{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T15:28:22Z","timestamp":1772724502365,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lesions of the cerebellopontine angle (CPA) and petroclival region represent a challenging surgical target due to the complex anatomy of the involved neurovascular structures. In this scenario, cranial nerve (CN) VI is particularly exposed to potential injuries due to its deep-seated location and absence of a bony foramen that serves as a reference of its most distal cisternal point, especially when it is encased or displaced by large lesions. This study aimed to provide reliable operative guidance for preventing injuries to CN VI during the retrosigmoid approach to address CPA and petrotentorial lesions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four formalin-fixed, latex-injected anatomical specimens were dissected to highlight and investigate the relevant anatomy of the CPA and petroclival region during the retrosigmoid approach. Additionally, 50 sides of noninjected formalin-fixed specimens were dissected for morphometric evaluation. Correlations between the petrotentorial junction (PTJ), porus acusticus (PA), and trigeminal impression (TI) with the entry point of CN VI into Dorello\u2019s canal were evaluated. An illustrative clinical case and a 3D anatomical model generated through the photogrammetry scanning technique were described.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the sagittal plane, CN VI entrance into Dorello\u2019s canal was found in a trajectory parallel to the PTJ, passing through the inferior aspect of the PA and 21.5 \u00b1 1.3 mm anteriorly. In the coronal plane, the entry point of CN VI into Dorello\u2019s canal was estimated at 6.2 \u00b1 1.2 mm from the anterior edge of the TI in a trajectory perpendicular to the PTJ in 47 (81%) specimens.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The obtained results demonstrated two surgical strategies to locate Dorello\u2019s canal within the retrosigmoid route: 1) approximately 20 mm anterior along the inferior edge of the PA parallel to the PTJ; and 2) approximately 6 mm inferior to the anterior edge of the TI, perpendicular to the PTJ. The defined operative strategies provide reliable anatomical guidance to locate the entrance of CN VI into Dorello\u2019s canal within the retrosigmoid route, potentially reducing the risk of abducens nerve palsy and improving patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.6.jns25604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T01:47:06Z","timestamp":1763776026000},"page":"369-378","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["When the tumor encases or displaces the abducens nerve: anatomically based strategies to prevent its injury in the retrosigmoid route"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"144","author":[{"given":"Fabio","family":"Torregrossa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"},{"name":"Rhoton Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology Surgical Anatomy Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"},{"name":"Neurosurgical Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Italy;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amedeo","family":"Piazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"},{"name":"Rhoton Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology Surgical Anatomy Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"},{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Shinya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"De Bonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"},{"name":"Rhoton Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology Surgical Anatomy Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Gamma Knife Radiosurgery, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luciano","family":"Leonel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"},{"name":"Rhoton Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology Surgical Anatomy Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Anatomy, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Graepel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"},{"name":"Department of Education, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Grasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgical Unit, Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (BiND), University of Palermo, Italy;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Lanzino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Link","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"},{"name":"Rhoton Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology Surgical Anatomy Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Peris Celda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"},{"name":"Rhoton Neurosurgery and Otolaryngology Surgical Anatomy Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota;"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Anatomy, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota;"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"b1","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"135","article-title":"Trigeminal microvascular decompression and Meckel\u2019s cave tumor resection via retrosigmoid approach with suprameatal extension: 2-dimensional operative video","volume":"28","author":"Torregrossa F","year":"2025","unstructured":"Torregrossa F, de Bonis A, Saez-Alegre M,  Trigeminal microvascular decompression and Meckel\u2019s cave tumor resection via retrosigmoid approach with suprameatal extension: 2-dimensional operative video. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2025;28(1):135\u2013136."},{"issue":"1","key":"b2","series-title":"Asian J Neurosurg","first-page":"188","article-title":"The retrosigmoid approach: workhorse for petroclival meningioma surgery","volume":"14","author":"Singh N","year":"2019","unstructured":"Singh N, Singh DK, Ahmad F, Kumar R. The retrosigmoid approach: workhorse for petroclival meningioma surgery. Asian J Neurosurg. 2019;14(1):188\u2013192."},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Brain Spine","first-page":"102909","article-title":"Functional outcomes after retrosigmoid approach to the cerebellopontine angle: observations from a single-center experience of over 13 years","volume":"4","author":"Aftahy AK","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aftahy AK, Goldberg M, Butenschoen VM, Wagner A, Meyer B, Negwer C. Functional outcomes after retrosigmoid approach to the cerebellopontine angle: observations from a single-center experience of over 13 years. Brain Spine. 2024;4:102909."},{"issue":"8","key":"b4","series-title":"Clin Anat","first-page":"1030","article-title":"Microsurgical anatomy of the abducens nerve","volume":"25","author":"Joo W","year":"2012","unstructured":"Joo W, Yoshioka F, Funaki T, Rhoton AL Jr. Microsurgical anatomy of the abducens nerve. Clin Anat. 2012;25(8):1030\u20131042."},{"issue":"3","key":"b5","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"357","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of the retrosigmoid approach with transtentorial extension: protecting the 4th cranial nerve","volume":"27","author":"Nizzola M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nizzola M, Pompeo E, Torregrossa F,  Surgical anatomy of the retrosigmoid approach with transtentorial extension: protecting the 4th cranial nerve. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2024;27(3):357\u2013364."},{"key":"b6","series-title":"J Neurol Surg B Skull Base","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of the retrosigmoid approach with endoscopic-assisted reverse anterior petrosectomy: optimizing Meckel\u2019s cave access from the posterior fossa","author":"De Bonis A","unstructured":"De Bonis A, Torregrossa F, Dang DD,  Surgical anatomy of the retrosigmoid approach with endoscopic-assisted reverse anterior petrosectomy: optimizing Meckel\u2019s cave access from the posterior fossa. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. Published online December 2, 2024. doi:10.1055\/a-2461-5608"},{"issue":"3","key":"b7","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"251","article-title":"Postoperative complications and neurological deficits after petroclival region meningioma resection: a case series","volume":"25","author":"Nguyen MP","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nguyen MP, Morshed RA, Cheung SW, Theodosopoulos PV, McDermott MW. Postoperative complications and neurological deficits after petroclival region meningioma resection: a case series. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2023;25(3):251\u2013259."},{"issue":"1","key":"b8","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"40","article-title":"True petroclival meningiomas: results of surgical management","volume":"120","author":"Almefty R","year":"2014","unstructured":"Almefty R, Dunn IF, Pravdenkova S, Abolfotoh M, Al-Mefty O. True petroclival meningiomas: results of surgical management. J Neurosurg. 2014;120(1):40\u201351."},{"issue":"2-3","key":"b9","series-title":"Neurochirurgie","first-page":"55","article-title":"Long term surgical results of 154 petroclival meningiomas: a retrospective multicenter study","volume":"65","author":"Bernard F","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bernard F, Troude L, Isnard S,  Long term surgical results of 154 petroclival meningiomas: a retrospective multicenter study. Neurochirurgie. 2019;65(2-3):55\u201362."},{"issue":"1","key":"b10","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"144","article-title":"Avoiding injury to the abducens nerve during expanded endonasal endoscopic surgery: anatomic and clinical case studies","volume":"67","author":"Barges-Coll J","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barges-Coll J, Fernandez-Miranda JC, Prevedello DM,  Avoiding injury to the abducens nerve during expanded endonasal endoscopic surgery: anatomic and clinical case studies. Neurosurgery. 2010;67(1):144\u2013154."},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"b11","series-title":"J Neurol Surg B Skull Base","first-page":"e248","article-title":"Foundations of advanced neuroanatomy: technical guidelines for specimen preparation, dissection, and 3D-photodocumentation in a surgical anatomy laboratory","volume":"82","author":"Leonel LCP","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leonel LCP, Carlstrom LP, Graffeo CS,  Foundations of advanced neuroanatomy: technical guidelines for specimen preparation, dissection, and 3D-photodocumentation in a surgical anatomy laboratory. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2021;82(Suppl 3):e248-e258."},{"issue":"3","key":"b12","series-title":"J Neurol Surg B Skull Base","first-page":"321","article-title":"Anatomical step-by-step dissection of complex skull base approaches for trainees: surgical anatomy of the retrosigmoid approach","volume":"82","author":"Graffeo CS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Graffeo CS, Peris-Celda M, Perry A, Carlstrom LP, Driscoll CLW, Link MJ. Anatomical step-by-step dissection of complex skull base approaches for trainees: surgical anatomy of the retrosigmoid approach. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2021;82(3):321\u2013332."},{"issue":"1","key":"b13","series-title":"Anat Sci Educ","first-page":"39","article-title":"Projection of realistic three-dimensional photogrammetry models using stereoscopic display: a technical note","volume":"17","author":"Oliveira ASB","year":"2024","unstructured":"Oliveira ASB, Leonel LCPC, LaHood ER,  Projection of realistic three-dimensional photogrammetry models using stereoscopic display: a technical note. Anat Sci Educ. 2024;17(1):39\u201346."},{"issue":"3","key":"b14","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"768","article-title":"A system of anatomical triangles defining dissection routes to brainstem cavernous malformations: definitions and application to a cohort of 183 patients","volume":"138","author":"Benner D","year":"2023","unstructured":"Benner D, Hendricks BK, Benet A,  A system of anatomical triangles defining dissection routes to brainstem cavernous malformations: definitions and application to a cohort of 183 patients. J Neurosurg. 2023;138(3):768\u2013784."},{"issue":"3","key":"b15","series-title":"Skull Base","first-page":"139","article-title":"Acousticofacial-glossopharyngeal triangle: an anatomic model for rapid surgical orientation","volume":"20","author":"Surek CC","year":"2010","unstructured":"Surek CC, Van Ess M, Stephens R. Acousticofacial-glossopharyngeal triangle: an anatomic model for rapid surgical orientation. Skull Base. 2010;20(3):139\u2013142."},{"issue":"3","key":"b16","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"242","article-title":"The glossopharyngo-cochlear triangle\u2014part I: quantitative anatomic analysis of high-riding posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysms exposed through the extended retrosigmoid approach","volume":"20","author":"Zhao X","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao X, Tayebi Meybodi A, Naeem K,  The glossopharyngo-cochlear triangle\u2014part I: quantitative anatomic analysis of high-riding posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysms exposed through the extended retrosigmoid approach. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2021;20(3):242\u2013251."},{"issue":"3","key":"b17","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"808","article-title":"Anatomoradiological comparison between the minipterional and supraorbital eyebrow approaches to the interpeduncular region","volume":"142","author":"Torregrossa F","year":"2025","unstructured":"Torregrossa F, De Bonis A, Nizzola M,  Anatomoradiological comparison between the minipterional and supraorbital eyebrow approaches to the interpeduncular region. J Neurosurg. 2025;142(3):808\u2013818."},{"key":"b18","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"321","article-title":"Innovations in the art of microneurosurgery for reaching deep-seated cerebral lesions","volume":"131","author":"Tomlinson SB","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tomlinson SB, Hendricks BK, Torregrossa F, Grasso G, Cohen-Gadol AA. Innovations in the art of microneurosurgery for reaching deep-seated cerebral lesions. World Neurosurg. 2019;131:321\u2013327."},{"issue":"2","key":"b19","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"E83","article-title":"Microsurgical anatomy of the inferior petroclival vein and its relation to surrounding structures: a cadaveric and radiological study","volume":"21","author":"Matsuo S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Matsuo S, Komune N, Amano T, Nakamizo A. Microsurgical anatomy of the inferior petroclival vein and its relation to surrounding structures: a cadaveric and radiological study. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2021;21(2):E83\u2013E88."},{"issue":"341 Pt 2","key":"b20","series-title":"Morphologie","first-page":"103","article-title":"Variations of the 6th cranial nerve (nervus abducens) in the petroclival region: a microsurgical study","volume":"103","author":"Ipsalali HO","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ipsalali HO, Ciftci AC, Kilic D,  Variations of the 6th cranial nerve (nervus abducens) in the petroclival region: a microsurgical study. Morphologie. 2019;103(341 Pt 2):103\u2013109."},{"issue":"4","key":"b21","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"829","article-title":"Meningovenous structures of the petroclival region: clinical importance for surgery and intravascular surgery","volume":"50","author":"Ozveren MF","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ozveren MF, Uchida K, Aiso S, Kawase T. Meningovenous structures of the petroclival region: clinical importance for surgery and intravascular surgery. Neurosurgery. 2002;50(4):829\u2013837."},{"issue":"4","key":"b22","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"860","article-title":"Functional outcome after complete surgical removal of giant vestibular schwannomas","volume":"112","author":"Samii M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Samii M, Gerganov VM, Samii A. Functional outcome after complete surgical removal of giant vestibular schwannomas. J Neurosurg. 2010;112(4):860\u2013867."},{"issue":"9","key":"b23","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"2135","article-title":"Petroclival meningiomas: the risk of post-operative cranial nerve deficits among different surgical approaches-a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"162","author":"Di Carlo DT","year":"2020","unstructured":"Di Carlo DT, Capo G, Fava A,  Petroclival meningiomas: the risk of post-operative cranial nerve deficits among different surgical approaches-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2020;162(9):2135\u20132143."},{"issue":"1","key":"b1","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"135","article-title":"Trigeminal microvascular decompression and Meckel\u2019s cave tumor resection via retrosigmoid approach with suprameatal extension: 2-dimensional operative video","volume":"28","author":"Torregrossa F","year":"2025","unstructured":"Torregrossa F, de Bonis A, Saez-Alegre M,  Trigeminal microvascular decompression and Meckel\u2019s cave tumor resection via retrosigmoid approach with suprameatal extension: 2-dimensional operative video. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2025;28(1):135\u2013136."},{"issue":"1","key":"b2","series-title":"Asian J Neurosurg","first-page":"188","article-title":"The retrosigmoid approach: workhorse for petroclival meningioma surgery","volume":"14","author":"Singh N","year":"2019","unstructured":"Singh N, Singh DK, Ahmad F, Kumar R. The retrosigmoid approach: workhorse for petroclival meningioma surgery. Asian J Neurosurg. 2019;14(1):188\u2013192."},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Brain Spine","first-page":"102909","article-title":"Functional outcomes after retrosigmoid approach to the cerebellopontine angle: observations from a single-center experience of over 13 years","volume":"4","author":"Aftahy AK","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aftahy AK, Goldberg M, Butenschoen VM, Wagner A, Meyer B, Negwer C. Functional outcomes after retrosigmoid approach to the cerebellopontine angle: observations from a single-center experience of over 13 years. Brain Spine. 2024;4:102909."},{"issue":"8","key":"b4","series-title":"Clin Anat","first-page":"1030","article-title":"Microsurgical anatomy of the abducens nerve","volume":"25","author":"Joo W","year":"2012","unstructured":"Joo W, Yoshioka F, Funaki T, Rhoton AL Jr. Microsurgical anatomy of the abducens nerve. Clin Anat. 2012;25(8):1030\u20131042."},{"issue":"3","key":"b5","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"357","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of the retrosigmoid approach with transtentorial extension: protecting the 4th cranial nerve","volume":"27","author":"Nizzola M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nizzola M, Pompeo E, Torregrossa F,  Surgical anatomy of the retrosigmoid approach with transtentorial extension: protecting the 4th cranial nerve. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2024;27(3):357\u2013364."},{"key":"b6","series-title":"J Neurol Surg B Skull Base","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of the retrosigmoid approach with endoscopic-assisted reverse anterior petrosectomy: optimizing Meckel\u2019s cave access from the posterior fossa","author":"De Bonis A","unstructured":"De Bonis A, Torregrossa F, Dang DD,  Surgical anatomy of the retrosigmoid approach with endoscopic-assisted reverse anterior petrosectomy: optimizing Meckel\u2019s cave access from the posterior fossa. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. Published online December 2, 2024. doi:10.1055\/a-2461-5608"},{"issue":"3","key":"b7","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"251","article-title":"Postoperative complications and neurological deficits after petroclival region meningioma resection: a case series","volume":"25","author":"Nguyen MP","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nguyen MP, Morshed RA, Cheung SW, Theodosopoulos PV, McDermott MW. Postoperative complications and neurological deficits after petroclival region meningioma resection: a case series. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2023;25(3):251\u2013259."},{"issue":"1","key":"b8","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"40","article-title":"True petroclival meningiomas: results of surgical management","volume":"120","author":"Almefty R","year":"2014","unstructured":"Almefty R, Dunn IF, Pravdenkova S, Abolfotoh M, Al-Mefty O. True petroclival meningiomas: results of surgical management. J Neurosurg. 2014;120(1):40\u201351."},{"issue":"2-3","key":"b9","series-title":"Neurochirurgie","first-page":"55","article-title":"Long term surgical results of 154 petroclival meningiomas: a retrospective multicenter study","volume":"65","author":"Bernard F","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bernard F, Troude L, Isnard S,  Long term surgical results of 154 petroclival meningiomas: a retrospective multicenter study. Neurochirurgie. 2019;65(2-3):55\u201362."},{"issue":"1","key":"b10","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"144","article-title":"Avoiding injury to the abducens nerve during expanded endonasal endoscopic surgery: anatomic and clinical case studies","volume":"67","author":"Barges-Coll J","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barges-Coll J, Fernandez-Miranda JC, Prevedello DM,  Avoiding injury to the abducens nerve during expanded endonasal endoscopic surgery: anatomic and clinical case studies. Neurosurgery. 2010;67(1):144\u2013154."},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"b11","series-title":"J Neurol Surg B Skull Base","first-page":"e248","article-title":"Foundations of advanced neuroanatomy: technical guidelines for specimen preparation, dissection, and 3D-photodocumentation in a surgical anatomy laboratory","volume":"82","author":"Leonel LCP","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leonel LCP, Carlstrom LP, Graffeo CS,  Foundations of advanced neuroanatomy: technical guidelines for specimen preparation, dissection, and 3D-photodocumentation in a surgical anatomy laboratory. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2021;82(Suppl 3):e248-e258."},{"issue":"3","key":"b12","series-title":"J Neurol Surg B Skull Base","first-page":"321","article-title":"Anatomical step-by-step dissection of complex skull base approaches for trainees: surgical anatomy of the retrosigmoid approach","volume":"82","author":"Graffeo CS","year":"2021","unstructured":"Graffeo CS, Peris-Celda M, Perry A, Carlstrom LP, Driscoll CLW, Link MJ. Anatomical step-by-step dissection of complex skull base approaches for trainees: surgical anatomy of the retrosigmoid approach. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2021;82(3):321\u2013332."},{"issue":"1","key":"b13","series-title":"Anat Sci Educ","first-page":"39","article-title":"Projection of realistic three-dimensional photogrammetry models using stereoscopic display: a technical note","volume":"17","author":"Oliveira ASB","year":"2024","unstructured":"Oliveira ASB, Leonel LCPC, LaHood ER,  Projection of realistic three-dimensional photogrammetry models using stereoscopic display: a technical note. Anat Sci Educ. 2024;17(1):39\u201346."},{"issue":"3","key":"b14","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"768","article-title":"A system of anatomical triangles defining dissection routes to brainstem cavernous malformations: definitions and application to a cohort of 183 patients","volume":"138","author":"Benner D","year":"2023","unstructured":"Benner D, Hendricks BK, Benet A,  A system of anatomical triangles defining dissection routes to brainstem cavernous malformations: definitions and application to a cohort of 183 patients. J Neurosurg. 2023;138(3):768\u2013784."},{"issue":"3","key":"b15","series-title":"Skull Base","first-page":"139","article-title":"Acousticofacial-glossopharyngeal triangle: an anatomic model for rapid surgical orientation","volume":"20","author":"Surek CC","year":"2010","unstructured":"Surek CC, Van Ess M, Stephens R. Acousticofacial-glossopharyngeal triangle: an anatomic model for rapid surgical orientation. Skull Base. 2010;20(3):139\u2013142."},{"issue":"3","key":"b16","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"242","article-title":"The glossopharyngo-cochlear triangle\u2014part I: quantitative anatomic analysis of high-riding posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysms exposed through the extended retrosigmoid approach","volume":"20","author":"Zhao X","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao X, Tayebi Meybodi A, Naeem K,  The glossopharyngo-cochlear triangle\u2014part I: quantitative anatomic analysis of high-riding posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysms exposed through the extended retrosigmoid approach. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2021;20(3):242\u2013251."},{"issue":"3","key":"b17","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"808","article-title":"Anatomoradiological comparison between the minipterional and supraorbital eyebrow approaches to the interpeduncular region","volume":"142","author":"Torregrossa F","year":"2025","unstructured":"Torregrossa F, De Bonis A, Nizzola M,  Anatomoradiological comparison between the minipterional and supraorbital eyebrow approaches to the interpeduncular region. J Neurosurg. 2025;142(3):808\u2013818."},{"key":"b18","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"321","article-title":"Innovations in the art of microneurosurgery for reaching deep-seated cerebral lesions","volume":"131","author":"Tomlinson SB","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tomlinson SB, Hendricks BK, Torregrossa F, Grasso G, Cohen-Gadol AA. Innovations in the art of microneurosurgery for reaching deep-seated cerebral lesions. World Neurosurg. 2019;131:321\u2013327."},{"issue":"2","key":"b19","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown)","first-page":"E83","article-title":"Microsurgical anatomy of the inferior petroclival vein and its relation to surrounding structures: a cadaveric and radiological study","volume":"21","author":"Matsuo S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Matsuo S, Komune N, Amano T, Nakamizo A. Microsurgical anatomy of the inferior petroclival vein and its relation to surrounding structures: a cadaveric and radiological study. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2021;21(2):E83\u2013E88."},{"issue":"341 Pt 2","key":"b20","series-title":"Morphologie","first-page":"103","article-title":"Variations of the 6th cranial nerve (nervus abducens) in the petroclival region: a microsurgical study","volume":"103","author":"Ipsalali HO","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ipsalali HO, Ciftci AC, Kilic D,  Variations of the 6th cranial nerve (nervus abducens) in the petroclival region: a microsurgical study. Morphologie. 2019;103(341 Pt 2):103\u2013109."},{"issue":"4","key":"b21","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"829","article-title":"Meningovenous structures of the petroclival region: clinical importance for surgery and intravascular surgery","volume":"50","author":"Ozveren MF","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ozveren MF, Uchida K, Aiso S, Kawase T. Meningovenous structures of the petroclival region: clinical importance for surgery and intravascular surgery. Neurosurgery. 2002;50(4):829\u2013837."},{"issue":"4","key":"b22","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"860","article-title":"Functional outcome after complete surgical removal of giant vestibular schwannomas","volume":"112","author":"Samii M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Samii M, Gerganov VM, Samii A. Functional outcome after complete surgical removal of giant vestibular schwannomas. J Neurosurg. 2010;112(4):860\u2013867."},{"issue":"9","key":"b23","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"2135","article-title":"Petroclival meningiomas: the risk of post-operative cranial nerve deficits among different surgical approaches-a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"162","author":"Di Carlo DT","year":"2020","unstructured":"Di Carlo DT, Capo G, Fava A,  Petroclival meningiomas: the risk of post-operative cranial nerve deficits among different surgical approaches-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2020;162(9):2135\u20132143."}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/144\/2\/article-p369.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/144\/2\/article-p369.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/144\/2\/article-p369.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T14:28:15Z","timestamp":1772720895000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/144\/2\/article-p369.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2025.6.jns25604","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085","1933-0693"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0693","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]}}}