{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T20:10:20Z","timestamp":1772827820433,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Naloxegol, a peripherally acting mu-opioid receptor antagonist, is used to treat opioid-induced constipation. However, its effectiveness following adult spinal deformity surgery remains poorly understood. The objective of this study was to examine naloxegol\u2019s impact on postoperative bowel function in patients undergoing adult spinal deformity surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective analysis was conducted of consecutive spinal deformity surgeries from a single surgeon\u2019s practice, comparing outcomes before and after the introduction of universal postoperative naloxegol administration (12.5 mg daily for 7 days). Multivariable logistic regression and propensity score\u2013matched analyses were used to evaluate the relationship between naloxegol use and markers of postoperative ileus (POI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two hundred thirty-four patients (72.2% female, mean age 60.7 [SD 15.8] years, mean BMI 28.8 [SD 5.1]) were analyzed. One hundred fifty-four (65.8%) of these patients were opioid-na\u00efve and 80 (34.1%) received naloxegol. The naloxegol group had significantly lower odds of lateral lumbar interbody fusion (OR 0.13, p = 0.0001) and shorter operative times (5.65 vs 6.75 hours, p = 0.0008). There was no statistical association between naloxegol and postoperative abdominal imaging, nasogastric tube placement, or gastroenterology consultation in either the matched or multivariate analyses (p &gt; 0.05). A gastroenterology consultation (n = 15 patients, 6.5%) was positively associated with anterior lumbar interbody fusion (OR 5.54, p = 0.010) and diabetes (OR 12.37, p = 0.001) and negatively associated with preoperative opioid use (OR 0.18, p = 0.036). Postoperative abdominal imaging correlated positively with the number of vertebrae fused (OR 1.09, p = 0.031) and negatively with preoperative opioid use (OR 0.44, p = 0.026). Weighted time-to-event analysis found a difference in time to first flatus (p = 0.0282), but not in time to bowel movement (p = 0.5600) with naloxegol.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Postoperative naloxegol had no significant impact on bowel function recovery or markers of POI after spinal deformity surgery. Patients with a history of opioid exposure required fewer consultations and imaging. Further research is required to understand whether pre-induction administration impacts POI and return to bowel function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.6.spine241465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T20:52:39Z","timestamp":1763412759000},"page":"137-143","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Postoperative administration of naloxegol after spinal deformity surgery: analysis of 234 patients"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"David A.","family":"Paul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Regan M.","family":"Shanahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael B.","family":"Cloney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shovan","family":"Bhatia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T. Jayde","family":"Nail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharath Kumar","family":"Anand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Raymond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Buell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David O.","family":"Okonkwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"Physiology, opioid receptor","author":"Dhaliwal A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dhaliwal A, Gupta M. Physiology, opioid receptor. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Accesed June 25, 2025. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK546642\/"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e618","article-title":"Postoperative ileus: old and new observations on prevention and treatment in adult spinal deformity surgery","volume":"132","author":"Wright AK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wright AK, La Selva D, Nkrumah L, Yanamadala V, Leveque JC, Sethi RK. Postoperative ileus: old and new observations on prevention and treatment in adult spinal deformity surgery. World Neurosurg. 2019;132:e618\u2013e622."},{"issue":"2","key":"b3","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"E233","article-title":"The impact of alvimopan on return of bowel function after major spine surgery - a prospective, randomized, double-blind study","volume":"85","author":"Dunn LK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dunn LK, Thiele RH, Lin MC,  The impact of alvimopan on return of bowel function after major spine surgery - a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Neurosurgery. 2019;85(2):E233\u2013E239."},{"issue":"2","key":"b4","series-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol","first-page":"445","article-title":"A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase III study of the safety of alvimopan in patients who undergo simple total abdominal hysterectomy","volume":"195","author":"Herzog TJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Herzog TJ, Coleman RL, Guerrieri JP,  A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase III study of the safety of alvimopan in patients who undergo simple total abdominal hysterectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195(2):445\u2013453."},{"issue":"5","key":"b5","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"748","article-title":"Development of a postoperative ileus risk assessment scale: identification of intraoperative opioid exposure as a significant predictor after spinal surgery","volume":"31","author":"Gifford C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gifford C, Minnema AJ, Baum J, Humeidan ML, Vazquez DE, Farhadi HF. Development of a postoperative ileus risk assessment scale: identification of intraoperative opioid exposure as a significant predictor after spinal surgery. J Neurosurg Spine. 2019;31(5):748\u2013755."},{"issue":"2","key":"b6","series-title":"Global Spine J","first-page":"707","article-title":"Risk factors for postoperative ileus following spine surgery: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Chang Y","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chang Y, Wong CE, Chen WC,  Risk factors for postoperative ileus following spine surgery: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Global Spine J. 2024;14(2):707\u2013717."},{"issue":"11","key":"b7","series-title":"Arch Surg","first-page":"1098","article-title":"Gastrointestinal tract recovery in patients undergoing bowel resection: results of a randomized trial of alvimopan and placebo with a standardized accelerated postoperative care pathway","volume":"143","author":"Ludwig K","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ludwig K, Enker WE, Delaney CP,  Gastrointestinal tract recovery in patients undergoing bowel resection: results of a randomized trial of alvimopan and placebo with a standardized accelerated postoperative care pathway. Arch Surg. 2008;143(11):1098\u20131105."},{"issue":"3","key":"b8","series-title":"Spine J","first-page":"444","article-title":"Perioperative subcutaneous methylnaltrexone does not enhance gastrointestinal recovery after posterior short-segment spinal arthrodesis surgery: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Gifford CS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gifford CS, McGahan BG, Miracle SD,  Perioperative subcutaneous methylnaltrexone does not enhance gastrointestinal recovery after posterior short-segment spinal arthrodesis surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Spine J. 2022;22(3):444\u2013453."},{"issue":"3","key":"b9","series-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"312","article-title":"Clinical trial: alvimopan for the management of post-operative ileus after abdominal surgery: results of an international randomized, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled clinical study","volume":"28","author":"B\u00fcchler MW","year":"2008","unstructured":"B\u00fcchler MW, Seiler CM, Monson JRT,  Clinical trial: alvimopan for the management of post-operative ileus after abdominal surgery: results of an international randomized, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled clinical study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;28(3):312\u2013325."},{"issue":"4","key":"b10","series-title":"Ann Surg","first-page":"728","article-title":"Alvimopan, a novel, peripherally acting mu opioid antagonist: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial of major abdominal surgery and postoperative ileus","volume":"240","author":"Wolff BG","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wolff BG, Michelassi F, Gerkin TM,  Alvimopan, a novel, peripherally acting mu opioid antagonist: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial of major abdominal surgery and postoperative ileus. Ann Surg. 2004;240(4):728\u2013735."},{"issue":"6","key":"b11","series-title":"J Surg (N Y N Y)","first-page":"5","article-title":"A retrospective study of patients undergoing radical cystectomy and receiving peri-operative naloxegol or alvimopan: comparison of length of stay","volume":"2018","author":"Goodstein T","unstructured":"Goodstein T, Launer B, White S,  A retrospective study of patients undergoing radical cystectomy and receiving peri-operative naloxegol or alvimopan: comparison of length of stay. J Surg (N Y N Y). 2018;(6):5\u2013129."},{"issue":"3","key":"b12","series-title":"Spine Deform","first-page":"615","article-title":"Preoperative opioids before adult spinal deformity surgery associated with increased reoperations and high rates of chronic postoperative opioid use at 3-year follow-up","volume":"10","author":"Samuel AM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Samuel AM, Morse KW, Pompeu YA,  Preoperative opioids before adult spinal deformity surgery associated with increased reoperations and high rates of chronic postoperative opioid use at 3-year follow-up. Spine Deform. 2022;10(3):615\u2013623."},{"key":"b13","series-title":"N Am Spine Soc J","first-page":"100096","article-title":"Opioid use prior to surgery is associated with worse preoperative and postoperative patient reported quality of life and decreased surgical cost effectiveness for symptomatic adult spine deformity; a matched cohort analysis","volume":"9","author":"Line B","year":"2022","unstructured":"Line B, Bess S, Gum JL,  Opioid use prior to surgery is associated with worse preoperative and postoperative patient reported quality of life and decreased surgical cost effectiveness for symptomatic adult spine deformity; a matched cohort analysis. N Am Spine Soc J. 2022;9100096."},{"issue":"8","key":"b14","series-title":"Global Spine J","first-page":"2176","article-title":"Risk factors for postoperative ileus in patients undergoing spine surgery","volume":"13","author":"Hendrickson NR","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hendrickson NR, Zhang Y, Amoafo L,  Risk factors for postoperative ileus in patients undergoing spine surgery. Global Spine J. 2023;13(8):2176\u20132181."},{"issue":"18","key":"b15","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"5769","article-title":"Prolonged ileus after colorectal surgery, a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Shereef A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shereef A, Raftery D, Sneddon F,  Prolonged ileus after colorectal surgery, a systematic review. J Clin Med. 2023;12(18):5769."},{"issue":"1","key":"b16","series-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet","first-page":"56","article-title":"Management of ileus and small-bowel obstruction following benign gynecologic surgery","volume":"121","author":"Allen AM","year":"2013","unstructured":"Allen AM, Antosh DD, Grimes CL,  Management of ileus and small-bowel obstruction following benign gynecologic surgery. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2013;121(1):56\u201359."},{"issue":"6","key":"b17","series-title":"Global Spine J","first-page":"1135","article-title":"Clinical importance, incidence and risk factors for the development of postoperative ileus following adult spinal deformity surgery","volume":"12","author":"Ohba T","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ohba T, Koyama K, Oba H, Oda K, Tanaka N, Haro H. Clinical importance, incidence and risk factors for the development of postoperative ileus following adult spinal deformity surgery. Global Spine J. 2022;12(6):1135\u20131140."},{"issue":"7","key":"b18","series-title":"Global Spine J","first-page":"1407","article-title":"What are risk factors for an ileus after posterior spine surgery?\u2014a case control study","volume":"12","author":"Yilmaz E","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yilmaz E, Benca E, Patel AP,  What are risk factors for an ileus after posterior spine surgery?\u2014a case control study. Global Spine J. 2022;12(7):1407\u20131411."},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"105411","article-title":"The risk factors for postoperative ileus following posterior thoraco-lumbar spinal fusion surgery","volume":"184","author":"Deng WW","year":"2019","unstructured":"Deng WW, Lan M, Peng AF,  The risk factors for postoperative ileus following posterior thoraco-lumbar spinal fusion surgery. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2019;184:105411."},{"key":"b20","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e806","article-title":"Ileus following adult spinal deformity surgery","volume":"116","author":"Durand WM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Durand WM, Ruddell JH, Eltorai AEM, DePasse JM, Daniels AH. Ileus following adult spinal deformity surgery. World Neurosurg. 2018;116:e806\u2013e813."},{"issue":"6","key":"b21","series-title":"J Manag Care Pharm","first-page":"485","article-title":"Economic burden of postoperative ileus associated with colectomy in the United States","volume":"15","author":"Iyer S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Iyer S, Saunders WB, Stemkowski S. Economic burden of postoperative ileus associated with colectomy in the United States. J Manag Care Pharm. 2009;15(6):485\u2013494."},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Front Surg","first-page":"1130223","article-title":"A standardized postoperative bowel regimen protocol after spine surgery","volume":"10","author":"Yue JK","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yue JK, Krishnan N, Wang AS,  A standardized postoperative bowel regimen protocol after spine surgery. Front Surg. 2023;10:1130223."},{"issue":"4","key":"b23","series-title":"Therap Adv Gastroenterol","first-page":"206","article-title":"Chronic opioid induced constipation in patients with nonmalignant pain: challenges and opportunities","volume":"8","author":"Nelson AD","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nelson AD, Camilleri M. Chronic opioid induced constipation in patients with nonmalignant pain: challenges and opportunities. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2015;8(4):206\u2013220."},{"issue":"1","key":"b24","series-title":"Neurospine","first-page":"237","article-title":"Use of opioids and other analgesics before and after primary surgery for adult spinal deformity: a 10-year nationwide study","volume":"17","author":"Pitter FT","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pitter FT, Sikora M, Lindberg-Larsen M, Pedersen AB, Dahl B, Gehrchen M. Use of opioids and other analgesics before and after primary surgery for adult spinal deformity: a 10-year nationwide study. 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Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2014;39(25):E1524\u2013E1530."},{"issue":"3","key":"b26","series-title":"Ann Surg","first-page":"408","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of enhanced recovery after surgery on patients undergoing elective spine surgery","volume":"278","author":"Ali ZS","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ali ZS, Albayar A, Nguyen J,  A randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of enhanced recovery after surgery on patients undergoing elective spine surgery. Ann Surg. 2023;278(3):408\u2013416."},{"issue":"12","key":"b27","series-title":"Pain Med","first-page":"3283","article-title":"Reduction of postoperative opioid use after elective spine and peripheral nerve surgery using an enhanced recovery after surgery program","volume":"21","author":"Flanders TM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Flanders TM, Ifrach J, Sinha S,  Reduction of postoperative opioid use after elective spine and peripheral nerve surgery using an enhanced recovery after surgery program. Pain Med. 2020;21(12):3283\u20133291."},{"issue":"3","key":"b28","series-title":"Global Spine J","first-page":"1552","article-title":"Effectiveness of a preoperative bowel preparation protocol for patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis to decrease postoperative gastrointestinal morbidities and the hospital length of stay","volume":"15","author":"Abdulmajeed A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Abdulmajeed A. Effectiveness of a preoperative bowel preparation protocol for patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis to decrease postoperative gastrointestinal morbidities and the hospital length of stay. Global Spine J. 2025;15(3):1552\u20131555."},{"key":"b1","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"Physiology, opioid receptor","author":"Dhaliwal A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dhaliwal A, Gupta M. Physiology, opioid receptor. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024. Accesed June 25, 2025. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK546642\/"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e618","article-title":"Postoperative ileus: old and new observations on prevention and treatment in adult spinal deformity surgery","volume":"132","author":"Wright AK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wright AK, La Selva D, Nkrumah L, Yanamadala V, Leveque JC, Sethi RK. Postoperative ileus: old and new observations on prevention and treatment in adult spinal deformity surgery. World Neurosurg. 2019;132:e618\u2013e622."},{"issue":"2","key":"b3","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"E233","article-title":"The impact of alvimopan on return of bowel function after major spine surgery - a prospective, randomized, double-blind study","volume":"85","author":"Dunn LK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dunn LK, Thiele RH, Lin MC,  The impact of alvimopan on return of bowel function after major spine surgery - a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Neurosurgery. 2019;85(2):E233\u2013E239."},{"issue":"2","key":"b4","series-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol","first-page":"445","article-title":"A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase III study of the safety of alvimopan in patients who undergo simple total abdominal hysterectomy","volume":"195","author":"Herzog TJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Herzog TJ, Coleman RL, Guerrieri JP,  A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase III study of the safety of alvimopan in patients who undergo simple total abdominal hysterectomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;195(2):445\u2013453."},{"issue":"5","key":"b5","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"748","article-title":"Development of a postoperative ileus risk assessment scale: identification of intraoperative opioid exposure as a significant predictor after spinal surgery","volume":"31","author":"Gifford C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gifford C, Minnema AJ, Baum J, Humeidan ML, Vazquez DE, Farhadi HF. Development of a postoperative ileus risk assessment scale: identification of intraoperative opioid exposure as a significant predictor after spinal surgery. J Neurosurg Spine. 2019;31(5):748\u2013755."},{"issue":"2","key":"b6","series-title":"Global Spine J","first-page":"707","article-title":"Risk factors for postoperative ileus following spine surgery: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Chang Y","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chang Y, Wong CE, Chen WC,  Risk factors for postoperative ileus following spine surgery: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Global Spine J. 2024;14(2):707\u2013717."},{"issue":"11","key":"b7","series-title":"Arch Surg","first-page":"1098","article-title":"Gastrointestinal tract recovery in patients undergoing bowel resection: results of a randomized trial of alvimopan and placebo with a standardized accelerated postoperative care pathway","volume":"143","author":"Ludwig K","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ludwig K, Enker WE, Delaney CP,  Gastrointestinal tract recovery in patients undergoing bowel resection: results of a randomized trial of alvimopan and placebo with a standardized accelerated postoperative care pathway. Arch Surg. 2008;143(11):1098\u20131105."},{"issue":"3","key":"b8","series-title":"Spine J","first-page":"444","article-title":"Perioperative subcutaneous methylnaltrexone does not enhance gastrointestinal recovery after posterior short-segment spinal arthrodesis surgery: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Gifford CS","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gifford CS, McGahan BG, Miracle SD,  Perioperative subcutaneous methylnaltrexone does not enhance gastrointestinal recovery after posterior short-segment spinal arthrodesis surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Spine J. 2022;22(3):444\u2013453."},{"issue":"3","key":"b9","series-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther","first-page":"312","article-title":"Clinical trial: alvimopan for the management of post-operative ileus after abdominal surgery: results of an international randomized, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled clinical study","volume":"28","author":"B\u00fcchler MW","year":"2008","unstructured":"B\u00fcchler MW, Seiler CM, Monson JRT,  Clinical trial: alvimopan for the management of post-operative ileus after abdominal surgery: results of an international randomized, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled clinical study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;28(3):312\u2013325."},{"issue":"4","key":"b10","series-title":"Ann Surg","first-page":"728","article-title":"Alvimopan, a novel, peripherally acting mu opioid antagonist: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial of major abdominal surgery and postoperative ileus","volume":"240","author":"Wolff BG","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wolff BG, Michelassi F, Gerkin TM,  Alvimopan, a novel, peripherally acting mu opioid antagonist: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial of major abdominal surgery and postoperative ileus. Ann Surg. 2004;240(4):728\u2013735."},{"issue":"6","key":"b11","series-title":"J Surg (N Y N Y)","first-page":"5","article-title":"A retrospective study of patients undergoing radical cystectomy and receiving peri-operative naloxegol or alvimopan: comparison of length of stay","volume":"2018","author":"Goodstein T","unstructured":"Goodstein T, Launer B, White S,  A retrospective study of patients undergoing radical cystectomy and receiving peri-operative naloxegol or alvimopan: comparison of length of stay. J Surg (N Y N Y). 2018;(6):5\u2013129."},{"issue":"3","key":"b12","series-title":"Spine Deform","first-page":"615","article-title":"Preoperative opioids before adult spinal deformity surgery associated with increased reoperations and high rates of chronic postoperative opioid use at 3-year follow-up","volume":"10","author":"Samuel AM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Samuel AM, Morse KW, Pompeu YA,  Preoperative opioids before adult spinal deformity surgery associated with increased reoperations and high rates of chronic postoperative opioid use at 3-year follow-up. Spine Deform. 2022;10(3):615\u2013623."},{"key":"b13","series-title":"N Am Spine Soc J","first-page":"100096","article-title":"Opioid use prior to surgery is associated with worse preoperative and postoperative patient reported quality of life and decreased surgical cost effectiveness for symptomatic adult spine deformity; a matched cohort analysis","volume":"9","author":"Line B","year":"2022","unstructured":"Line B, Bess S, Gum JL,  Opioid use prior to surgery is associated with worse preoperative and postoperative patient reported quality of life and decreased surgical cost effectiveness for symptomatic adult spine deformity; a matched cohort analysis. N Am Spine Soc J. 2022;9100096."},{"issue":"8","key":"b14","series-title":"Global Spine J","first-page":"2176","article-title":"Risk factors for postoperative ileus in patients undergoing spine surgery","volume":"13","author":"Hendrickson NR","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hendrickson NR, Zhang Y, Amoafo L,  Risk factors for postoperative ileus in patients undergoing spine surgery. Global Spine J. 2023;13(8):2176\u20132181."},{"issue":"18","key":"b15","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"5769","article-title":"Prolonged ileus after colorectal surgery, a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Shereef A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shereef A, Raftery D, Sneddon F,  Prolonged ileus after colorectal surgery, a systematic review. J Clin Med. 2023;12(18):5769."},{"issue":"1","key":"b16","series-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet","first-page":"56","article-title":"Management of ileus and small-bowel obstruction following benign gynecologic surgery","volume":"121","author":"Allen AM","year":"2013","unstructured":"Allen AM, Antosh DD, Grimes CL,  Management of ileus and small-bowel obstruction following benign gynecologic surgery. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2013;121(1):56\u201359."},{"issue":"6","key":"b17","series-title":"Global Spine J","first-page":"1135","article-title":"Clinical importance, incidence and risk factors for the development of postoperative ileus following adult spinal deformity surgery","volume":"12","author":"Ohba T","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ohba T, Koyama K, Oba H, Oda K, Tanaka N, Haro H. Clinical importance, incidence and risk factors for the development of postoperative ileus following adult spinal deformity surgery. Global Spine J. 2022;12(6):1135\u20131140."},{"issue":"7","key":"b18","series-title":"Global Spine J","first-page":"1407","article-title":"What are risk factors for an ileus after posterior spine surgery?\u2014a case control study","volume":"12","author":"Yilmaz E","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yilmaz E, Benca E, Patel AP,  What are risk factors for an ileus after posterior spine surgery?\u2014a case control study. Global Spine J. 2022;12(7):1407\u20131411."},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"105411","article-title":"The risk factors for postoperative ileus following posterior thoraco-lumbar spinal fusion surgery","volume":"184","author":"Deng WW","year":"2019","unstructured":"Deng WW, Lan M, Peng AF,  The risk factors for postoperative ileus following posterior thoraco-lumbar spinal fusion surgery. 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