{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:04:47Z","timestamp":1791353087754,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Microvascular decompression (MVD) represents a milestone for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (TN). Nevertheless, several complications still occur and may negatively affect the outcome. The authors recently proposed a minimally invasive technique, including endoscopic assistance in instances of intraoperative hidden corners, with which they were able to achieve good results in terms of pain relief and minimize overall complication rates. The aim of this study was to verify the short- and long-term efficacy of the proposed refinement of the standard MVD technique in terms of pain relief and reduction of complication rates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors analyzed the surgical and outcome data of 154 consecutive patients with TN over a 10-year period. Outcome variables included pain relief, facial numbness, muscular atrophy, local cutaneous occipital and temporal pain or numbness, cerebellar injury, hearing loss, cranial nerve deficits, wound infection, CSF leakage, recurrences, and mortality rate. The overall complication rate was defined as the occurrence of any of the aforementioned items.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 154 consecutive patients were included in the study. Pain relief was achieved in 97.4% immediately after surgery, while 92.9%, 85.7%, and 83.1% of patients were pain free at the 1-year, 5-year, and last follow-up, respectively. The mean follow-up was 71.18 months (range 11\u2013120 months). The overall complication rate was 5.8%, but only 1.3% of patients experienced permanent neurological complications. The CSF leakage rate was 3.2%. Two patients (1.3%) developed complete hearing loss, and another patient developed mild temporary dysfunction of the eighth cranial nerve. One patient experienced postoperative ataxia but completely recovered in 1 month. No other complication or death was observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proposed minimally invasive refinement of the standard MVD technique has been shown to be effective in maintaining excellent results in terms of pain relief, in both the short and long term, while minimizing the overall complication rate associated with this surgical approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.6.focus25475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T12:16:25Z","timestamp":1756728985000},"page":"E14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Minimally invasive microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia: results and complication avoidance in a consecutive series of patients"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Francesco","family":"Tomasello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Humanitas Istituto Clinico Catanese, Catania;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano Salvatore","family":"Cardali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filippo Flavio","family":"Angileri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging Sciences, University of Messina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"La Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"b1","series-title":"Eur J Neurol","first-page":"831","article-title":"European Academy of Neurology guideline on trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"26","author":"Bendtsen L","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bendtsen L, Zakrzewska JM, Abbott J,  European Academy of Neurology guideline on trigeminal neuralgia. Eur J Neurol. 2019;26(6):831\u2013849."},{"issue":"3","key":"b2","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"243","article-title":"Various surgical modalities for trigeminal neuralgia: literature study of respective long-term outcomes","volume":"150","author":"Tatli M","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tatli M, Satici O, Kanpolat Y, Sindou M. Various surgical modalities for trigeminal neuralgia: literature study of respective long-term outcomes. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2008;150(3):243\u2013255."},{"issue":"3","key":"b3","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"849","article-title":"Long-term outcome of microvascular decompression for typical trigeminal neuralgia with autologous muscle: an analysis of 1025 patients from a developing country","volume":"141","author":"Ashraf M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ashraf M, Sajjad F, Hussain SS,  Long-term outcome of microvascular decompression for typical trigeminal neuralgia with autologous muscle: an analysis of 1025 patients from a developing country. J Neurosurg. 2024;141(3):849\u2013859."},{"issue":"4","key":"b4","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E23","article-title":"Long-term pain outcomes in elderly patients with trigeminal neuralgia: comparison of first-time microvascular decompression and stereotactic radiosurgery","volume":"49","author":"Raygor KP","year":"2020","unstructured":"Raygor KP, Lee AT, Nichols N,  Long-term pain outcomes in elderly patients with trigeminal neuralgia: comparison of first-time microvascular decompression and stereotactic radiosurgery. Neurosurg Focus. 2020;49(4):E23."},{"issue":"8","key":"b5","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e66724","article-title":"Outcomes of different surgical interventions for treating trigeminal neuralgia: a review","volume":"16","author":"McBenedict B","year":"2024","unstructured":"McBenedict B, Hauwanga WN, Yau MCY,  Outcomes of different surgical interventions for treating trigeminal neuralgia: a review. Cureus. 2024;16(8):e66724."},{"issue":"12","key":"b6","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"3321","article-title":"Microvascular decompression in trigeminal neuralgia: predictors of pain relief, complication avoidance, and lessons learned","volume":"163","author":"Herta J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Herta J, Schmied T, Loidl TB,  Microvascular decompression in trigeminal neuralgia: predictors of pain relief, complication avoidance, and lessons learned. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2021;163(12):3321\u20133336."},{"issue":"3","key":"b7","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"226","article-title":"A novel technical refinement of microvascular decompression: pain relief and complication rate in a consecutive series of patients with trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"19","author":"Tomasello F","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tomasello F, German\u00f2 A, Lavano A,  A novel technical refinement of microvascular decompression: pain relief and complication rate in a consecutive series of patients with trigeminal neuralgia. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2020;19(3):226\u2013233."},{"issue":"6","key":"b8","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1251","article-title":"Microvascular decompression surgery in the United States, 1996 to 2000: mortality rates, morbidity rates, and the effects of hospital and surgeon volumes","volume":"52","author":"Kalkanis SN","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kalkanis SN, Eskandar EN, Carter BS, Barker FG. Microvascular decompression surgery in the United States, 1996 to 2000: mortality rates, morbidity rates, and the effects of hospital and surgeon volumes. Neurosurgery. 2003;52(6):1251\u20131262."},{"issue":"5","key":"b9","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","first-page":"818","article-title":"Long term efficacy and patient satisfaction of microvascular decompression and gamma knife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"22","author":"Nanda A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nanda A, Javalkar V, Zhang S, Ahmed O. Long term efficacy and patient satisfaction of microvascular decompression and gamma knife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia. J Clin Neurosci. 2015;22(5):818\u2013822."},{"issue":"1","key":"b10","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1","article-title":"Microvascular decompression of cranial nerves: lessons learned after 4400 operations","volume":"90","author":"McLaughlin MR","year":"1999","unstructured":"McLaughlin MR, Jannetta PJ, Clyde BL, Subach BR, Comey CH, Resnick DK. Microvascular decompression of cranial nerves: lessons learned after 4400 operations. J Neurosurg. 1999;90(1):1\u20138."},{"issue":"6","key":"b11","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1144","article-title":"Microvascular decompression for primary trigeminal neuralgia: long-term effectiveness and prognostic factors in a series of 362 consecutive patients with clear-cut neurovascular conflicts who underwent pure decompression","volume":"107","author":"Sindou M","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sindou M, Leston J, Decullier E, Chapuis F. Microvascular decompression for primary trigeminal neuralgia: long-term effectiveness and prognostic factors in a series of 362 consecutive patients with clear-cut neurovascular conflicts who underwent pure decompression. J Neurosurg. 2007;107(6):1144\u20131153."},{"issue":"5-6","key":"b12","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"756","article-title":"The long-term outcome predictors of pure microvascular decompression for primary trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"79","author":"Zhang H","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang H, Lei D, You C, Mao BY, Wu B, Fang Y. The long-term outcome predictors of pure microvascular decompression for primary trigeminal neuralgia. World Neurosurg. 2013;79(5-6):756\u2013762."},{"issue":"1","key":"b13","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","first-page":"59","article-title":"Microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia: comments on a series of 250 cases, including 10 patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"68","author":"Broggi G","year":"2000","unstructured":"Broggi G, Ferroli P, Franzini A, Servello D, Dones I. Microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia: comments on a series of 250 cases, including 10 patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000;68(1):59\u201364."},{"issue":"17","key":"b14","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1077","article-title":"The long-term outcome of microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"334","author":"Barker FG","year":"1996","unstructured":"Barker FG, Jannetta PJ, Bissonette DJ, Larkins MV, Jho HD. The long-term outcome of microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(17):1077\u20131083."},{"issue":"7","key":"b15","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","first-page":"787","article-title":"Microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia: recurrences and complications","volume":"12","author":"Olson S","year":"2005","unstructured":"Olson S, Atkinson L, Weidmann M. Microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia: recurrences and complications. J Clin Neurosci. 2005;12(7):787\u2013789."},{"issue":"2","key":"b16","series-title":"Clin Neurosurg","first-page":"182","article-title":"Pain outcomes following microvascular decompression for drug-resistant trigeminal neuralgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"86","author":"Holste K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Holste K, Chan AY, Rolston JD, Englot DJ. Pain outcomes following microvascular decompression for drug-resistant trigeminal neuralgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Neurosurg. 2020;86(2):182\u2013190."},{"issue":"1","key":"b17","series-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"62","article-title":"Hearing loss following posterior fossa microvascular decompression: a systematic review","volume":"158","author":"Bartindale M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bartindale M, Kircher M, Adams W,  Hearing loss following posterior fossa microvascular decompression: a systematic review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2018;158(1):62\u201375."},{"key":"b18","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"26","article-title":"Microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia: technical refinement for complication avoidance","volume":"94","author":"Tomasello F","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tomasello F, Esposito F, Abbritti RV,  Microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia: technical refinement for complication avoidance. World Neurosurg. 2016;94:26\u201331."},{"key":"b19","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e340","article-title":"Retrosigmoid approach: investigating the role of a C-shaped skin incision and muscle flaps in improving functional outcome and reducing postoperative pain","volume":"111","author":"Chibbaro S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chibbaro S, Cebula H, Scibilia A,  Retrosigmoid approach: investigating the role of a C-shaped skin incision and muscle flaps in improving functional outcome and reducing postoperative pain. World Neurosurg. 2018;111:e340\u2013e347."},{"issue":"6","key":"b20","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1235","article-title":"Preservation of the lesser occipital nerve during microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm","volume":"107","author":"Fujimaki T","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fujimaki T, Son JH, Takanashi S,  Preservation of the lesser occipital nerve during microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm. J Neurosurg. 2007;107(6):1235\u20131237."},{"key":"b21","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e755","article-title":"Crutchlike incision along the mastoid groove and above the occipital artery protects the lesser occipital nerve and occipital artery in microvascular decompression surgery","volume":"120","author":"Chen F","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen F, Wen J, Li P,  Crutchlike incision along the mastoid groove and above the occipital artery protects the lesser occipital nerve and occipital artery in microvascular decompression surgery. World Neurosurg. 2018;120:e755\u2013e761."},{"issue":"3","key":"b22","series-title":"J Neurosurg Sci","first-page":"348","article-title":"A novel 3D anatomical visualization system to avoid injuries of nerves in retrosigmoid approach","volume":"68","author":"LA Torre D","year":"2024","unstructured":"LA Torre D, Della Torre A, German\u00f2 A,  A novel 3D anatomical visualization system to avoid injuries of nerves in retrosigmoid approach. J Neurosurg Sci. 2024;68(3):348\u2013357."},{"issue":"3","key":"b23","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"359","article-title":"Evaluation of microvascular decompression and partial sensory rhizotomy in 252 cases of trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"71","author":"Bederson JB","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bederson JB, Wilson CB. Evaluation of microvascular decompression and partial sensory rhizotomy in 252 cases of trigeminal neuralgia. J Neurosurg. 1989;71(3):359\u2013367."},{"issue":"1","key":"b24","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"172","article-title":"Operative strategies for minimizing hearing loss and other major complications associated with microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"74","author":"Bond AE","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bond AE, Zada G, Gonzalez AA, Hansen C, Giannotta SL. Operative strategies for minimizing hearing loss and other major complications associated with microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia. World Neurosurg. 2010;74(1):172\u2013177."},{"issue":"6","key":"b25","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1261","article-title":"Treatment of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia: comparison of long-term outcome after radiofrequency rhizotomy and microvascular decompression","volume":"48","author":"Tronnier VM","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tronnier VM, Rasche D, Hamer J, Kienle AL, Kunze S. Treatment of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia: comparison of long-term outcome after radiofrequency rhizotomy and microvascular decompression. Neurosurgery. 2001;48(6):1261\u20131268."},{"issue":"1","key":"b26","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"14","article-title":"Decompression of the posterior trigeminal root in trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"57","author":"Taarnh\u00f8j P","year":"1982","unstructured":"Taarnh\u00f8j P. Decompression of the posterior trigeminal root in trigeminal neuralgia. J Neurosurg. 1982;57(1):14\u201317."},{"issue":"12","key":"b27","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"3887","article-title":"Microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia: a single-center experience with 516 cases, including 32 patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"165","author":"Castelli N","year":"2023","unstructured":"Castelli N, Innocenti N, Ferroli P,  Microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia: a single-center experience with 516 cases, including 32 patients with multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2023;165(12):3887\u20133893."},{"issue":"3","key":"b28","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"527","article-title":"Predictors of outcome in surgically managed patients with typical and atypical trigeminal neuralgia: comparison of results following microvascular decompression","volume":"96","author":"Tyler-Kabara EC","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tyler-Kabara EC, Kassam AB, Horowitz MH,  Predictors of outcome in surgically managed patients with typical and atypical trigeminal neuralgia: comparison of results following microvascular decompression. J Neurosurg. 2002;96(3):527\u2013531."},{"issue":"4","key":"b29","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"830","article-title":"Operative findings and outcomes of microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia in 35 patients affected by multiple sclerosis","volume":"55","author":"Broggi G","year":"2004","unstructured":"Broggi G, Ferroli P, Franzini A,  Operative findings and outcomes of microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia in 35 patients affected by multiple sclerosis. Neurosurgery. 2004;55(4):830\u2013839."},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"738032","article-title":"Recurrence rates after microvascular decompression in patients with primary trigeminal neuralgia and its influencing factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on 8,172 surgery patients","volume":"12","author":"Chen F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen F, Niu Y, Meng F,  Recurrence rates after microvascular decompression in patients with primary trigeminal neuralgia and its influencing factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on 8,172 surgery patients. Front Neurol. 2021;12:738032."},{"key":"b31","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","first-page":"73","article-title":"Endoscopic microvascular decompression versus microscopic microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"117","author":"Chen L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen L, Shang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao Y. Endoscopic microvascular decompression versus microscopic microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Neurosci. 2023;117:73\u201378."},{"issue":"1","key":"b32","series-title":"Neurol Sci","first-page":"23","article-title":"Advanced age as a contraindication to microvascular decompression for drug-resistant trigeminal neuralgia: evidence of prejudice?","volume":"31","author":"Ferroli P","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ferroli P, Acerbi F, Tomei M, Tringali G, Franzini A, Broggi G. Advanced age as a contraindication to microvascular decompression for drug-resistant trigeminal neuralgia: evidence of prejudice?. Neurol Sci. 2010;31(1):23\u201328."},{"issue":"1","key":"b33","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"172","article-title":"Microvascular decompression for elderly patients with trigeminal neuralgia: a prospective study and systematic review with meta-analysis\u2014clinical article","volume":"114","author":"Sekula RF","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sekula RF, Frederickson AM, Jannetta PJ, Quigley MR, Aziz KM, Arnone GD. Microvascular decompression for elderly patients with trigeminal neuralgia: a prospective study and systematic review with meta-analysis\u2014clinical article. J Neurosurg. 2011;114(1):172\u2013179."},{"issue":"1","key":"b34","series-title":"BMC Surg","first-page":"20","article-title":"Microvascular decompression: a contemporary update","volume":"25","author":"Okon II","year":"2025","unstructured":"Okon II, Menon SS, Osama M,  Microvascular decompression: a contemporary update. BMC Surg. 2025;25(1):20."},{"issue":"1","key":"b35","series-title":"Turk Neurosurg","first-page":"88","article-title":"Long-term therapeutic effect of microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia: Kaplan-Meier analysis in a consecutive series of 425 patients","volume":"28","author":"Wei Y","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wei Y, Pu C, Li N, Cai Y, Shang H, Zhao W. Long-term therapeutic effect of microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia: Kaplan-Meier analysis in a consecutive series of 425 patients. Turk Neurosurg. 2018;28(1):88\u201393."},{"issue":"2","key":"b36","series-title":"Skull Base","first-page":"77","article-title":"Technical modifications of suboccipital craniectomy for prevention of postoperative headache","volume":"14","author":"Silverman DA","year":"2004","unstructured":"Silverman DA, Hughes GB, Kinney SE, Lee JH. Technical modifications of suboccipital craniectomy for prevention of postoperative headache. Skull Base. 2004;14(2):77\u201384."},{"key":"b37","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"422","article-title":"Veins of the cerebellopontine angle and specific complications of sacrifice, with special emphasis on microvascular decompression surgery","volume":"117","author":"Dumot C","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dumot C, Sindou M. Veins of the cerebellopontine angle and specific complications of sacrifice, with special emphasis on microvascular decompression surgery. A review. World Neurosurg. 2018;117:422\u2013432."},{"issue":"1","key":"b38","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E3","article-title":"Safety profile of superior petrosal vein (the vein of Dandy) sacrifice in neurosurgical procedures: a systematic review","volume":"45","author":"Narayan V","year":"2018","unstructured":"Narayan V, Savardekar AR, Patra DP,  Safety profile of superior petrosal vein (the vein of Dandy) sacrifice in neurosurgical procedures: a systematic review. Neurosurg Focus. 2018;45(1):E3\u2013E14."},{"issue":"6","key":"b1","series-title":"Eur J Neurol","first-page":"831","article-title":"European Academy of Neurology guideline on trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"26","author":"Bendtsen L","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bendtsen L, Zakrzewska JM, Abbott J,  European Academy of Neurology guideline on trigeminal neuralgia. Eur J Neurol. 2019;26(6):831\u2013849."},{"issue":"3","key":"b2","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"243","article-title":"Various surgical modalities for trigeminal neuralgia: literature study of respective long-term outcomes","volume":"150","author":"Tatli M","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tatli M, Satici O, Kanpolat Y, Sindou M. Various surgical modalities for trigeminal neuralgia: literature study of respective long-term outcomes. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2008;150(3):243\u2013255."},{"issue":"3","key":"b3","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"849","article-title":"Long-term outcome of microvascular decompression for typical trigeminal neuralgia with autologous muscle: an analysis of 1025 patients from a developing country","volume":"141","author":"Ashraf M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ashraf M, Sajjad F, Hussain SS,  Long-term outcome of microvascular decompression for typical trigeminal neuralgia with autologous muscle: an analysis of 1025 patients from a developing country. J Neurosurg. 2024;141(3):849\u2013859."},{"issue":"4","key":"b4","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E23","article-title":"Long-term pain outcomes in elderly patients with trigeminal neuralgia: comparison of first-time microvascular decompression and stereotactic radiosurgery","volume":"49","author":"Raygor KP","year":"2020","unstructured":"Raygor KP, Lee AT, Nichols N,  Long-term pain outcomes in elderly patients with trigeminal neuralgia: comparison of first-time microvascular decompression and stereotactic radiosurgery. Neurosurg Focus. 2020;49(4):E23."},{"issue":"8","key":"b5","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e66724","article-title":"Outcomes of different surgical interventions for treating trigeminal neuralgia: a review","volume":"16","author":"McBenedict B","year":"2024","unstructured":"McBenedict B, Hauwanga WN, Yau MCY,  Outcomes of different surgical interventions for treating trigeminal neuralgia: a review. Cureus. 2024;16(8):e66724."},{"issue":"12","key":"b6","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"3321","article-title":"Microvascular decompression in trigeminal neuralgia: predictors of pain relief, complication avoidance, and lessons learned","volume":"163","author":"Herta J","year":"2021","unstructured":"Herta J, Schmied T, Loidl TB,  Microvascular decompression in trigeminal neuralgia: predictors of pain relief, complication avoidance, and lessons learned. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2021;163(12):3321\u20133336."},{"issue":"3","key":"b7","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"226","article-title":"A novel technical refinement of microvascular decompression: pain relief and complication rate in a consecutive series of patients with trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"19","author":"Tomasello F","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tomasello F, German\u00f2 A, Lavano A,  A novel technical refinement of microvascular decompression: pain relief and complication rate in a consecutive series of patients with trigeminal neuralgia. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2020;19(3):226\u2013233."},{"issue":"6","key":"b8","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1251","article-title":"Microvascular decompression surgery in the United States, 1996 to 2000: mortality rates, morbidity rates, and the effects of hospital and surgeon volumes","volume":"52","author":"Kalkanis SN","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kalkanis SN, Eskandar EN, Carter BS, Barker FG. Microvascular decompression surgery in the United States, 1996 to 2000: mortality rates, morbidity rates, and the effects of hospital and surgeon volumes. Neurosurgery. 2003;52(6):1251\u20131262."},{"issue":"5","key":"b9","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","first-page":"818","article-title":"Long term efficacy and patient satisfaction of microvascular decompression and gamma knife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"22","author":"Nanda A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nanda A, Javalkar V, Zhang S, Ahmed O. Long term efficacy and patient satisfaction of microvascular decompression and gamma knife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia. J Clin Neurosci. 2015;22(5):818\u2013822."},{"issue":"1","key":"b10","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1","article-title":"Microvascular decompression of cranial nerves: lessons learned after 4400 operations","volume":"90","author":"McLaughlin MR","year":"1999","unstructured":"McLaughlin MR, Jannetta PJ, Clyde BL, Subach BR, Comey CH, Resnick DK. Microvascular decompression of cranial nerves: lessons learned after 4400 operations. J Neurosurg. 1999;90(1):1\u20138."},{"issue":"6","key":"b11","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1144","article-title":"Microvascular decompression for primary trigeminal neuralgia: long-term effectiveness and prognostic factors in a series of 362 consecutive patients with clear-cut neurovascular conflicts who underwent pure decompression","volume":"107","author":"Sindou M","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sindou M, Leston J, Decullier E, Chapuis F. Microvascular decompression for primary trigeminal neuralgia: long-term effectiveness and prognostic factors in a series of 362 consecutive patients with clear-cut neurovascular conflicts who underwent pure decompression. J Neurosurg. 2007;107(6):1144\u20131153."},{"issue":"5-6","key":"b12","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"756","article-title":"The long-term outcome predictors of pure microvascular decompression for primary trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"79","author":"Zhang H","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhang H, Lei D, You C, Mao BY, Wu B, Fang Y. The long-term outcome predictors of pure microvascular decompression for primary trigeminal neuralgia. World Neurosurg. 2013;79(5-6):756\u2013762."},{"issue":"1","key":"b13","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","first-page":"59","article-title":"Microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia: comments on a series of 250 cases, including 10 patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"68","author":"Broggi G","year":"2000","unstructured":"Broggi G, Ferroli P, Franzini A, Servello D, Dones I. Microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia: comments on a series of 250 cases, including 10 patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2000;68(1):59\u201364."},{"issue":"17","key":"b14","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1077","article-title":"The long-term outcome of microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"334","author":"Barker FG","year":"1996","unstructured":"Barker FG, Jannetta PJ, Bissonette DJ, Larkins MV, Jho HD. The long-term outcome of microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(17):1077\u20131083."},{"issue":"7","key":"b15","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","first-page":"787","article-title":"Microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia: recurrences and complications","volume":"12","author":"Olson S","year":"2005","unstructured":"Olson S, Atkinson L, Weidmann M. Microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia: recurrences and complications. J Clin Neurosci. 2005;12(7):787\u2013789."},{"issue":"2","key":"b16","series-title":"Clin Neurosurg","first-page":"182","article-title":"Pain outcomes following microvascular decompression for drug-resistant trigeminal neuralgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"86","author":"Holste K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Holste K, Chan AY, Rolston JD, Englot DJ. Pain outcomes following microvascular decompression for drug-resistant trigeminal neuralgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Neurosurg. 2020;86(2):182\u2013190."},{"issue":"1","key":"b17","series-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"62","article-title":"Hearing loss following posterior fossa microvascular decompression: a systematic review","volume":"158","author":"Bartindale M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bartindale M, Kircher M, Adams W,  Hearing loss following posterior fossa microvascular decompression: a systematic review. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2018;158(1):62\u201375."},{"key":"b18","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"26","article-title":"Microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia: technical refinement for complication avoidance","volume":"94","author":"Tomasello F","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tomasello F, Esposito F, Abbritti RV,  Microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia: technical refinement for complication avoidance. World Neurosurg. 2016;94:26\u201331."},{"key":"b19","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e340","article-title":"Retrosigmoid approach: investigating the role of a C-shaped skin incision and muscle flaps in improving functional outcome and reducing postoperative pain","volume":"111","author":"Chibbaro S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chibbaro S, Cebula H, Scibilia A,  Retrosigmoid approach: investigating the role of a C-shaped skin incision and muscle flaps in improving functional outcome and reducing postoperative pain. World Neurosurg. 2018;111:e340\u2013e347."},{"issue":"6","key":"b20","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1235","article-title":"Preservation of the lesser occipital nerve during microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm","volume":"107","author":"Fujimaki T","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fujimaki T, Son JH, Takanashi S,  Preservation of the lesser occipital nerve during microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm. J Neurosurg. 2007;107(6):1235\u20131237."},{"key":"b21","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e755","article-title":"Crutchlike incision along the mastoid groove and above the occipital artery protects the lesser occipital nerve and occipital artery in microvascular decompression surgery","volume":"120","author":"Chen F","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen F, Wen J, Li P,  Crutchlike incision along the mastoid groove and above the occipital artery protects the lesser occipital nerve and occipital artery in microvascular decompression surgery. World Neurosurg. 2018;120:e755\u2013e761."},{"issue":"3","key":"b22","series-title":"J Neurosurg Sci","first-page":"348","article-title":"A novel 3D anatomical visualization system to avoid injuries of nerves in retrosigmoid approach","volume":"68","author":"LA Torre D","year":"2024","unstructured":"LA Torre D, Della Torre A, German\u00f2 A,  A novel 3D anatomical visualization system to avoid injuries of nerves in retrosigmoid approach. J Neurosurg Sci. 2024;68(3):348\u2013357."},{"issue":"3","key":"b23","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"359","article-title":"Evaluation of microvascular decompression and partial sensory rhizotomy in 252 cases of trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"71","author":"Bederson JB","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bederson JB, Wilson CB. Evaluation of microvascular decompression and partial sensory rhizotomy in 252 cases of trigeminal neuralgia. J Neurosurg. 1989;71(3):359\u2013367."},{"issue":"1","key":"b24","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"172","article-title":"Operative strategies for minimizing hearing loss and other major complications associated with microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"74","author":"Bond AE","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bond AE, Zada G, Gonzalez AA, Hansen C, Giannotta SL. Operative strategies for minimizing hearing loss and other major complications associated with microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia. World Neurosurg. 2010;74(1):172\u2013177."},{"issue":"6","key":"b25","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1261","article-title":"Treatment of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia: comparison of long-term outcome after radiofrequency rhizotomy and microvascular decompression","volume":"48","author":"Tronnier VM","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tronnier VM, Rasche D, Hamer J, Kienle AL, Kunze S. Treatment of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia: comparison of long-term outcome after radiofrequency rhizotomy and microvascular decompression. Neurosurgery. 2001;48(6):1261\u20131268."},{"issue":"1","key":"b26","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"14","article-title":"Decompression of the posterior trigeminal root in trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"57","author":"Taarnh\u00f8j P","year":"1982","unstructured":"Taarnh\u00f8j P. Decompression of the posterior trigeminal root in trigeminal neuralgia. J Neurosurg. 1982;57(1):14\u201317."},{"issue":"12","key":"b27","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"3887","article-title":"Microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia: a single-center experience with 516 cases, including 32 patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"165","author":"Castelli N","year":"2023","unstructured":"Castelli N, Innocenti N, Ferroli P,  Microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia: a single-center experience with 516 cases, including 32 patients with multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2023;165(12):3887\u20133893."},{"issue":"3","key":"b28","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"527","article-title":"Predictors of outcome in surgically managed patients with typical and atypical trigeminal neuralgia: comparison of results following microvascular decompression","volume":"96","author":"Tyler-Kabara EC","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tyler-Kabara EC, Kassam AB, Horowitz MH,  Predictors of outcome in surgically managed patients with typical and atypical trigeminal neuralgia: comparison of results following microvascular decompression. J Neurosurg. 2002;96(3):527\u2013531."},{"issue":"4","key":"b29","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"830","article-title":"Operative findings and outcomes of microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia in 35 patients affected by multiple sclerosis","volume":"55","author":"Broggi G","year":"2004","unstructured":"Broggi G, Ferroli P, Franzini A,  Operative findings and outcomes of microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia in 35 patients affected by multiple sclerosis. Neurosurgery. 2004;55(4):830\u2013839."},{"key":"b30","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"738032","article-title":"Recurrence rates after microvascular decompression in patients with primary trigeminal neuralgia and its influencing factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on 8,172 surgery patients","volume":"12","author":"Chen F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen F, Niu Y, Meng F,  Recurrence rates after microvascular decompression in patients with primary trigeminal neuralgia and its influencing factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on 8,172 surgery patients. Front Neurol. 2021;12:738032."},{"key":"b31","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","first-page":"73","article-title":"Endoscopic microvascular decompression versus microscopic microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"117","author":"Chen L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen L, Shang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao Y. Endoscopic microvascular decompression versus microscopic microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Neurosci. 2023;117:73\u201378."},{"issue":"1","key":"b32","series-title":"Neurol Sci","first-page":"23","article-title":"Advanced age as a contraindication to microvascular decompression for drug-resistant trigeminal neuralgia: evidence of prejudice?","volume":"31","author":"Ferroli P","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ferroli P, Acerbi F, Tomei M, Tringali G, Franzini A, Broggi G. Advanced age as a contraindication to microvascular decompression for drug-resistant trigeminal neuralgia: evidence of prejudice?. Neurol Sci. 2010;31(1):23\u201328."},{"issue":"1","key":"b33","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"172","article-title":"Microvascular decompression for elderly patients with trigeminal neuralgia: a prospective study and systematic review with meta-analysis\u2014clinical article","volume":"114","author":"Sekula RF","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sekula RF, Frederickson AM, Jannetta PJ, Quigley MR, Aziz KM, Arnone GD. Microvascular decompression for elderly patients with trigeminal neuralgia: a prospective study and systematic review with meta-analysis\u2014clinical article. J Neurosurg. 2011;114(1):172\u2013179."},{"issue":"1","key":"b34","series-title":"BMC Surg","first-page":"20","article-title":"Microvascular decompression: a contemporary update","volume":"25","author":"Okon II","year":"2025","unstructured":"Okon II, Menon SS, Osama M,  Microvascular decompression: a contemporary update. BMC Surg. 2025;25(1):20."},{"issue":"1","key":"b35","series-title":"Turk Neurosurg","first-page":"88","article-title":"Long-term therapeutic effect of microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia: Kaplan-Meier analysis in a consecutive series of 425 patients","volume":"28","author":"Wei Y","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wei Y, Pu C, Li N, Cai Y, Shang H, Zhao W. Long-term therapeutic effect of microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia: Kaplan-Meier analysis in a consecutive series of 425 patients. Turk Neurosurg. 2018;28(1):88\u201393."},{"issue":"2","key":"b36","series-title":"Skull Base","first-page":"77","article-title":"Technical modifications of suboccipital craniectomy for prevention of postoperative headache","volume":"14","author":"Silverman DA","year":"2004","unstructured":"Silverman DA, Hughes GB, Kinney SE, Lee JH. Technical modifications of suboccipital craniectomy for prevention of postoperative headache. Skull Base. 2004;14(2):77\u201384."},{"key":"b37","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"422","article-title":"Veins of the cerebellopontine angle and specific complications of sacrifice, with special emphasis on microvascular decompression surgery","volume":"117","author":"Dumot C","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dumot C, Sindou M. Veins of the cerebellopontine angle and specific complications of sacrifice, with special emphasis on microvascular decompression surgery. A review. World Neurosurg. 2018;117:422\u2013432."},{"issue":"1","key":"b38","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E3","article-title":"Safety profile of superior petrosal vein (the vein of Dandy) sacrifice in neurosurgical procedures: a systematic review","volume":"45","author":"Narayan V","year":"2018","unstructured":"Narayan V, Savardekar AR, Patra DP,  Safety profile of superior petrosal vein (the vein of Dandy) sacrifice in neurosurgical procedures: a systematic review. Neurosurg Focus. 2018;45(1):E3\u2013E14."}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Focus"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/59\/3\/article-pE14.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/59\/3\/article-pE14.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/59\/3\/article-pE14.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T08:17:27Z","timestamp":1780129047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/59\/3\/article-pE14.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2025.6.focus25475","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-0684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-0684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]}}}