{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:30:48Z","timestamp":1790962248384,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this retrospective study, authors aimed to evaluate the glymphatic function alterations associated with glioma and explore the prognostic value of these alterations by calculating the index for diffusivity along the perivascular space (ALPS index).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors utilized data from the publicly available University of California San Francisco Preoperative Diffuse Glioma MRI (UCSF-PDGM) dataset, which includes 501 adult patients with histopathologically confirmed diffuse glioma, per the 2021 WHO classification, who underwent preoperative MRI, initial tumor resection, and tumor genetic testing at a single medical center from 2015 to 2021.The ALPS index was calculated from diffusivity maps for noninvasive glymphatic system (GS) analysis. The authors extracted 2288 radiomic features across four tumor regions: surrounding FLAIR abnormality, enhancing tumor, central nonenhancing and\/or necrotic tumor, and whole tumor (combining necrosis, enhancement, and edema). For normally distributed variables (adjusted for age, enhancing tumor volume, and surrounding FLAIR abnormality volume), ANCOVA was utilized; nonnormally distributed data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U-test. Spearman\u2019s correlation coefficients were calculated to assess relationships between radiomic features and the ALPS index. Survival analysis included Kaplan-Meier curves, log-rank tests, concordance index (C-index), calibration and decision curves, and Cox regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ultimately, 437 patients with grade 2\u20134 gliomas were included in this study. The mean patient age was 57.46 \u00b1 14.84 years, and 261 patients were male. The ALPS index correlated most strongly with shape features in the surrounding FLAIR abnormality region (MajorAxisLength, which measures elongation of the edema region, r = \u22120.33, p &lt; 0.001), intensity features in the enhanced region (T2.RootMeanSquared, which quantifies variations in T2-weighted MRI signal intensity, r = 0.25, p &lt; 0.001), and both shape and texture features in the necrotic region (Sphericity, which reflects the roundness of necrosis, r = 0.26, p &lt; 0.001; FLAIR.glszm.GLNU, which reflects the uniformity of MRI signal distribution, r = \u22120.24, p &lt; 0.001). Patients with higher-grade tumors (p &lt; 0.001),\n                      <jats:italic>IDH<\/jats:italic>\n                      -wildtype glioma (p = 0.01), and\n                      <jats:italic>1p19q<\/jats:italic>\n                      -intact tumors (p = 0.038) consistently exhibited reduced glymphatic function. Univariate Cox regression analysis demonstrated that a lower ALPS index was related to a shorter survival time (HR 0.297, 95% CI 0.149\u20130.593, p &lt; 0.001). Subgroup analyses within histological and molecular subtypes (grade 4,\n                      <jats:italic>IDH<\/jats:italic>\n                      wildtype, and\n                      <jats:italic>1p19q<\/jats:italic>\n                      intact) demonstrated that patients with ALPS values below the median had significantly shorter overall survival. The ALPS index combined with radiomics improved survival prediction, with the C-index increasing from 0.709 to 0.711 in the training cohort and from 0.675 to 0.693 in the validation cohort. Kaplan-Meier analysis further demonstrated more distinguishable survival curves, with the p value decreasing from 0.003 to 0.0001.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Worse GS function was associated with more aggressive tumors and shorter survival times.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.5.jns243268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T01:39:24Z","timestamp":1757122764000},"page":"1477-1489","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Noninvasive assessment of glymphatic system alterations as potential biomarkers for predicting overall survival in glioma"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"143","author":[{"given":"Qian","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuetong","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuanle","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China;"},{"name":"Faculty of Data Science, City University of Macau, Macau SAR, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiqian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China;"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Second People\u2019s Hospital, Shenzhen, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Smart Health, School of Nursing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Data Science, City University of Macau, Macau SAR, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongde","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Second People\u2019s Hospital, Shenzhen, China;"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Immunology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China;"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biomedical Imaging Science and System, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China;"},{"name":"United Imaging Research Institute of Innovative Medical Equipment, Shenzhen, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"b1","series-title":"Gerontology","first-page":"106","article-title":"The glymphatic system and waste clearance with brain aging: a review","volume":"65","author":"Benveniste H","year":"2019","unstructured":"Benveniste H, Liu X, Koundal S, Sanggaard S, Lee H, Wardlaw J. The glymphatic system and waste clearance with brain aging: a review. Gerontology. 2019;65(2):106\u2013119."},{"issue":"147","key":"b2","series-title":"Sci Transl Med","first-page":"147ra111","article-title":"A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid \u03b2","volume":"4","author":"Iliff JJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Iliff JJ, Wang M, Liao Y,  A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid \u03b2. Sci Transl Med. 2012;4(147):147ra111."},{"issue":"12","key":"b3","series-title":"Neurochem Res","first-page":"2583","article-title":"The glymphatic system: a beginner\u2019s guide","volume":"40","author":"Jessen NA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jessen NA, Munk ASF, Lundgaard I, Nedergaard M. The glymphatic system: a beginner\u2019s guide. Neurochem Res. 2015;40(12):2583\u20132599."},{"issue":"2","key":"b4","series-title":"J Neurosci","first-page":"518","article-title":"Biomarkers of traumatic injury are transported from brain to blood via the glymphatic system","volume":"35","author":"Plog BA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Plog BA, Dashnaw ML, Hitomi E,  Biomarkers of traumatic injury are transported from brain to blood via the glymphatic system. J Neurosci. 2015;35(2):518\u2013526."},{"issue":"6483","key":"b5","series-title":"Science","first-page":"eaax7171","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid influx drives acute ischemic tissue swelling","volume":"367","author":"Mestre H","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mestre H, Du T, Sweeney AM,  Cerebrospinal fluid influx drives acute ischemic tissue swelling. Science. 2020;367(6483):eaax7171."},{"issue":"3","key":"b6","series-title":"Cell Res","first-page":"229","article-title":"Meningeal lymphatic vessels regulate brain tumor drainage and immunity","volume":"30","author":"Hu X","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hu X, Deng Q, Ma L,  Meningeal lymphatic vessels regulate brain tumor drainage and immunity. Cell Res. 2020;30(3):229\u2013243."},{"issue":"3","key":"b7","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"654","article-title":"Biologic pathways underlying prognostic radiomics phenotypes from paired MRI and RNA sequencing in glioblastoma","volume":"301","author":"Sun Q","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun Q, Chen Y, Liang C,  Biologic pathways underlying prognostic radiomics phenotypes from paired MRI and RNA sequencing in glioblastoma. Radiology. 2021;301(3):654\u2013663."},{"issue":"8","key":"b8","series-title":"Neuro Oncol","first-page":"1231","article-title":"The 2021 WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary","volume":"23","author":"Louis DN","year":"2021","unstructured":"Louis DN, Perry A, Wesseling P,  The 2021 WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary. Neuro Oncol. 2021;23(8):1231\u20131251."},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Front Oncol","first-page":"790821","article-title":"Impediment of cerebrospinal fluid drainage through glymphatic system in glioma","volume":"11","author":"Xu D","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu D, Zhou J, Mei H, Li H, Sun W, Xu H. Impediment of cerebrospinal fluid drainage through glymphatic system in glioma. Front Oncol. 2021;11:790821."},{"issue":"1","key":"b10","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"14815","article-title":"Lymphatic outflow of cerebrospinal fluid is reduced in glioma","volume":"9","author":"Ma Q","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ma Q, Schlegel F, Bachmann SB,  Lymphatic outflow of cerebrospinal fluid is reduced in glioma. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):14815."},{"issue":"1","key":"b11","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"7194","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging provides evidence of glymphatic drainage from human brain to cervical lymph nodes","volume":"8","author":"Eide PK","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eide PK, Vatnehol SAS, Emblem KE, Ringstad G. Magnetic resonance imaging provides evidence of glymphatic drainage from human brain to cervical lymph nodes. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):7194."},{"issue":"7","key":"b12","series-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci","first-page":"2773","article-title":"The human visual pathway communicates directly with the subarachnoid space","volume":"60","author":"Jacobsen HH","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jacobsen HH, Ringstad G, J\u00f8rstad \u00d8K, Moe MC, Sandell T, Eide PK. The human visual pathway communicates directly with the subarachnoid space. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2019;60(7):2773\u20132780."},{"issue":"1","key":"b13","series-title":"Nat Commun","first-page":"354","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid tracer efflux to parasagittal dura in humans","volume":"11","author":"Ringstad G","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ringstad G, Eide PK. Cerebrospinal fluid tracer efflux to parasagittal dura in humans. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):354."},{"issue":"1","key":"b14","series-title":"J Mol Neurosci","first-page":"51","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)-based white matter mapping in brain research: a review","volume":"34","author":"Assaf Y","year":"2008","unstructured":"Assaf Y, Pasternak O. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)-based white matter mapping in brain research: a review. J Mol Neurosci. 2008;34(1):51\u201361."},{"issue":"4","key":"b15","series-title":"Aging Dis","first-page":"1885","article-title":"Cross-vendor test-retest validation of diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) for evaluating glymphatic system function","volume":"15","author":"Liu X","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu X, Barisano G, Shao X,  Cross-vendor test-retest validation of diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) for evaluating glymphatic system function. Aging Dis. 2024;15(4):1885\u20131898."},{"issue":"3","key":"b16","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"516","article-title":"Current concepts in intracranial interstitial fluid transport and the glymphatic system: part II\u2014imaging techniques and clinical applications","volume":"301","author":"Klostranec JM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Klostranec JM, Vucevic D, Bhatia KD,  Current concepts in intracranial interstitial fluid transport and the glymphatic system: part II\u2014imaging techniques and clinical applications. Radiology. 2021;301(3):516\u2013532."},{"issue":"21","key":"b17","series-title":"Clinical Cancer Research","first-page":"4876","article-title":"A histopathologic correlation study evaluating glymphatic function in brain tumors by multi-parametric MRI","volume":"30","author":"Gao M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gao M, Liu Z, Zang H,  A histopathologic correlation study evaluating glymphatic function in brain tumors by multi-parametric MRI. Clinical Cancer Research. 2024;30(21):4876\u20134886."},{"issue":"3","key":"b18","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"910","article-title":"Fully-automated detection of cerebral water content changes: study of age-and gender-related H2O patterns with quantitative MRI","volume":"29","author":"Neeb H","year":"2006","unstructured":"Neeb H, Zilles K, Shah NJ. Fully-automated detection of cerebral water content changes: study of age-and gender-related H2O patterns with quantitative MRI. Neuroimage. 2006;29(3):910\u2013922."},{"issue":"4","key":"b19","series-title":"Eur J Cancer","first-page":"441","article-title":"Radiomics: extracting more information from medical images using advanced feature analysis","volume":"48","author":"Lambin P","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lambin P, Rios-Velazquez E, Leijenaar R,  Radiomics: extracting more information from medical images using advanced feature analysis. Eur J Cancer. 2012;48(4):441\u2013446."},{"issue":"4","key":"b20","series-title":"Cell","first-page":"1000","article-title":"Functional characterization of the dural sinuses as a neuroimmune interface","volume":"184","author":"Rustenhoven J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rustenhoven J, Drieu A, Mamuladze T,  Functional characterization of the dural sinuses as a neuroimmune interface. Cell. 2021;184(4):1000\u20131016.e27."},{"issue":"6","key":"b21","series-title":"Radiol Artif Intell","first-page":"e220058","article-title":"The University of California San Francisco preoperative diffuse glioma MRI dataset","volume":"4","author":"Calabrese E","year":"2022","unstructured":"Calabrese E, Villanueva-Meyer JE, Rudie JD,  The University of California San Francisco preoperative diffuse glioma MRI dataset. Radiol Artif Intell. 2022;4(6):e220058."},{"issue":"1","key":"b22","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"187","article-title":"Noninvasive evaluation of the glymphatic system in diffuse gliomas using diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space","volume":"142","author":"Zeng S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zeng S, Huang Z, Zhou W,  Noninvasive evaluation of the glymphatic system in diffuse gliomas using diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space. J Neurosurg. 2025;142(1):187\u2013196."},{"issue":"49","key":"b23","series-title":"J Neurosci","first-page":"16180","article-title":"Impairment of glymphatic pathway function promotes tau pathology after traumatic brain injury","volume":"34","author":"Iliff JJ","year":"2014","unstructured":"Iliff JJ, Chen MJ, Plog BA,  Impairment of glymphatic pathway function promotes tau pathology after traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci. 2014;34(49):16180\u201316193."},{"issue":"2","key":"b24","series-title":"Iconic Res Eng J","first-page":"671","article-title":"Enhanced prognostic assessment of glioblastoma multiforme using machine learning: integrating multimodal imaging and treatment features: a review","volume":"8","author":"Choudhary R","year":"2024","unstructured":"Choudhary R, Thatoi P, Rout SS. Enhanced prognostic assessment of glioblastoma multiforme using machine learning: integrating multimodal imaging and treatment features: a review. Iconic Res Eng J. 2024;8(2):671\u2013679."},{"issue":"3","key":"b25","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"507","article-title":"Local glioma cells are associated with vascular dysregulation","volume":"39","author":"Bowden SG","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bowden SG, Gill BJ, Englander ZK,  Local glioma cells are associated with vascular dysregulation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2018;39(3):507\u2013514."},{"issue":"5","key":"b26","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"746","article-title":"Comparison of cerebral blood volume and vascular permeability from dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced perfusion MR imaging with glioma grade","volume":"25","author":"Law M","year":"2004","unstructured":"Law M, Yang S, Babb JS,  Comparison of cerebral blood volume and vascular permeability from dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced perfusion MR imaging with glioma grade. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25(5):746\u2013755."},{"issue":"8","key":"b27","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"1503","article-title":"Evaluation of microvascular permeability with dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI for the differentiation of primary CNS lymphoma and glioblastoma: radiologic-pathologic correlation","volume":"35","author":"Kickingereder P","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kickingereder P, Sahm F, Wiestler B,  Evaluation of microvascular permeability with dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI for the differentiation of primary CNS lymphoma and glioblastoma: radiologic-pathologic correlation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2014;35(8):1503\u20131508."},{"issue":"1","key":"b28","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"8302","article-title":"Relationship between necrotic patterns in glioblastoma and patient survival: fractal dimension and lacunarity analyses using magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"7","author":"Liu S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu S, Wang Y, Xu K,  Relationship between necrotic patterns in glioblastoma and patient survival: fractal dimension and lacunarity analyses using magnetic resonance imaging. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):8302."},{"issue":"3","key":"b29","series-title":"Acta Neuropathol","first-page":"291","article-title":"Necrotic reshaping of the glioma microenvironment drives disease progression","volume":"143","author":"Markwell SM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Markwell SM, Ross JL, Olson CL, Brat DJ. Necrotic reshaping of the glioma microenvironment drives disease progression. Acta Neuropathol. 2022;143(3):291\u2013310."},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"b30","series-title":"Ann Oncol","first-page":"iii93","article-title":"High-grade glioma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","author":"Stupp R","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stupp R, Brada M, Van Den Bent M, Tonn JC, Pentheroudakis G. High-grade glioma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2014;25Suppl 3:iii93\u2013iii101."},{"issue":"11","key":"b31","series-title":"Eur Radiol","first-page":"7539","article-title":"DKI can distinguish high-grade gliomas from IDH1-mutant low-grade gliomas and correlate with their different nuclear-to-cytoplasm ratio: a localized biopsy-based study","volume":"34","author":"Pang H","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pang H, Dang X, Ren Y,  DKI can distinguish high-grade gliomas from IDH1-mutant low-grade gliomas and correlate with their different nuclear-to-cytoplasm ratio: a localized biopsy-based study. Eur Radiol. 2024;34(11):7539\u20137551."},{"issue":"6","key":"b32","series-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging","first-page":"1520","article-title":"A fully automated multimodal MRI-based multi-task learning for glioma segmentation and IDH genotyping","volume":"41","author":"Cheng J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cheng J, Liu J, Kuang H, Wang J. A fully automated multimodal MRI-based multi-task learning for glioma segmentation and IDH genotyping. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2022;41(6):1520\u20131532."},{"issue":"9","key":"b33","series-title":"Eur Radiol","first-page":"5802","article-title":"Quality assessment of the MRI-radiomics studies for MGMT promoter methylation prediction in glioma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Doniselli FM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Doniselli FM, Pascuzzo R, Mazzi F,  Quality assessment of the MRI-radiomics studies for MGMT promoter methylation prediction in glioma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Radiol. 2024;34(9):5802\u20135815."},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Front Oncol","first-page":"744318","article-title":"Factors associated with dysfunction of glymphatic system in patients with glioma","volume":"11","author":"Toh CH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Toh CH, Siow TY. Factors associated with dysfunction of glymphatic system in patients with glioma. Front Oncol. 2021;11:744318."},{"issue":"2","key":"b35","series-title":"Eur Radiol","first-page":"1367","article-title":"Diffusion histogram profiles predict molecular features of grade 4 in histologically lower-grade adult diffuse gliomas following WHO classification 2021","volume":"34","author":"Kurokawa R","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kurokawa R, Hagiwara A, Kurokawa M, Ellingson BM, Baba A, Moritani T. Diffusion histogram profiles predict molecular features of grade 4 in histologically lower-grade adult diffuse gliomas following WHO classification 2021. Eur Radiol. 2024;34(2):1367\u20131375."},{"issue":"1","key":"b36","series-title":"Cancer Cell","first-page":"98","article-title":"Integrated genomic analysis identifies clinically relevant subtypes of glioblastoma characterized by abnormalities in PDGFRA, IDH1, EGFR, and NF1","volume":"17","author":"Verhaak RG","year":"2010","unstructured":"Verhaak RG, Hoadley KA, Purdom E,  Integrated genomic analysis identifies clinically relevant subtypes of glioblastoma characterized by abnormalities in PDGFRA, IDH1, EGFR, and NF1. Cancer Cell. 2010;17(1):98\u2013110."},{"issue":"10","key":"b37","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e70700","article-title":"Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1-Alpha (HIF-1\u03b1) and cancer: mechanisms of tumor hypoxia and therapeutic targeting","volume":"16","author":"Basheeruddin M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Basheeruddin M, Qausain S. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1-Alpha (HIF-1\u03b1) and cancer: mechanisms of tumor hypoxia and therapeutic targeting. Cureus. 2024;16(10):e70700."},{"issue":"7","key":"b38","series-title":"Neuro Oncol","first-page":"664","article-title":"Distinct patterns of 1p and 19q alterations identify subtypes of human gliomas that have different prognoses","volume":"12","author":"Vogazianou AP","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vogazianou AP, Chan R, B\u00e4cklund LM,  Distinct patterns of 1p and 19q alterations identify subtypes of human gliomas that have different prognoses. Neuro Oncol. 2010;12(7):664\u2013678."},{"issue":"3","key":"b39","series-title":"Ann Neurol","first-page":"355","article-title":"C IC inactivating mutations identify aggressive subset of 1p19q codeleted gliomas","volume":"78","author":"Gleize V","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gleize V, Alentorn A, Connen de K\u00e9rillis L,  C IC inactivating mutations identify aggressive subset of 1p19q codeleted gliomas. Ann Neurol. 2015;78(3):355\u2013374."},{"issue":"2","key":"b40","series-title":"Emerg Mat Res","first-page":"238","article-title":"Predicting 1p\/19q chromosomal deletion of brain tumors using machine learning","volume":"10","author":"\u00c7inarer G","year":"2021","unstructured":"\u00c7inarer G, Emiro\u011flu BG, Yurttakal AH. Predicting 1p\/19q chromosomal deletion of brain tumors using machine learning. Emerg Mat Res. 2021;10(2):238\u2013244."},{"issue":"4","key":"b41","series-title":"Biomed Biotechnol Res J","first-page":"563","article-title":"Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay for detecting 1p and 19q codeletion in glioma","volume":"7","author":"Vo NVT","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vo NVT, Truong DDK, Xinh PT, Vu HA. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay for detecting 1p and 19q codeletion in glioma. Biomed Biotechnol Res J. 2023;7(4):563\u2013568."},{"issue":"7","key":"b42","series-title":"Nat Rev Neurol","first-page":"372","article-title":"MGMT testing\u2014the challenges for biomarker-based glioma treatment","volume":"10","author":"Wick W","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wick W, Weller M, Van Den Bent M,  MGMT testing\u2014the challenges for biomarker-based glioma treatment. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014;10(7):372\u2013385."},{"issue":"7671","key":"b43","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"227","article-title":"Fate mapping of human glioblastoma reveals an invariant stem cell hierarchy","volume":"549","author":"Lan X","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lan X, J\u00f6rg DJ, Cavalli FM,  Fate mapping of human glioblastoma reveals an invariant stem cell hierarchy. Nature. 2017;549(7671):227\u2013232."},{"key":"b44","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"116137","article-title":"MRtrix3: a fast, flexible and open software framework for medical image processing and visualisation","volume":"202","author":"Tournier JD","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tournier JD, Smith R, Raffelt D,  MRtrix3: a fast, flexible and open software framework for medical image processing and visualisation. Neuroimage. 2019;202:116137."},{"key":"b45","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"782","article-title":"FSL","volume":"62","author":"Jenkinson M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jenkinson M, Beckmann CF, Behrens TE, Woolrich MW, Smith SM. FSL. Neuroimage. 2012;62:782\u2013790."},{"issue":"21","key":"b46","series-title":"Cancer Res","first-page":"e104","article-title":"Computational radiomics system to decode the radiographic phenotype","volume":"77","author":"van Griethuysen JJM","year":"2017","unstructured":"van Griethuysen JJM, Fedorov A, Parmar C,  Computational radiomics system to decode the radiographic phenotype. Cancer Res. 2017;77(21):e104\u2013e107."},{"issue":"2","key":"b1","series-title":"Gerontology","first-page":"106","article-title":"The glymphatic system and waste clearance with brain aging: a review","volume":"65","author":"Benveniste H","year":"2019","unstructured":"Benveniste H, Liu X, Koundal S, Sanggaard S, Lee H, Wardlaw J. The glymphatic system and waste clearance with brain aging: a review. Gerontology. 2019;65(2):106\u2013119."},{"issue":"147","key":"b2","series-title":"Sci Transl Med","first-page":"147ra111","article-title":"A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid \u03b2","volume":"4","author":"Iliff JJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Iliff JJ, Wang M, Liao Y,  A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid \u03b2. Sci Transl Med. 2012;4(147):147ra111."},{"issue":"12","key":"b3","series-title":"Neurochem Res","first-page":"2583","article-title":"The glymphatic system: a beginner\u2019s guide","volume":"40","author":"Jessen NA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jessen NA, Munk ASF, Lundgaard I, Nedergaard M. The glymphatic system: a beginner\u2019s guide. Neurochem Res. 2015;40(12):2583\u20132599."},{"issue":"2","key":"b4","series-title":"J Neurosci","first-page":"518","article-title":"Biomarkers of traumatic injury are transported from brain to blood via the glymphatic system","volume":"35","author":"Plog BA","year":"2015","unstructured":"Plog BA, Dashnaw ML, Hitomi E,  Biomarkers of traumatic injury are transported from brain to blood via the glymphatic system. J Neurosci. 2015;35(2):518\u2013526."},{"issue":"6483","key":"b5","series-title":"Science","first-page":"eaax7171","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid influx drives acute ischemic tissue swelling","volume":"367","author":"Mestre H","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mestre H, Du T, Sweeney AM,  Cerebrospinal fluid influx drives acute ischemic tissue swelling. Science. 2020;367(6483):eaax7171."},{"issue":"3","key":"b6","series-title":"Cell Res","first-page":"229","article-title":"Meningeal lymphatic vessels regulate brain tumor drainage and immunity","volume":"30","author":"Hu X","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hu X, Deng Q, Ma L,  Meningeal lymphatic vessels regulate brain tumor drainage and immunity. Cell Res. 2020;30(3):229\u2013243."},{"issue":"3","key":"b7","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"654","article-title":"Biologic pathways underlying prognostic radiomics phenotypes from paired MRI and RNA sequencing in glioblastoma","volume":"301","author":"Sun Q","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun Q, Chen Y, Liang C,  Biologic pathways underlying prognostic radiomics phenotypes from paired MRI and RNA sequencing in glioblastoma. Radiology. 2021;301(3):654\u2013663."},{"issue":"8","key":"b8","series-title":"Neuro Oncol","first-page":"1231","article-title":"The 2021 WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary","volume":"23","author":"Louis DN","year":"2021","unstructured":"Louis DN, Perry A, Wesseling P,  The 2021 WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary. Neuro Oncol. 2021;23(8):1231\u20131251."},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Front Oncol","first-page":"790821","article-title":"Impediment of cerebrospinal fluid drainage through glymphatic system in glioma","volume":"11","author":"Xu D","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xu D, Zhou J, Mei H, Li H, Sun W, Xu H. Impediment of cerebrospinal fluid drainage through glymphatic system in glioma. Front Oncol. 2021;11:790821."},{"issue":"1","key":"b10","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"14815","article-title":"Lymphatic outflow of cerebrospinal fluid is reduced in glioma","volume":"9","author":"Ma Q","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ma Q, Schlegel F, Bachmann SB,  Lymphatic outflow of cerebrospinal fluid is reduced in glioma. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):14815."},{"issue":"1","key":"b11","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"7194","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging provides evidence of glymphatic drainage from human brain to cervical lymph nodes","volume":"8","author":"Eide PK","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eide PK, Vatnehol SAS, Emblem KE, Ringstad G. Magnetic resonance imaging provides evidence of glymphatic drainage from human brain to cervical lymph nodes. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):7194."},{"issue":"7","key":"b12","series-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci","first-page":"2773","article-title":"The human visual pathway communicates directly with the subarachnoid space","volume":"60","author":"Jacobsen HH","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jacobsen HH, Ringstad G, J\u00f8rstad \u00d8K, Moe MC, Sandell T, Eide PK. The human visual pathway communicates directly with the subarachnoid space. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2019;60(7):2773\u20132780."},{"issue":"1","key":"b13","series-title":"Nat Commun","first-page":"354","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid tracer efflux to parasagittal dura in humans","volume":"11","author":"Ringstad G","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ringstad G, Eide PK. Cerebrospinal fluid tracer efflux to parasagittal dura in humans. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):354."},{"issue":"1","key":"b14","series-title":"J Mol Neurosci","first-page":"51","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)-based white matter mapping in brain research: a review","volume":"34","author":"Assaf Y","year":"2008","unstructured":"Assaf Y, Pasternak O. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)-based white matter mapping in brain research: a review. J Mol Neurosci. 2008;34(1):51\u201361."},{"issue":"4","key":"b15","series-title":"Aging Dis","first-page":"1885","article-title":"Cross-vendor test-retest validation of diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) for evaluating glymphatic system function","volume":"15","author":"Liu X","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu X, Barisano G, Shao X,  Cross-vendor test-retest validation of diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS) for evaluating glymphatic system function. Aging Dis. 2024;15(4):1885\u20131898."},{"issue":"3","key":"b16","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"516","article-title":"Current concepts in intracranial interstitial fluid transport and the glymphatic system: part II\u2014imaging techniques and clinical applications","volume":"301","author":"Klostranec JM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Klostranec JM, Vucevic D, Bhatia KD,  Current concepts in intracranial interstitial fluid transport and the glymphatic system: part II\u2014imaging techniques and clinical applications. Radiology. 2021;301(3):516\u2013532."},{"issue":"21","key":"b17","series-title":"Clinical Cancer Research","first-page":"4876","article-title":"A histopathologic correlation study evaluating glymphatic function in brain tumors by multi-parametric MRI","volume":"30","author":"Gao M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gao M, Liu Z, Zang H,  A histopathologic correlation study evaluating glymphatic function in brain tumors by multi-parametric MRI. Clinical Cancer Research. 2024;30(21):4876\u20134886."},{"issue":"3","key":"b18","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"910","article-title":"Fully-automated detection of cerebral water content changes: study of age-and gender-related H2O patterns with quantitative MRI","volume":"29","author":"Neeb H","year":"2006","unstructured":"Neeb H, Zilles K, Shah NJ. Fully-automated detection of cerebral water content changes: study of age-and gender-related H2O patterns with quantitative MRI. Neuroimage. 2006;29(3):910\u2013922."},{"issue":"4","key":"b19","series-title":"Eur J Cancer","first-page":"441","article-title":"Radiomics: extracting more information from medical images using advanced feature analysis","volume":"48","author":"Lambin P","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lambin P, Rios-Velazquez E, Leijenaar R,  Radiomics: extracting more information from medical images using advanced feature analysis. Eur J Cancer. 2012;48(4):441\u2013446."},{"issue":"4","key":"b20","series-title":"Cell","first-page":"1000","article-title":"Functional characterization of the dural sinuses as a neuroimmune interface","volume":"184","author":"Rustenhoven J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rustenhoven J, Drieu A, Mamuladze T,  Functional characterization of the dural sinuses as a neuroimmune interface. Cell. 2021;184(4):1000\u20131016.e27."},{"issue":"6","key":"b21","series-title":"Radiol Artif Intell","first-page":"e220058","article-title":"The University of California San Francisco preoperative diffuse glioma MRI dataset","volume":"4","author":"Calabrese E","year":"2022","unstructured":"Calabrese E, Villanueva-Meyer JE, Rudie JD,  The University of California San Francisco preoperative diffuse glioma MRI dataset. Radiol Artif Intell. 2022;4(6):e220058."},{"issue":"1","key":"b22","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"187","article-title":"Noninvasive evaluation of the glymphatic system in diffuse gliomas using diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space","volume":"142","author":"Zeng S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zeng S, Huang Z, Zhou W,  Noninvasive evaluation of the glymphatic system in diffuse gliomas using diffusion tensor image analysis along the perivascular space. J Neurosurg. 2025;142(1):187\u2013196."},{"issue":"49","key":"b23","series-title":"J Neurosci","first-page":"16180","article-title":"Impairment of glymphatic pathway function promotes tau pathology after traumatic brain injury","volume":"34","author":"Iliff JJ","year":"2014","unstructured":"Iliff JJ, Chen MJ, Plog BA,  Impairment of glymphatic pathway function promotes tau pathology after traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci. 2014;34(49):16180\u201316193."},{"issue":"2","key":"b24","series-title":"Iconic Res Eng J","first-page":"671","article-title":"Enhanced prognostic assessment of glioblastoma multiforme using machine learning: integrating multimodal imaging and treatment features: a review","volume":"8","author":"Choudhary R","year":"2024","unstructured":"Choudhary R, Thatoi P, Rout SS. Enhanced prognostic assessment of glioblastoma multiforme using machine learning: integrating multimodal imaging and treatment features: a review. Iconic Res Eng J. 2024;8(2):671\u2013679."},{"issue":"3","key":"b25","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"507","article-title":"Local glioma cells are associated with vascular dysregulation","volume":"39","author":"Bowden SG","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bowden SG, Gill BJ, Englander ZK,  Local glioma cells are associated with vascular dysregulation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2018;39(3):507\u2013514."},{"issue":"5","key":"b26","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"746","article-title":"Comparison of cerebral blood volume and vascular permeability from dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced perfusion MR imaging with glioma grade","volume":"25","author":"Law M","year":"2004","unstructured":"Law M, Yang S, Babb JS,  Comparison of cerebral blood volume and vascular permeability from dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced perfusion MR imaging with glioma grade. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2004;25(5):746\u2013755."},{"issue":"8","key":"b27","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"1503","article-title":"Evaluation of microvascular permeability with dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI for the differentiation of primary CNS lymphoma and glioblastoma: radiologic-pathologic correlation","volume":"35","author":"Kickingereder P","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kickingereder P, Sahm F, Wiestler B,  Evaluation of microvascular permeability with dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI for the differentiation of primary CNS lymphoma and glioblastoma: radiologic-pathologic correlation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2014;35(8):1503\u20131508."},{"issue":"1","key":"b28","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"8302","article-title":"Relationship between necrotic patterns in glioblastoma and patient survival: fractal dimension and lacunarity analyses using magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"7","author":"Liu S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu S, Wang Y, Xu K,  Relationship between necrotic patterns in glioblastoma and patient survival: fractal dimension and lacunarity analyses using magnetic resonance imaging. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):8302."},{"issue":"3","key":"b29","series-title":"Acta Neuropathol","first-page":"291","article-title":"Necrotic reshaping of the glioma microenvironment drives disease progression","volume":"143","author":"Markwell SM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Markwell SM, Ross JL, Olson CL, Brat DJ. Necrotic reshaping of the glioma microenvironment drives disease progression. Acta Neuropathol. 2022;143(3):291\u2013310."},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"b30","series-title":"Ann Oncol","first-page":"iii93","article-title":"High-grade glioma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","author":"Stupp R","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stupp R, Brada M, Van Den Bent M, Tonn JC, Pentheroudakis G. High-grade glioma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2014;25Suppl 3:iii93\u2013iii101."},{"issue":"11","key":"b31","series-title":"Eur Radiol","first-page":"7539","article-title":"DKI can distinguish high-grade gliomas from IDH1-mutant low-grade gliomas and correlate with their different nuclear-to-cytoplasm ratio: a localized biopsy-based study","volume":"34","author":"Pang H","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pang H, Dang X, Ren Y,  DKI can distinguish high-grade gliomas from IDH1-mutant low-grade gliomas and correlate with their different nuclear-to-cytoplasm ratio: a localized biopsy-based study. Eur Radiol. 2024;34(11):7539\u20137551."},{"issue":"6","key":"b32","series-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging","first-page":"1520","article-title":"A fully automated multimodal MRI-based multi-task learning for glioma segmentation and IDH genotyping","volume":"41","author":"Cheng J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cheng J, Liu J, Kuang H, Wang J. A fully automated multimodal MRI-based multi-task learning for glioma segmentation and IDH genotyping. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2022;41(6):1520\u20131532."},{"issue":"9","key":"b33","series-title":"Eur Radiol","first-page":"5802","article-title":"Quality assessment of the MRI-radiomics studies for MGMT promoter methylation prediction in glioma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Doniselli FM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Doniselli FM, Pascuzzo R, Mazzi F,  Quality assessment of the MRI-radiomics studies for MGMT promoter methylation prediction in glioma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Radiol. 2024;34(9):5802\u20135815."},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Front Oncol","first-page":"744318","article-title":"Factors associated with dysfunction of glymphatic system in patients with glioma","volume":"11","author":"Toh CH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Toh CH, Siow TY. Factors associated with dysfunction of glymphatic system in patients with glioma. Front Oncol. 2021;11:744318."},{"issue":"2","key":"b35","series-title":"Eur Radiol","first-page":"1367","article-title":"Diffusion histogram profiles predict molecular features of grade 4 in histologically lower-grade adult diffuse gliomas following WHO classification 2021","volume":"34","author":"Kurokawa R","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kurokawa R, Hagiwara A, Kurokawa M, Ellingson BM, Baba A, Moritani T. Diffusion histogram profiles predict molecular features of grade 4 in histologically lower-grade adult diffuse gliomas following WHO classification 2021. Eur Radiol. 2024;34(2):1367\u20131375."},{"issue":"1","key":"b36","series-title":"Cancer Cell","first-page":"98","article-title":"Integrated genomic analysis identifies clinically relevant subtypes of glioblastoma characterized by abnormalities in PDGFRA, IDH1, EGFR, and NF1","volume":"17","author":"Verhaak RG","year":"2010","unstructured":"Verhaak RG, Hoadley KA, Purdom E,  Integrated genomic analysis identifies clinically relevant subtypes of glioblastoma characterized by abnormalities in PDGFRA, IDH1, EGFR, and NF1. Cancer Cell. 2010;17(1):98\u2013110."},{"issue":"10","key":"b37","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e70700","article-title":"Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1-Alpha (HIF-1\u03b1) and cancer: mechanisms of tumor hypoxia and therapeutic targeting","volume":"16","author":"Basheeruddin M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Basheeruddin M, Qausain S. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1-Alpha (HIF-1\u03b1) and cancer: mechanisms of tumor hypoxia and therapeutic targeting. Cureus. 2024;16(10):e70700."},{"issue":"7","key":"b38","series-title":"Neuro Oncol","first-page":"664","article-title":"Distinct patterns of 1p and 19q alterations identify subtypes of human gliomas that have different prognoses","volume":"12","author":"Vogazianou AP","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vogazianou AP, Chan R, B\u00e4cklund LM,  Distinct patterns of 1p and 19q alterations identify subtypes of human gliomas that have different prognoses. Neuro Oncol. 2010;12(7):664\u2013678."},{"issue":"3","key":"b39","series-title":"Ann Neurol","first-page":"355","article-title":"C IC inactivating mutations identify aggressive subset of 1p19q codeleted gliomas","volume":"78","author":"Gleize V","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gleize V, Alentorn A, Connen de K\u00e9rillis L,  C IC inactivating mutations identify aggressive subset of 1p19q codeleted gliomas. Ann Neurol. 2015;78(3):355\u2013374."},{"issue":"2","key":"b40","series-title":"Emerg Mat Res","first-page":"238","article-title":"Predicting 1p\/19q chromosomal deletion of brain tumors using machine learning","volume":"10","author":"\u00c7inarer G","year":"2021","unstructured":"\u00c7inarer G, Emiro\u011flu BG, Yurttakal AH. Predicting 1p\/19q chromosomal deletion of brain tumors using machine learning. Emerg Mat Res. 2021;10(2):238\u2013244."},{"issue":"4","key":"b41","series-title":"Biomed Biotechnol Res J","first-page":"563","article-title":"Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay for detecting 1p and 19q codeletion in glioma","volume":"7","author":"Vo NVT","year":"2023","unstructured":"Vo NVT, Truong DDK, Xinh PT, Vu HA. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay for detecting 1p and 19q codeletion in glioma. Biomed Biotechnol Res J. 2023;7(4):563\u2013568."},{"issue":"7","key":"b42","series-title":"Nat Rev Neurol","first-page":"372","article-title":"MGMT testing\u2014the challenges for biomarker-based glioma treatment","volume":"10","author":"Wick W","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wick W, Weller M, Van Den Bent M,  MGMT testing\u2014the challenges for biomarker-based glioma treatment. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014;10(7):372\u2013385."},{"issue":"7671","key":"b43","series-title":"Nature","first-page":"227","article-title":"Fate mapping of human glioblastoma reveals an invariant stem cell hierarchy","volume":"549","author":"Lan X","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lan X, J\u00f6rg DJ, Cavalli FM,  Fate mapping of human glioblastoma reveals an invariant stem cell hierarchy. Nature. 2017;549(7671):227\u2013232."},{"key":"b44","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"116137","article-title":"MRtrix3: a fast, flexible and open software framework for medical image processing and visualisation","volume":"202","author":"Tournier JD","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tournier JD, Smith R, Raffelt D,  MRtrix3: a fast, flexible and open software framework for medical image processing and visualisation. Neuroimage. 2019;202:116137."},{"key":"b45","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"782","article-title":"FSL","volume":"62","author":"Jenkinson M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jenkinson M, Beckmann CF, Behrens TE, Woolrich MW, Smith SM. FSL. Neuroimage. 2012;62:782\u2013790."},{"issue":"21","key":"b46","series-title":"Cancer Res","first-page":"e104","article-title":"Computational radiomics system to decode the radiographic phenotype","volume":"77","author":"van Griethuysen JJM","year":"2017","unstructured":"van Griethuysen JJM, Fedorov A, Parmar C,  Computational radiomics system to decode the radiographic phenotype. Cancer Res. 2017;77(21):e104\u2013e107."}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/143\/6\/article-p1477.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/143\/6\/article-p1477.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/143\/6\/article-p1477.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T14:31:33Z","timestamp":1772721093000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/143\/6\/article-p1477.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2025.5.jns243268","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085","1933-0693"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0693","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]}}}