{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T20:03:19Z","timestamp":1772827399579,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are standardized questionnaires used to evaluate patients\u2019 quality of life and health status before and after medical procedures. While worse preoperative health is often associated with worse postoperative outcomes, the role of baseline PROMs in predicting postoperative dysphagia following cervical surgery has been unexplored with Eating Assessment Tool\u201310 (EAT-10) scores. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between baseline PROMs and the incidence of postoperative dysphagia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A prospectively collected multi-institutional quality registry of patients undergoing anterior cervical spine surgery was retrospectively reviewed. Eight baseline PROMs were assessed: Neck Disability Index (NDI), modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association scale, EQ-5D questionnaire, EuroQol visual analog scale, visual analog scales for neck pain (NP-VAS) and arm pain, and 10-item Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Global Physical Health and Global Mental Health. Including baseline dysphagia as a fixed effect, multivariable logistic regressions were performed to examine the impact of patient-reported baseline PROMs on the incidence of dysphagia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Baseline PROMs were collected from 1706 patients. When assessing baseline PROMs independently in multivariable analyses, worse baseline NDI score (OR 1.04, p = 0.001) was a significant predictor of dysphagia at 12 months after surgery, while other PROMs were not. When assessing baseline PROMs together in multivariable analysis, worse baseline NDI score (OR 1.07, p &lt; 0.001) and better NP-VAS score (OR 0.88, p = 0.006) were significant predictors of dysphagia at 12 months, while other PROMs were not. Patients in the severe or complete disability NDI categories (NDI score \u2265 25; 465\/1466 patients without baseline dysphagia) experienced significantly more new dysphagia at 1 month (65% vs 50%, p &lt; 0.001), 3 months (30% vs 21%, p &lt; 0.001), and 12 months (32% vs 14%, p &lt; 0.001) after anterior cervical spine surgery. These patients also had no significant difference in baseline EAT-10 scores (0.103 \u00b1 0.386 vs 0.115 \u00b1 0.405, p = 0.6), yet experienced significantly worse EAT-10 score changes between baseline and 12 months (3.369 \u00b1 5.954 vs 1.208 \u00b1 3.332, p &lt; 0.001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Baseline NDI score appears to be the strongest independent predictor of the 8 PROMs in determining whether patients have dysphagia at 12 months after anterior cervical surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.6.spine25343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T20:52:13Z","timestamp":1763412733000},"page":"30-44","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Baseline patient-reported outcome measures as predictors of postoperative dysphagia following anterior cervical spine surgery"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Nicholas P.","family":"Tippins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Carmel, Indiana;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne M.","family":"Foreit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Carmel, Indiana;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent J.","family":"Alentado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Carmel, Indiana;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ascension St. Vincent Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erica F.","family":"Bisson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Porche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin T.","family":"Foley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center & Semmes Murphey Clinic, Memphis, Tennessee; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric A.","family":"Potts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Carmel, Indiana;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ascension St. Vincent Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"b1","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"e66","article-title":"HSS Dysphagia and Dysphonia Inventory (HSS-DDI) following anterior cervical fusion: patient-derived, validated, condition-specific patient-reported outcome measure outperforms existing indices","volume":"100","author":"Hughes AP","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hughes AP, Salzmann SN, Aguwa OK,  HSS Dysphagia and Dysphonia Inventory (HSS-DDI) following anterior cervical fusion: patient-derived, validated, condition-specific patient-reported outcome measure outperforms existing indices. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2018;100(10):e66."},{"issue":"2","key":"b2","series-title":"Dysphagia","first-page":"97","article-title":"The SWAL-QOL and SWAL-CARE outcomes tool for oropharyngeal dysphagia in adults: III. Documentation of reliability and validity","volume":"17","author":"McHorney CA","year":"2002","unstructured":"McHorney CA, Robbins J, Lomax K,  The SWAL-QOL and SWAL-CARE outcomes tool for oropharyngeal dysphagia in adults: III. Documentation of reliability and validity. Dysphagia. 2002;17(2):97\u2013114."},{"issue":"3","key":"b3","series-title":"Dysphagia","first-page":"141","article-title":"Clinical validity of the SWAL-QOL and SWAL-CARE outcome tools with respect to bolus flow measures","volume":"21","author":"McHorney CA","year":"2006","unstructured":"McHorney CA, Martin-Harris B, Robbins J, Rosenbek J. Clinical validity of the SWAL-QOL and SWAL-CARE outcome tools with respect to bolus flow measures. Dysphagia. 2006;21(3):141\u2013148."},{"issue":"7","key":"b4","series-title":"D. Anderson dysphagia inventory. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"870","article-title":"The development and validation of a dysphagia-specific quality-of-life questionnaire for patients with head and neck cancer: the M","volume":"127","author":"Chen AY","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chen AY, Frankowski R, Bishop-Leone J,  The development and validation of a dysphagia-specific quality-of-life questionnaire for patients with head and neck cancer: the M. D. Anderson dysphagia inventory. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2001;127(7):870\u2013876."},{"issue":"22","key":"b5","first-page":"2453","article-title":"Incidence of dysphagia after anterior cervical spine surgery: a prospective study","volume":"27","author":"Bazaz R","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bazaz R, Lee MJ, Yoo JU. Incidence of dysphagia after anterior cervical spine surgery: a prospective study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976).2002;27(22):2453\u20132458."},{"issue":"11","key":"b6","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"996","article-title":"The Dysphagia Short Questionnaire: an instrument for evaluation of dysphagia","volume":"37","author":"Skeppholm M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Skeppholm M, Ingebro C, Engstr\u00f6m T, Olerud C. The Dysphagia Short Questionnaire: an instrument for evaluation of dysphagia. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2012;37(11):996\u20131002."},{"issue":"12","key":"b7","series-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol","first-page":"919","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10)","volume":"117","author":"Belafsky PC","year":"2008","unstructured":"Belafsky PC, Mouadeb DA, Rees CJ,  Validity and reliability of the Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10). Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2008;117(12):919\u2013924."},{"issue":"3","key":"b8","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"382","article-title":"Dysphagia after cervical spine surgery: a review of risk factors and preventative measures","volume":"38","author":"Alentado VJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alentado VJ, Bisson EF, Potts EA. Dysphagia after cervical spine surgery: a review of risk factors and preventative measures. J Neurosurg Spine. 2023;38(3):382\u2013388."},{"issue":"1","key":"b9","series-title":"Dysphagia","first-page":"145","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of the Eating Assessment Tool-10 (EAT-10) in screening dysphagia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Zhang PP","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang PP, Yuan Y, Lu DZ,  Diagnostic accuracy of the Eating Assessment Tool-10 (EAT-10) in screening dysphagia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dysphagia. 2023;38(1):145\u2013158."},{"key":"b10","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"Dysphagia","author":"Azer SA","year":"2024","unstructured":"Azer SA, Kanugula AK, Kshirsagar RK. Dysphagia. In: StatPearls.StatPearls Publishing;2024.Accessed June 17, 2025.http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK559174\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"b11","series-title":"Asian Spine J","first-page":"86","article-title":"Validation of Neck Disability Index severity among patients receiving one or two-level anterior cervical surgery","volume":"17","author":"Geoghegan CE","year":"2023","unstructured":"Geoghegan CE, Mohan S, Lynch CP,  Validation of Neck Disability Index severity among patients receiving one or two-level anterior cervical surgery. Asian Spine J. 2023;17(1):86\u201395."},{"issue":"1","key":"b12","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"78","article-title":"The modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association scale: establishing criteria for mild, moderate and severe impairment in patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy","volume":"26","author":"Tetreault L","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tetreault L, Kopjar B, Nouri A,  The modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association scale: establishing criteria for mild, moderate and severe impairment in patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy. Eur Spine J. 2017;26(1):78\u201384."},{"issue":"21 suppl","key":"b13","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"S69","article-title":"Evaluating the correlation and responsiveness of patient-reported pain with function and quality-of-life outcomes after spine surgery","volume":"36","author":"DeVine J","year":"2011","unstructured":"DeVine J, Norvell DC, Ecker E,  Evaluating the correlation and responsiveness of patient-reported pain with function and quality-of-life outcomes after spine surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011;36(21 suppl):S69\u2013S74."},{"issue":"3","key":"b14","series-title":"Qual Life Res","first-page":"977","article-title":"Assessing the performance of the EQ-VAS in the NHS PROMs programme","volume":"23","author":"Feng Y","year":"2014","unstructured":"Feng Y, Parkin D, Devlin NJ. Assessing the performance of the EQ-VAS in the NHS PROMs programme. Qual Life Res. 2014;23(3):977\u2013989."},{"issue":"3","key":"b15","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"227","article-title":"Validation of the visual analog scale in the cervical spine","volume":"28","author":"MacDowall A","year":"2018","unstructured":"MacDowall A, Skeppholm M, Robinson Y, Olerud C. Validation of the visual analog scale in the cervical spine. J Neurosurg Spine. 2018;28(3):227\u2013235."},{"issue":"6","key":"b16","series-title":"Int J Spine Surg","first-page":"983","article-title":"Dysphagia may attenuate improvements in postoperative outcomes following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion","volume":"16","author":"Cha EDK","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cha EDK, Lynch CP, Ahn J,  Dysphagia may attenuate improvements in postoperative outcomes following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. Int J Spine Surg. 2022;16(6):983\u2013990."},{"issue":"34","key":"b17","series-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)","first-page":"e7916","article-title":"Factors predicting dysphagia after anterior cervical surgery: a multicenter retrospective study for 2 years of follow-up","volume":"96","author":"Wang T","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang T, Ma L, Yang DL,  Factors predicting dysphagia after anterior cervical surgery: a multicenter retrospective study for 2 years of follow-up. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(34):e7916."},{"issue":"7","key":"b18","series-title":"Spine J","first-page":"1080","article-title":"Risk factors for postoperative dysphagia and dysphonia following anterior cervical spine surgery: a comprehensive study utilizing the Hospital for Special Surgery Dysphagia and Dysphonia Inventory (HSS-DDI)","volume":"21","author":"Okano I","year":"2021","unstructured":"Okano I, Salzmann SN, Ortiz Miller C,  Risk factors for postoperative dysphagia and dysphonia following anterior cervical spine surgery: a comprehensive study utilizing the Hospital for Special Surgery Dysphagia and Dysphonia Inventory (HSS-DDI). Spine J. 2021;21(7):1080\u20131088."},{"issue":"13","key":"b19","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"1069","article-title":"Risk factors for and clinical outcomes of dysphagia after anterior cervical surgery for degenerative cervical myelopathy: results from the AOSpine International and North America studies","volume":"99","author":"Nagoshi N","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nagoshi N, Tetreault L, Nakashima H,  Risk factors for and clinical outcomes of dysphagia after anterior cervical surgery for degenerative cervical myelopathy: results from the AOSpine International and North America studies. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017;99(13):1069\u20131077."},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Methods for Analysing and Reporting EQ-5D Data","first-page":"1","article-title":"An introduction to EQ-5D instruments and their applications","author":"Devlin N","year":"2020","unstructured":"Devlin N, Parkin D, Janssen B. An introduction to EQ-5D instruments and their applications. In: Methods for Analysing and Reporting EQ-5D Data.Springer;2020:1-22."},{"issue":"6","key":"b21","series-title":"J Orthop Sci","first-page":"687","article-title":"Normative score and cut-off value of the Neck Disability Index","volume":"17","author":"Kato S","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kato S, Takeshita K, Matsudaira K, Tonosu J, Hara N, Chikuda H. Normative score and cut-off value of the Neck Disability Index. J Orthop Sci. 2012;17(6):687\u2013693."},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"b22","series-title":"Fam Med Community Health","first-page":"e001290","article-title":"Primer on binary logistic regression","volume":"9","author":"Harris JK","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harris JK. Primer on binary logistic regression. Fam Med Community Health. 2021;9(suppl 1):e001290."},{"issue":"417","key":"b23","series-title":"J Amer Stat Assoc","first-page":"178","article-title":"Generalized collinearity diagnostics","volume":"87","author":"Fox J","year":"1992","unstructured":"Fox J, Monette G. Generalized collinearity diagnostics. J Amer Stat Assoc. 1992;87(417):178\u2013183."},{"issue":"5","key":"b24","series-title":"Spine J","first-page":"737","article-title":"Is the likelihood of dysphagia different in patients undergoing one-level versus two-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion?","volume":"20","author":"Vaishnav AS","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vaishnav AS, Saville P, McAnany S,  Is the likelihood of dysphagia different in patients undergoing one-level versus two-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion?. Spine J. 2020;20(5):737\u2013744."},{"issue":"3","key":"b25","series-title":"Spine J","first-page":"419","article-title":"Machine learning models for predicting dysphonia following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: a Swedish Registry Study","volume":"25","author":"Buwaider A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Buwaider A, El-Hajj VG, MacDowall A,  Machine learning models for predicting dysphonia following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: a Swedish Registry Study. Spine J. 2025;25(3):419\u2013428."},{"issue":"10","key":"b1","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"e66","article-title":"HSS Dysphagia and Dysphonia Inventory (HSS-DDI) following anterior cervical fusion: patient-derived, validated, condition-specific patient-reported outcome measure outperforms existing indices","volume":"100","author":"Hughes AP","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hughes AP, Salzmann SN, Aguwa OK,  HSS Dysphagia and Dysphonia Inventory (HSS-DDI) following anterior cervical fusion: patient-derived, validated, condition-specific patient-reported outcome measure outperforms existing indices. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2018;100(10):e66."},{"issue":"2","key":"b2","series-title":"Dysphagia","first-page":"97","article-title":"The SWAL-QOL and SWAL-CARE outcomes tool for oropharyngeal dysphagia in adults: III. Documentation of reliability and validity","volume":"17","author":"McHorney CA","year":"2002","unstructured":"McHorney CA, Robbins J, Lomax K,  The SWAL-QOL and SWAL-CARE outcomes tool for oropharyngeal dysphagia in adults: III. Documentation of reliability and validity. Dysphagia. 2002;17(2):97\u2013114."},{"issue":"3","key":"b3","series-title":"Dysphagia","first-page":"141","article-title":"Clinical validity of the SWAL-QOL and SWAL-CARE outcome tools with respect to bolus flow measures","volume":"21","author":"McHorney CA","year":"2006","unstructured":"McHorney CA, Martin-Harris B, Robbins J, Rosenbek J. Clinical validity of the SWAL-QOL and SWAL-CARE outcome tools with respect to bolus flow measures. Dysphagia. 2006;21(3):141\u2013148."},{"issue":"7","key":"b4","series-title":"D. Anderson dysphagia inventory. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"870","article-title":"The development and validation of a dysphagia-specific quality-of-life questionnaire for patients with head and neck cancer: the M","volume":"127","author":"Chen AY","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chen AY, Frankowski R, Bishop-Leone J,  The development and validation of a dysphagia-specific quality-of-life questionnaire for patients with head and neck cancer: the M. D. Anderson dysphagia inventory. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2001;127(7):870\u2013876."},{"issue":"22","key":"b5","first-page":"2453","article-title":"Incidence of dysphagia after anterior cervical spine surgery: a prospective study","volume":"27","author":"Bazaz R","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bazaz R, Lee MJ, Yoo JU. Incidence of dysphagia after anterior cervical spine surgery: a prospective study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976).2002;27(22):2453\u20132458."},{"issue":"11","key":"b6","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"996","article-title":"The Dysphagia Short Questionnaire: an instrument for evaluation of dysphagia","volume":"37","author":"Skeppholm M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Skeppholm M, Ingebro C, Engstr\u00f6m T, Olerud C. The Dysphagia Short Questionnaire: an instrument for evaluation of dysphagia. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2012;37(11):996\u20131002."},{"issue":"12","key":"b7","series-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol","first-page":"919","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10)","volume":"117","author":"Belafsky PC","year":"2008","unstructured":"Belafsky PC, Mouadeb DA, Rees CJ,  Validity and reliability of the Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10). Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2008;117(12):919\u2013924."},{"issue":"3","key":"b8","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"382","article-title":"Dysphagia after cervical spine surgery: a review of risk factors and preventative measures","volume":"38","author":"Alentado VJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alentado VJ, Bisson EF, Potts EA. Dysphagia after cervical spine surgery: a review of risk factors and preventative measures. J Neurosurg Spine. 2023;38(3):382\u2013388."},{"issue":"1","key":"b9","series-title":"Dysphagia","first-page":"145","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of the Eating Assessment Tool-10 (EAT-10) in screening dysphagia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Zhang PP","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang PP, Yuan Y, Lu DZ,  Diagnostic accuracy of the Eating Assessment Tool-10 (EAT-10) in screening dysphagia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dysphagia. 2023;38(1):145\u2013158."},{"key":"b10","series-title":"StatPearls","article-title":"Dysphagia","author":"Azer SA","year":"2024","unstructured":"Azer SA, Kanugula AK, Kshirsagar RK. Dysphagia. In: StatPearls.StatPearls Publishing;2024.Accessed June 17, 2025.http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK559174\/"},{"issue":"1","key":"b11","series-title":"Asian Spine J","first-page":"86","article-title":"Validation of Neck Disability Index severity among patients receiving one or two-level anterior cervical surgery","volume":"17","author":"Geoghegan CE","year":"2023","unstructured":"Geoghegan CE, Mohan S, Lynch CP,  Validation of Neck Disability Index severity among patients receiving one or two-level anterior cervical surgery. Asian Spine J. 2023;17(1):86\u201395."},{"issue":"1","key":"b12","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"78","article-title":"The modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association scale: establishing criteria for mild, moderate and severe impairment in patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy","volume":"26","author":"Tetreault L","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tetreault L, Kopjar B, Nouri A,  The modified Japanese Orthopaedic Association scale: establishing criteria for mild, moderate and severe impairment in patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy. Eur Spine J. 2017;26(1):78\u201384."},{"issue":"21 suppl","key":"b13","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"S69","article-title":"Evaluating the correlation and responsiveness of patient-reported pain with function and quality-of-life outcomes after spine surgery","volume":"36","author":"DeVine J","year":"2011","unstructured":"DeVine J, Norvell DC, Ecker E,  Evaluating the correlation and responsiveness of patient-reported pain with function and quality-of-life outcomes after spine surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011;36(21 suppl):S69\u2013S74."},{"issue":"3","key":"b14","series-title":"Qual Life Res","first-page":"977","article-title":"Assessing the performance of the EQ-VAS in the NHS PROMs programme","volume":"23","author":"Feng Y","year":"2014","unstructured":"Feng Y, Parkin D, Devlin NJ. Assessing the performance of the EQ-VAS in the NHS PROMs programme. Qual Life Res. 2014;23(3):977\u2013989."},{"issue":"3","key":"b15","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"227","article-title":"Validation of the visual analog scale in the cervical spine","volume":"28","author":"MacDowall A","year":"2018","unstructured":"MacDowall A, Skeppholm M, Robinson Y, Olerud C. Validation of the visual analog scale in the cervical spine. J Neurosurg Spine. 2018;28(3):227\u2013235."},{"issue":"6","key":"b16","series-title":"Int J Spine Surg","first-page":"983","article-title":"Dysphagia may attenuate improvements in postoperative outcomes following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion","volume":"16","author":"Cha EDK","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cha EDK, Lynch CP, Ahn J,  Dysphagia may attenuate improvements in postoperative outcomes following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion. Int J Spine Surg. 2022;16(6):983\u2013990."},{"issue":"34","key":"b17","series-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)","first-page":"e7916","article-title":"Factors predicting dysphagia after anterior cervical surgery: a multicenter retrospective study for 2 years of follow-up","volume":"96","author":"Wang T","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang T, Ma L, Yang DL,  Factors predicting dysphagia after anterior cervical surgery: a multicenter retrospective study for 2 years of follow-up. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(34):e7916."},{"issue":"7","key":"b18","series-title":"Spine J","first-page":"1080","article-title":"Risk factors for postoperative dysphagia and dysphonia following anterior cervical spine surgery: a comprehensive study utilizing the Hospital for Special Surgery Dysphagia and Dysphonia Inventory (HSS-DDI)","volume":"21","author":"Okano I","year":"2021","unstructured":"Okano I, Salzmann SN, Ortiz Miller C,  Risk factors for postoperative dysphagia and dysphonia following anterior cervical spine surgery: a comprehensive study utilizing the Hospital for Special Surgery Dysphagia and Dysphonia Inventory (HSS-DDI). Spine J. 2021;21(7):1080\u20131088."},{"issue":"13","key":"b19","series-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am","first-page":"1069","article-title":"Risk factors for and clinical outcomes of dysphagia after anterior cervical surgery for degenerative cervical myelopathy: results from the AOSpine International and North America studies","volume":"99","author":"Nagoshi N","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nagoshi N, Tetreault L, Nakashima H,  Risk factors for and clinical outcomes of dysphagia after anterior cervical surgery for degenerative cervical myelopathy: results from the AOSpine International and North America studies. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2017;99(13):1069\u20131077."},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Methods for Analysing and Reporting EQ-5D Data","first-page":"1","article-title":"An introduction to EQ-5D instruments and their applications","author":"Devlin N","year":"2020","unstructured":"Devlin N, Parkin D, Janssen B. An introduction to EQ-5D instruments and their applications. In: Methods for Analysing and Reporting EQ-5D Data.Springer;2020:1-22."},{"issue":"6","key":"b21","series-title":"J Orthop Sci","first-page":"687","article-title":"Normative score and cut-off value of the Neck Disability Index","volume":"17","author":"Kato S","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kato S, Takeshita K, Matsudaira K, Tonosu J, Hara N, Chikuda H. Normative score and cut-off value of the Neck Disability Index. J Orthop Sci. 2012;17(6):687\u2013693."},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"b22","series-title":"Fam Med Community Health","first-page":"e001290","article-title":"Primer on binary logistic regression","volume":"9","author":"Harris JK","year":"2021","unstructured":"Harris JK. Primer on binary logistic regression. Fam Med Community Health. 2021;9(suppl 1):e001290."},{"issue":"417","key":"b23","series-title":"J Amer Stat Assoc","first-page":"178","article-title":"Generalized collinearity diagnostics","volume":"87","author":"Fox J","year":"1992","unstructured":"Fox J, Monette G. Generalized collinearity diagnostics. J Amer Stat Assoc. 1992;87(417):178\u2013183."},{"issue":"5","key":"b24","series-title":"Spine J","first-page":"737","article-title":"Is the likelihood of dysphagia different in patients undergoing one-level versus two-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion?","volume":"20","author":"Vaishnav AS","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vaishnav AS, Saville P, McAnany S,  Is the likelihood of dysphagia different in patients undergoing one-level versus two-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion?. Spine J. 2020;20(5):737\u2013744."},{"issue":"3","key":"b25","series-title":"Spine J","first-page":"419","article-title":"Machine learning models for predicting dysphonia following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: a Swedish Registry Study","volume":"25","author":"Buwaider A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Buwaider A, El-Hajj VG, MacDowall A,  Machine learning models for predicting dysphonia following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: a Swedish Registry Study. 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