{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T13:55:30Z","timestamp":1789048530769,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"abstract":"\n OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n This study investigates the potential of artificial intelligence (AI), specifically ChatGPT 4o, to revolutionize the readability of patient education materials in pediatric neurosurgery. The American Medical Association and the National Institutes of Health recommend that educational materials be written at a 3rd- to 7th-grade reading level for accessibility. However, existing resources often exceed this range, hindering comprehension for many patients.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS<\/jats:title>\n This study analyzed 38 patient education materials on hydrocephalus, spina bifida, tethered cord syndrome, cerebral palsy, Chiari malformation, and craniosynostosis from 7 top-ranked US children\u2019s hospitals. The Flesch-Kincaid grade level calculator was used to assess readability before and after AI modification.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n ChatGPT effectively reduced the mean reading level from 10.60 (SD 0.57) to 6.18 (SD 0.28; p < 0.05), achieving the target 6th-grade level across all conditions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n Despite some limitations in maintaining word count and precise grade-level control, the results demonstrate the promising potential of AI in significantly enhancing the accessibility of pediatric neurosurgical education materials, which may lead to more inclusive patient communication and understanding.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.5.peds25122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,27]],"date-time":"2025-09-27T03:21:04Z","timestamp":1758943264000},"page":"773-778","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Utilizing artificial intelligence to increase the readability of patient education materials in pediatric neurosurgery"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Yahya","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Shehaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loui","family":"Othman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elias","family":"Rizk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Ear Nose Throat J","article-title":"Utilizing artificial intelligence to increase the readability of patient education materials in pediatric otolaryngology","author":"Rothka AJ","unstructured":"Rothka AJ, Lorenz FJ, Hearn M, Utilizing artificial intelligence to increase the readability of patient education materials in pediatric otolaryngology. Ear Nose Throat J. Published online October 28, 2024. doi:10.1177\/01455613241289647"},{"issue":"9","key":"b2","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e10684","article-title":"Readability of online patient education materials for interventional pain procedures","volume":"12","author":"Kamath D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kamath D, Mcintyre S, Peskin E, Readability of online patient education materials for interventional pain procedures. Cureus. 2020;12(9):e10684."},{"issue":"6","key":"b3","series-title":"J Glaucoma","first-page":"438","article-title":"Readability of online patient education materials for glaucoma","volume":"31","author":"Cheng BT","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cheng BT, Kim AB, Tanna AP. Readability of online patient education materials for glaucoma. J Glaucoma. 2022;31(6):438-442."},{"issue":"2","key":"b4","series-title":"Arch Trauma Res","first-page":"e18161","article-title":"Readability of patient education materials on the American Association for Surgery of Trauma website","volume":"3","author":"Eltorai AE","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eltorai AE, Ghanian S, Adams CA Jr, Born CT, Daniels AH. Readability of patient education materials on the American Association for Surgery of Trauma website. Arch Trauma Res. 2014;3(2):e18161."},{"key":"b5","series-title":"US News & World Report","article-title":"Best children\u2019s hospitals 2024-2025 honor roll and overview","author":"Harder B","unstructured":"Harder B. Best children\u2019s hospitals 2024-2025 honor roll and overview. US News & World Report. October 8, 2024. 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