upper plexus palsy: a systematic review and analysis","volume":"93","author":"Garg R","year":"2011","unstructured":"Garg R, Merrell GA, Hillstrom HJ, Wolfe SW. Comparison of nerve transfers and nerve grafting for traumatic upper plexus palsy: a systematic review and analysis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011;93(9):819\u2013829."},{"issue":"2","key":"b4","series-title":"Neurosurg","first-page":"417","article-title":"A systematic review of nerve transfer and nerve repair for the treatment of adult upper brachial plexus injury","volume":"71","author":"Yang LJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yang LJ, Chang KW, Chung KC. A systematic review of nerve transfer and nerve repair for the treatment of adult upper brachial plexus injury. Neurosurg. 2012;71(2):417\u2013429."},{"issue":"4","key":"b5","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"73e","article-title":"The surgical treatment of brachial plexus injuries in adults","volume":"119","author":"Terzis JK","year":"2007","unstructured":"Terzis JK, Kostopoulos VK. The surgical treatment of brachial plexus injuries in adults. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;119(4):73e\u201392e."},{"issue":"5","key":"b6","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"1097","article-title":"The surgical treatment of brachial plexus injuries in adults","volume":"106","author":"Terzis JK","year":"2000","unstructured":"Terzis JK, Papakonstantinou KC. The surgical treatment of brachial plexus injuries in adults. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;106(5):1097\u20131194."},{"issue":"2","key":"b7","series-title":"Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg","first-page":"113","article-title":"Combined glenohumeral arthrodesis and above-elbow amputation for the flail limb following a complete posttraumatic brachial plexus injury","volume":"9","author":"Bedi A","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bedi A, Miller B, Jebson PJ. Combined glenohumeral arthrodesis and above-elbow amputation for the flail limb following a complete posttraumatic brachial plexus injury. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg. 2005;9(2):113\u2013119."},{"issue":"5","key":"b8","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"836","article-title":"Functional outcome following traumatic upper limb amputation and prosthetic limb fitting","volume":"19","author":"Pinzur MS","year":"1994","unstructured":"Pinzur MS, Angelats J, Light TR, Izuierdo R, Pluth T. Functional outcome following traumatic upper limb amputation and prosthetic limb fitting. J Hand Surg Am. 1994;19(5):836\u2013839."},{"key":"b9","series-title":"The Promise of Assistive Technology to Enhance Activity and Work Participation","article-title":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Health Care Services Committee on the Use of Selected Assistive Products and Technologies in Eliminating or Reducing the Effects of Impairments","year":"2017","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Board on Health Care Services Committee on the Use of Selected Assistive Products and Technologies in Eliminating or Reducing the Effects of Impairments. In: Flaubert JL, Spicer CM, Jette AM , eds. The Promise of Assistive Technology to Enhance Activity and Work Participation. National Academies Press (US); 2017."},{"issue":"5","key":"b10","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1160","article-title":"Editorial. Myoelectric functional hand prosthesis for total brachial plexus injury","volume":"127","author":"Nadi M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nadi M, Midha R. Editorial. Myoelectric functional hand prosthesis for total brachial plexus injury. J Neurosurg. 2017;127(5):1160\u20131162."},{"issue":"1","key":"b11","series-title":"J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj","first-page":"2","article-title":"Results and current approach for brachial plexus reconstruction","volume":"6","author":"Bertelli JA","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bertelli JA, Ghizoni MF. Results and current approach for brachial plexus reconstruction. J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj. 2011;6(1):2."},{"issue":"16","key":"b12","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"1475","article-title":"The role of amputation and myoelectric prosthetic fitting in patients with traumatic brachial plexus injuries","volume":"104","author":"Cantwell SR","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cantwell SR, Nelson AW, Sampson BP,  The role of amputation and myoelectric prosthetic fitting in patients with traumatic brachial plexus injuries. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2022;104(16):1475\u20131482."},{"key":"b13","series-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int","first-page":"191","article-title":"Development and measurement properties of the Orthotics and Prosthetics Users\u2019 Survey (OPUS): a comprehensive set of clinical outcome instruments","volume":"27","author":"Heinemann AW","year":"2003","unstructured":"Heinemann AW, Bode RK, O\u2019Reilly C. Development and measurement properties of the Orthotics and Prosthetics Users\u2019 Survey (OPUS): a comprehensive set of clinical outcome instruments. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2003;27:191\u2013206."},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Am J Ind Med","first-page":"602","article-title":"Development of an upper extremity outcome measure: the DASH (disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand) [corrected]. The Upper Extremity Collaborative Group (UECG)","volume":"29","author":"Hudak PL","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hudak PL, Amadio PC, Bombardier C. Development of an upper extremity outcome measure: the DASH (disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand) [corrected]. The Upper Extremity Collaborative Group (UECG). Am J Ind Med. 1996;29:602\u2013608."},{"issue":"24","key":"b15","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"2375","article-title":"Evaluating the ability of brachial plexus-injured patients to control an externally powered (myoelectric) hand prosthesis","volume":"106","author":"Lee EY","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee EY, Nelson AW, Sampson BP,  Evaluating the ability of brachial plexus-injured patients to control an externally powered (myoelectric) hand prosthesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2024;106(24):2375\u20132382."},{"issue":"3","key":"b16","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"488","article-title":"Development and evaluation of the activities measure for upper limb amputees","volume":"94","author":"Resnik L","year":"2013","unstructured":"Resnik L, Adams L, Borgia M,  Development and evaluation of the activities measure for upper limb amputees. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013;94(3):488\u2013494.e4."},{"issue":"9","key":"b17","series-title":"Injury","first-page":"603","article-title":"Brachial plexus injury: when to amputate?","volume":"24","author":"Wilkinson MC","year":"1993","unstructured":"Wilkinson MC, Birch R, Bonney G. Brachial plexus injury: when to amputate? Injury. 1993;24(9):603\u2013605."},{"issue":"4","key":"b18","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br","first-page":"417","article-title":"Complete brachial plexus lesions: a ten-year follow-up of twenty cases","volume":"59-B","author":"Ransford AO","year":"1977","unstructured":"Ransford AO, Hughes SP. Complete brachial plexus lesions: a ten-year follow-up of twenty cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1977;59-B(4):417-420."},{"issue":"1","key":"b19","series-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg","first-page":"57","article-title":"Long-term functional results of contralateral C7 transfer","volume":"14","author":"Gu YD","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gu YD, Chen DS, Zhang GM,  Long-term functional results of contralateral C7 transfer. J Reconstr Microsurg. 1998;14(1):57\u201359."},{"issue":"5","key":"b20","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"652","article-title":"Restoration of prehension with the double free muscle technique following complete avulsion of the brachial plexus. Indications and long-term results","volume":"82","author":"Doi K","year":"2000","unstructured":"Doi K, Muramatsu K, Hattori Y,  Restoration of prehension with the double free muscle technique following complete avulsion of the brachial plexus. Indications and long-term results. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000;82(5):652\u2013666."},{"issue":"3","key":"b21","series-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg","first-page":"311","article-title":"The role of elective amputation in patients with traumatic brachial plexus injury","volume":"69","author":"Maldonado AA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Maldonado AA, Kircher MF, Spinner RJ, Bishop AT, Shin AY. The role of elective amputation in patients with traumatic brachial plexus injury. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2016;69(3):311\u2013317."},{"issue":"1","key":"b22","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"23","article-title":"Bionic upper limb reconstruction: a valuable alternative in global brachial plexus avulsion injuries-a case series","volume":"9","author":"Hruby LA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hruby LA, Gstoettner C, Sturma A, Salminger S, Mayer JA, Aszmann OC. Bionic upper limb reconstruction: a valuable alternative in global brachial plexus avulsion injuries-a case series. J Clin Med. 2019;9(1):23."},{"issue":"5","key":"b23","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1163","article-title":"Algorithm for bionic hand reconstruction in patients with global brachial plexopathies","volume":"127","author":"Hruby LA","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hruby LA, Sturma A, Mayer JA, Pittermann A, Salminger S, Aszmann OC. Algorithm for bionic hand reconstruction in patients with global brachial plexopathies. J Neurosurg. 2017;127(5):1163\u20131171."},{"issue":"1","key":"b24","series-title":"J Neuroeng Rehab","first-page":"72","article-title":"Myoelectric prosthesis users and non-disabled individuals wearing a simulated prosthesis exhibit similar compensatory movement strategies","volume":"18","author":"Williams HE","year":"2021","unstructured":"Williams HE, Chapman CS, Pilarski PM, Vette AH, Hebert JS. Myoelectric prosthesis users and non-disabled individuals wearing a simulated prosthesis exhibit similar compensatory movement strategies. J Neuroeng Rehab. 2021;18(1):72."},{"issue":"2","key":"b25","series-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int","first-page":"109","article-title":"Upper limb prosthetic outcome measures: review and content comparison based on International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health","volume":"34","author":"Lindner HY","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lindner HY, N\u00e4tterlund BS, Hermansson LM. Upper limb prosthetic outcome measures: review and content comparison based on International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2010;34(2):109\u2013128."},{"issue":"8","key":"b26","series-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil","first-page":"1396","article-title":"Function and quality of life of unilateral major upper limb amputees: effect of prosthesis use and type","volume":"101","author":"Resnik L","year":"2020","unstructured":"Resnik L, Borgia M, Clark M. Function and quality of life of unilateral major upper limb amputees: effect of prosthesis use and type. 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