{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:04:52Z","timestamp":1791389092522,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is a common neurosurgical pathology, especially among older patients, with increasing incidence due to aging populations and widespread antithrombotic use. Despite the relatively straightforward nature of its surgical treatment, recurrence remains a major concern, with rates up to 30% reported. Among the factors implicated in recurrence, postoperative pneumocephalus has emerged as a significant and potentially modifiable risk factor. This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of a burr hole craniostomy with a closed drainage system (CDS) versus the traditional burr hole with standard irrigation (SI), with a focus on recurrence, pneumocephalus, and patient recovery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective, single-center cohort study included 460 patients undergoing surgical evacuation of symptomatic CSDH between 2010 and 2024. Patients were divided into two groups based on surgical technique: CDS (n = 358) and SI (n = 102). Demographics, clinical status, radiological features, and surgical outcomes were analyzed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were utilized to assess predictors of 30-day recurrence. Volumetric analysis of hematomas and pneumocephalus was performed using standardized imaging protocols.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Baseline characteristics were well balanced. Postoperative pneumocephalus was significantly reduced in the CDS group (3.0 \u00b1 1.78 cm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) compared with SI (49.3 \u00b1 11.97 cm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) (p &lt; 0.0001). Recurrence rates were markedly lower in the CDS group (10.1% vs 27.5%, p &lt; 0.001), with CDS also associated with a mean shorter hospital stay (6.8 vs 11.2 days, p &lt; 0.001), faster hematoma reabsorption (2.1 vs 3.2 months, p &lt; 0.001), and lower 30-day mortality (1.1% vs 4.9%, p = 0.042). Multivariate analysis identified postoperative pneumocephalus volume (OR 1.0293 per cm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      , p &lt; 0.001) and residual hematoma (OR 1.00 per cm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      , p = 0.046) as the only independent predictors of recurrence, while undergoing SI as opposed to the CDS was associated with a significantly increased risk of recurrence (OR 6.63, 95% CI 1.08\u201340.74; p = 0.041). No significant association was found between recurrence and antithrombotic therapy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The CDS technique offers a cost-effective, safe, and efficient approach for the treatment of CSDH. By limiting air entry and promoting controlled drainage, it significantly reduces recurrence and improves patient outcomes. Given its simplicity and low resource requirements, the CDS method should be considered as a preferred first-line surgical strategy, particularly in the context of value-based care for an aging population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.7.focus25521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T11:12:30Z","timestamp":1759317150000},"page":"E4","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Air matters: the role of postoperative intracranial pneumocephalus in recurrence of chronic subdural hematomas evaluated through a multivariate analysis of 460 patients comparing closed drainage versus standard irrigation"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Maria Rosaria","family":"Scala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ciro","family":"Mastantuoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Cioffi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Di Colandrea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Corazzelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Tucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Santa Maria delle Grazie Hospital, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Carotenuto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Santa Maria delle Grazie Hospital, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Di Costanzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Santa Maria delle Grazie Hospital, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Cavagli\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Santa Maria delle Grazie Hospital, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaele","family":"de Falco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Bocchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"b1","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"263","article-title":"Demographics and prevalent risk factors of chronic subdural haematoma: results of a large single-center cohort study","volume":"27","author":"Baechli H","year":"2004","unstructured":"Baechli H, Nordmann A, Bucher HC, Gratzl O. Demographics and prevalent risk factors of chronic subdural haematoma: results of a large single-center cohort study. Neurosurg Rev. 2004;27(4):263-266."},{"issue":"5","key":"b2","series-title":"Surgeon","first-page":"e271","article-title":"Assessing the accuracy of the International Classification of Disease (ICD) framework in the identification of patients with chronic subdural haematoma from hospital records","volume":"21","author":"Yordanov S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yordanov S, Khan S, Stubbs D,  Assessing the accuracy of the International Classification of Disease (ICD) framework in the identification of patients with chronic subdural haematoma from hospital records. Surgeon. 2023;21(5):e271-e278."},{"issue":"6","key":"b3","series-title":"QJM","first-page":"375","article-title":"Increasing incidence of chronic subdural haematoma in the elderly","volume":"110","author":"Adhiyaman V","year":"2017","unstructured":"Adhiyaman V, Chattopadhyay I, Irshad F, Curran D, Abraham S. Increasing incidence of chronic subdural haematoma in the elderly. QJM. 2017;110(6):375-378."},{"issue":"4","key":"b4","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1147","article-title":"The incidence of chronic subdural hematomas from 1990 to 2015 in a defined Finnish population","volume":"132","author":"Rauhala M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rauhala M, Luoto TM, Huhtala H,  The incidence of chronic subdural hematomas from 1990 to 2015 in a defined Finnish population. J Neurosurg. 2020;132(4):1147-1157."},{"issue":"6","key":"b5","series-title":"Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg","first-page":"3059","article-title":"Comparative clinical outcomes of irrigation techniques in burr-hole craniostomy for chronic subdural hemorrhage: a multicenter cohort study","volume":"50","author":"Cho HS","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cho HS, Lee HS, Jeon YS, Lee WH, Cho KR. Comparative clinical outcomes of irrigation techniques in burr-hole craniostomy for chronic subdural hemorrhage: a multicenter cohort study. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2024;50(6):3059-3067."},{"issue":"3","key":"b6","series-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am","first-page":"541","article-title":"The course of chronic subdural hematomas after burr-hole craniostomy with and without closed-system drainage","volume":"11","author":"Markwalder TM","year":"2000","unstructured":"Markwalder TM. The course of chronic subdural hematomas after burr-hole craniostomy with and without closed-system drainage. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2000;11(3):541\u2013546."},{"issue":"5","key":"b7","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"637","article-title":"Chronic subdural hematomas: a review","volume":"54","author":"Markwalder TM","year":"1981","unstructured":"Markwalder TM. Chronic subdural hematomas: a review. J Neurosurg. 1981;54(5):637\u2013645."},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Brain Spine","first-page":"100300","article-title":"Chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH): a review of the current state of the art","volume":"1","author":"Nouri A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nouri A, Gondar R, Schaller K, Meling T. Chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH): a review of the current state of the art. Brain Spine. 2021;1:100300."},{"issue":"1","key":"b9","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"305","article-title":"Evaluation of clinical outcome and predictive factors for thromboembolism or hemorrhagic complications in patients treated for chronic subdural hematoma. A prospective observational study","volume":"48","author":"Scerrati A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Scerrati A, Mantovani G, Cavallo MA,  Evaluation of clinical outcome and predictive factors for thromboembolism or hemorrhagic complications in patients treated for chronic subdural hematoma. A prospective observational study. Neurosurg Rev. 2025;48(1):305."},{"key":"b10","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e242","article-title":"Frailty and outcomes after craniotomy or craniectomy for atraumatic chronic subdural hematoma","volume":"145","author":"Sastry RA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sastry RA, Pertsch N, Tang O, Shao B, Toms SA, Weil RJ. Frailty and outcomes after craniotomy or craniectomy for atraumatic chronic subdural hematoma. World Neurosurg. 2021;145:e242\u2013e251."},{"issue":"12","key":"b11","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"3133","article-title":"Mortality after chronic subdural hematoma is associated with frailty","volume":"164","author":"Blaauw J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Blaauw J, Jacobs B, Hertog HMD,  Mortality after chronic subdural hematoma is associated with frailty. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2022;164(12):3133\u20133141."},{"issue":"8","key":"b12","series-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int","first-page":"1173","article-title":"Importance of frailty evaluation in the prediction of the prognosis of patients with chronic subdural hematoma","volume":"18","author":"Shimizu K","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shimizu K, Sadatomo T, Hara T, Onishi S, Yuki K, Kurisu K. Importance of frailty evaluation in the prediction of the prognosis of patients with chronic subdural hematoma. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2018;18(8):1173\u20131176."},{"issue":"6","key":"b13","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"1467","article-title":"Long-term excess mortality after chronic subdural hematoma","volume":"162","author":"Rauhala M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rauhala M, Hel\u00e9n P, Sepp\u00e4 K,  Long-term excess mortality after chronic subdural hematoma. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2020;162(6):1467-1478."},{"issue":"1","key":"b14","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"7020","article-title":"Prognosis of patients with operated chronic subdural hematoma","volume":"12","author":"Posti JP","year":"2022","unstructured":"Posti JP, Luoto TM, Sipil\u00e4 JOT, Rautava P, Kyt\u00f6 V. Prognosis of patients with operated chronic subdural hematoma. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):7020."},{"key":"b15","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e929","article-title":"Assessment of surgical treatment and outcome of chronic subdural hematoma at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, a one year prospective study","volume":"187","author":"Molla YD","year":"2024","unstructured":"Molla YD, Alemu HT, Gebrehana DA. Assessment of surgical treatment and outcome of chronic subdural hematoma at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, a one year prospective study. World Neurosurg. 2024;187:e929\u2013e936."},{"key":"b16","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e365","article-title":"A validation study of Kwon\u2019s prognostic scoring system for chronic subdural hematoma","volume":"165","author":"Bader SE","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bader SE, S\u00f6nnerqvist C, Melander N, Olivecrona M. A validation study of Kwon\u2019s prognostic scoring system for chronic subdural hematoma. World Neurosurg. 2022;165:e365\u2013e372."},{"issue":"1","key":"b17","series-title":"J Neurosurg Sci","first-page":"14","article-title":"Prognostic factors in chronic subdural hematoma: results from a monocentric consecutive surgical series of 605 patients","volume":"65","author":"Bacigaluppi S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bacigaluppi S, Guastalli F, Bragazzi NL, Balestrino A, Bruzzi P, Zona G. Prognostic factors in chronic subdural hematoma: results from a monocentric consecutive surgical series of 605 patients. J Neurosurg Sci. 2021;65(1):14\u201323."},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Surg Neurol Int","first-page":"127","article-title":"Chronic subdural hematoma: surgical management and outcome in 986 cases: a classification and regression tree approach","volume":"6","author":"Rovlias A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rovlias A, Theodoropoulos S, Papoutsakis D. Chronic subdural hematoma: surgical management and outcome in 986 cases: a classification and regression tree approach. Surg Neurol Int. 2015;6:127."},{"key":"b19","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","first-page":"46","article-title":"Risk factors of hospital mortality in chronic subdural hematoma: a retrospective analysis of 1117 patients, a single institute experience","volume":"67","author":"Wang S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang S, Ma Y, Zhao X,  Risk factors of hospital mortality in chronic subdural hematoma: a retrospective analysis of 1117 patients, a single institute experience. J Clin Neurosci. 2019;67:46\u201351."},{"issue":"1","key":"b20","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"16997","article-title":"Development of machine learning models for predicting unfavorable functional outcomes from preoperative data in patients with chronic subdural hematomas","volume":"13","author":"Fuse Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fuse Y, Nagashima Y, Nishiwaki H,  Development of machine learning models for predicting unfavorable functional outcomes from preoperative data in patients with chronic subdural hematomas. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):16997."},{"issue":"43","key":"b21","series-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)","first-page":"e35731","article-title":"Comparison of subperiosteal or subgaleal drainage and subdural drainage in patients with chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"102","author":"Song L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Song L, Zhou K, Wang C,  Comparison of subperiosteal or subgaleal drainage and subdural drainage in patients with chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2023;102(43):e35731."},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"108288","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of dexamethasone versus surgery for chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"241","author":"Shoaib A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shoaib A, Arif F, Khan M, Fatima T, Marsia S. Comparative efficacy of dexamethasone versus surgery for chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2024;241:108288."},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"108580","article-title":"Middle meningeal artery embolization alone versus combined with conventional surgery in the management of chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"246","author":"Shakir M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shakir M, Irshad HA, Alidina Z,  Middle meningeal artery embolization alone versus combined with conventional surgery in the management of chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2024;246:108580."},{"issue":"1","key":"b24","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"66","article-title":"Burr hole evacuation of chronic subdural hematoma in general versus local anesthesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"167","author":"Weber CF","year":"2025","unstructured":"Weber CF, Ferdowssian K, Hecht N, Vajkoczy P, Wessels L, Mertens R. Burr hole evacuation of chronic subdural hematoma in general versus local anesthesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2025;167(1):66."},{"key":"b25","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","first-page":"154","article-title":"Management of chronic subdural hematoma with the subdural evacuating port system: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"86","author":"Hoffman H","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hoffman H, Jalal MS, Bunch KM, Chin LS. Management of chronic subdural hematoma with the subdural evacuating port system: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Neurosci. 2021;86:154\u2013163."},{"key":"b26","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"244","article-title":"The effect of statins on the recurrence of chronic subdural hematomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"166","author":"Monteiro A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Monteiro A, Housley SB, Kuo CC,  The effect of statins on the recurrence of chronic subdural hematomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World Neurosurg. 2022;166:244\u2013250.e1."},{"issue":"3","key":"b27","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"665","article-title":"Chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of surgical procedures","volume":"121","author":"Liu W","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu W, Bakker NA, Groen RJ. Chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of surgical procedures. J Neurosurg. 2014;121(3):665\u2013673."},{"issue":"3","key":"b28","series-title":"Ann Surg","first-page":"449","article-title":"Chronic subdural hematoma management: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 34,829 patients","volume":"259","author":"Almenawer SA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Almenawer SA, Farrokhyar F, Hong C,  Chronic subdural hematoma management: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 34,829 patients. Ann Surg. 2014;259(3):449-457."},{"issue":"3","key":"b29","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"223","article-title":"Chronic subdural haematoma: surgical treatment and outcome in 1000 cases","volume":"107","author":"Gelabert-Gonz\u00e1lez M","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gelabert-Gonz\u00e1lez M, Iglesias-Pais M, Garc\u00eda-Allut A, Mart\u00ednez-Rumbo R. Chronic subdural haematoma: surgical treatment and outcome in 1000 cases. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2005;107(3):223\u2013229."},{"issue":"1","key":"b30","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chronic subdural hematoma-evolution of etiology and surgical treatment","volume":"63","author":"Uno M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Uno M. Chronic subdural hematoma-evolution of etiology and surgical treatment. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2023;63(1):1\u20138."},{"issue":"4","key":"b31","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg","first-page":"391","article-title":"Subdural pneumocephalus aspiration reduces recurrence of chronic subdural hematoma","volume":"18","author":"Chavakula V","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chavakula V, Yan SC, Huang KT,  Subdural pneumocephalus aspiration reduces recurrence of chronic subdural hematoma. Oper Neurosurg. 2020;18(4):391-397."},{"issue":"11","key":"b32","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"3229","article-title":"Modified Puerto Rico Recurrence Scale for chronic subdural hematomas: augmenting the grading scale with postoperative pneumocephalus volume","volume":"165","author":"Mignucci-Jim\u00e9nez G","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mignucci-Jim\u00e9nez G, Matos-Cruz AJ, Koskay G,  Modified Puerto Rico Recurrence Scale for chronic subdural hematomas: augmenting the grading scale with postoperative pneumocephalus volume. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2023;165(11):3229-3238."},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Surg Neurol Int","first-page":"230","article-title":"Puerto Rico Recurrence Scale: Predicting chronic subdural hematoma recurrence risk after initial surgical drainage","volume":"13","author":"Mignucci-Jim\u00e9nez G","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mignucci-Jim\u00e9nez G, Matos-Cruz AJ, Abramov I,  Puerto Rico Recurrence Scale: Predicting chronic subdural hematoma recurrence risk after initial surgical drainage. Surg Neurol Int. 2022;13:230."},{"issue":"5","key":"b34","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"791","article-title":"Relationship between drainage catheter location and postoperative recurrence of chronic subdural hematoma after burr-hole irrigation and closed-system drainage","volume":"93","author":"Nakaguchi H","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nakaguchi H, Tanishima T, Yoshimasu N. Relationship between drainage catheter location and postoperative recurrence of chronic subdural hematoma after burr-hole irrigation and closed-system drainage. J Neurosurg. 2000;93(5):791-795."},{"issue":"3","key":"b35","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"545","article-title":"Chronic sub-dural hematomas: twist drill craniostomy with a closed system of drainage, for 48 hours only, is a valuable surgical treatment","volume":"152","author":"Sindou M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sindou M, Ibrahim I, Maarrawi J. Chronic sub-dural hematomas: twist drill craniostomy with a closed system of drainage, for 48 hours only, is a valuable surgical treatment. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2010;152(3):545\u2013546."},{"issue":"8","key":"b36","series-title":"Lancet Neurol","first-page":"787","article-title":"Optimal drainage time after evacuation of chronic subdural haematoma (DRAIN TIME 2): a multicentre, randomised, multiarm and multistage non-inferiority trial in Denmark","volume":"23","author":"Hjortdal Gr\u00f8nh\u00f8j M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hjortdal Gr\u00f8nh\u00f8j M, Jensen TSR, Miscov R,  Optimal drainage time after evacuation of chronic subdural haematoma (DRAIN TIME 2): a multicentre, randomised, multiarm and multistage non-inferiority trial in Denmark. Lancet Neurol. 2024;23(8):787\u2013796."},{"issue":"2","key":"b37","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","first-page":"258","article-title":"Chronic subdural haematomas in elderly population. Neurosurgical aspects and focus on the single-burr hole technique performed under assisted local anaesthesia","volume":"31","author":"Seizeur R","year":"2017","unstructured":"Seizeur R, Abed-Rabbo F, Obaid S,  Chronic subdural haematomas in elderly population. Neurosurgical aspects and focus on the single-burr hole technique performed under assisted local anaesthesia. Br J Neurosurg. 2017;31(2):258-261."},{"issue":"9","key":"b38","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"2033","article-title":"Chronic subdural hematoma-incidence, complications, and financial impact","volume":"162","author":"Rauhala M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rauhala M, Hel\u00e9n P, Huhtala H,  Chronic subdural hematoma-incidence, complications, and financial impact. Acta Neurochir (Wien). Sep2020;162(9):2033\u20132043."},{"issue":"3","key":"b39","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","first-page":"257","article-title":"Treatment of chronic subdural haematomas\u2014a retrospective comparison of minicraniectomy versus burrhole drainage","volume":"24","author":"White M","year":"2010","unstructured":"White M, Mathieson CS, Campbell E, Lindsay KW, Murray L. Treatment of chronic subdural haematomas\u2014a retrospective comparison of minicraniectomy versus burrhole drainage. Br J Neurosurg. 2010;24(3):257-260."},{"issue":"4","key":"b40","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","first-page":"538","article-title":"Treatment concept of chronic subdural haematoma according to an algorithm using evidence-based medicine-derived key factors: a prospective controlled study","volume":"29","author":"Weigel R","year":"2015","unstructured":"Weigel R, Schlickum L, Weisser G, Krauss JK. Treatment concept of chronic subdural haematoma according to an algorithm using evidence-based medicine-derived key factors: a prospective controlled study. Br J Neurosurg. 2015;29(4):538\u2013543."},{"issue":"2","key":"b41","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","first-page":"279","article-title":"Number of burr holes as independent predictor of postoperative recurrence in chronic subdural haematoma","volume":"22","author":"Taussky P","year":"2008","unstructured":"Taussky P, Fandino J, Landolt H. Number of burr holes as independent predictor of postoperative recurrence in chronic subdural haematoma. Br J Neurosurg. 2008;22(2):279-282."},{"issue":"8","key":"b42","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","first-page":"823","article-title":"Chronic subdural haematomas and anticoagulation or anti-thrombotic therapy","volume":"13","author":"Rust T","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rust T, Kiemer N, Erasmus A. Chronic subdural haematomas and anticoagulation or anti-thrombotic therapy. J Clin Neurosci. 2006;13(8):823-827."},{"issue":"5","key":"b43","series-title":"Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg","first-page":"1649","article-title":"Factors influencing the results of surgical therapy of non-acute subdural haematomas","volume":"47","author":"Ren\u00e9 O","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ren\u00e9 O, Martin H, Pavol S, Kristi\u00e1n V, Tom\u00e1\u0161 F, Branislav K. Factors influencing the results of surgical therapy of non-acute subdural haematomas. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2021;47(5):1649-1655."},{"issue":"2","key":"b44","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","first-page":"204","article-title":"Analysis of risk factors for chronic subdural haematoma recurrence after burr hole surgery: optimal management of patients on antiplatelet therapy","volume":"28","author":"Okano A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Okano A, Oya S, Fujisawa N,  Analysis of risk factors for chronic subdural haematoma recurrence after burr hole surgery: optimal management of patients on antiplatelet therapy. Br J Neurosurg. 2014;28(2):204-208."},{"issue":"6","key":"b45","series-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc","first-page":"628","article-title":"Spontaneous resolution of chronic subdural hematoma: close observation as a treatment strategy","volume":"59","author":"Kim HC","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim HC, Ko JH, Yoo DS, Lee SK. Spontaneous resolution of chronic subdural hematoma: close observation as a treatment strategy. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2016;59(6):628-636."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"b46","series-title":"J Neurol Sci","first-page":"237","article-title":"Effects of atorvastatin on chronic subdural hematoma: a preliminary report from three medical centers","volume":"336","author":"Wang D","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang D, Li T, Tian Y,  Effects of atorvastatin on chronic subdural hematoma: a preliminary report from three medical centers. J Neurol Sci. 2014;336(1-2):237-242."},{"issue":"4","key":"b47","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"788","article-title":"Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition for arterial hypertension reduces the risk of recurrence in patients with chronic subdural hematoma possibly by an antiangiogenic mechanism","volume":"61","author":"Weigel R","year":"2007","unstructured":"Weigel R, Hohenstein A, Schlickum L, Weiss C, Schilling L. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition for arterial hypertension reduces the risk of recurrence in patients with chronic subdural hematoma possibly by an antiangiogenic mechanism. Neurosurgery. 2007;61(4):788\u2013793."},{"issue":"4","key":"b48","series-title":"Brain Circ","first-page":"254","article-title":"How to remove those bloody collections: nonsurgical treatment options for chronic subdural hematoma","volume":"6","author":"Yun HJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yun HJ, Ding Y. How to remove those bloody collections: nonsurgical treatment options for chronic subdural hematoma. Brain Circ. 2020;6(4):254\u2013259."},{"issue":"24","key":"b49","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"2230","article-title":"s Dexamethasone versus surgery for chronic subdural hematoma","volume":"388","author":"Miah IP","year":"2023","unstructured":"Miah IP, Holl DC, Blaauw J,  s Dexamethasone versus surgery for chronic subdural hematoma. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(24):2230-2240."},{"issue":"2","key":"b50","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"366","article-title":"Dexamethasone therapy in symptomatic chronic subdural hematoma (DECSA-R): a retrospective evaluation of initial corticosteroid therapy versus primary surgery","volume":"37","author":"Miah IP","year":"2020","unstructured":"Miah IP, Herklots M, Roks G,  Dexamethasone therapy in symptomatic chronic subdural hematoma (DECSA-R): a retrospective evaluation of initial corticosteroid therapy versus primary surgery. J Neurotrauma. 2020;37(2):366-372."},{"key":"b51","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"1359354","article-title":"Effectiveness of tranexamic acid on chronic subdural hematoma recurrence: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Pan W","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pan W, Hu J, Huang X,  Effectiveness of tranexamic acid on chronic subdural hematoma recurrence: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Front Neurol. 2024;15:1359354."},{"key":"b52","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"613","article-title":"Middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma: meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"122","author":"Srivatsan A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Srivatsan A, Mohanty A, Nascimento FA,  Middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma: meta-analysis and systematic review. World Neurosurg. 2019;122:613\u2013619."},{"issue":"9","key":"b53","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"855","article-title":"Embolization of the middle meningeal artery for chronic subdural hematoma","volume":"392","author":"Fiorella D","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fiorella D, Monteith SJ, Hanel R,  Embolization of the middle meningeal artery for chronic subdural hematoma. N Engl J Med. 2025;392(9):855-864."},{"key":"b54","series-title":"Cardiol Rev","article-title":"Enhancing outcomes in subdural hematoma: the role of middle meningeal artery embolization","author":"Elfil M","unstructured":"Elfil M, Ghaith H, Spirollari E,  Enhancing outcomes in subdural hematoma: the role of middle meningeal artery embolization. Cardiol Rev. Published online April 23, 2025. doi:10.1097\/CRD.0000000000000922"},{"issue":"20","key":"b55","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1890","article-title":"Adjunctive middle meningeal artery embolization for subdural hematoma","volume":"391","author":"Davies JM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Davies JM, Knopman J, Mokin M,  Adjunctive middle meningeal artery embolization for subdural hematoma. N Engl J Med. 2024;391(20):1890-1900."},{"issue":"10","key":"b56","series-title":"Nat Rev Neurol","first-page":"570","article-title":"Chronic subdural haematoma: modern management and emerging therapies","volume":"10","author":"Kolias AG","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kolias AG, Chari A, Santarius T, Hutchinson PJ. Chronic subdural haematoma: modern management and emerging therapies. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014;10(10):570\u2013578."},{"issue":"2","key":"b57","series-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc","first-page":"144","article-title":"How to treat chronic subdural hematoma? Past and now","volume":"62","author":"Lee KS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee KS. How to treat chronic subdural hematoma? Past and now. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2019;62(2):144-152."},{"issue":"9695","key":"b58","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1067","article-title":"Use of drains versus no drains after burr-hole evacuation of chronic subdural haematoma: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"374","author":"Santarius T","year":"2009","unstructured":"Santarius T, Kirkpatrick PJ, Ganesan D,  Use of drains versus no drains after burr-hole evacuation of chronic subdural haematoma: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;374(9695):1067\u20131073."},{"issue":"9","key":"b59","series-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)","first-page":"2060","article-title":"Controversies in the surgical treatment of chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic scoping review","volume":"12","author":"Solou M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Solou M, Ydreos I, Gavra M,  Controversies in the surgical treatment of chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic scoping review. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022;12(9):2060."},{"key":"b60","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"1183428","article-title":"Comparison of different surgical techniques for chronic subdural hematoma: a network meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Qiu Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qiu Y, Xie M, Duan A,  Comparison of different surgical techniques for chronic subdural hematoma: a network meta-analysis. Front Neurol. 2023;14:1183428."},{"key":"b61","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"229","article-title":"Comparison of burr-hole craniostomy versus twist-drill craniostomy operations for patients with chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"176","author":"Al-Salihi MM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Al-Salihi MM, Al-Jebur MS, Al-Salihi Y,  Comparison of burr-hole craniostomy versus twist-drill craniostomy operations for patients with chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. World Neurosurg. 2023;176:229\u2013236.e7."},{"key":"b62","series-title":"World Neurosurg X","first-page":"100183","article-title":"Surgical treatment for chronic subdural hematoma in the elderly: a retrospective analysis","volume":"18","author":"Peters DR","year":"2023","unstructured":"Peters DR, Parish J, Monk S,  Surgical treatment for chronic subdural hematoma in the elderly: a retrospective analysis. World Neurosurg X. 2023;18:100183."},{"key":"b63","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"339","article-title":"Updates in chronic subdural hematoma: epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, treatment, and outcome","volume":"141","author":"Feghali J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Feghali J, Yang W, Huang J. Updates in chronic subdural hematoma: epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, treatment, and outcome. World Neurosurg. 2020;141:339\u2013345."},{"issue":"1","key":"b64","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"13","article-title":"Postoperative pneumocephalus and recurrence and outcome of chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Guo X","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo X, Wu L, Ou Y,  Postoperative pneumocephalus and recurrence and outcome of chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosurg Rev. 2022;46(1):13."},{"issue":"1","key":"b65","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"349","article-title":"Impact of surgical timing on chronic subdural hematoma outcomes: novel insights from a multicenter study","volume":"48","author":"Colonna S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Colonna S, Lo Bue E, Pesaresi A,  Impact of surgical timing on chronic subdural hematoma outcomes: novel insights from a multicenter study. Neurosurg Rev. 2025;48(1):349."},{"key":"b66","series-title":"Verb Phys Med Ges Wuerzburg","first-page":"134","article-title":"Das Haematom der Dura mater","volume":"7","author":"Virchow R","year":"1857","unstructured":"Virchow R. Das Haematom der Dura mater. Verb Phys Med Ges Wuerzburg. 1857;7:134\u2013142."},{"issue":"4","key":"b1","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"263","article-title":"Demographics and prevalent risk factors of chronic subdural haematoma: results of a large single-center cohort study","volume":"27","author":"Baechli H","year":"2004","unstructured":"Baechli H, Nordmann A, Bucher HC, Gratzl O. Demographics and prevalent risk factors of chronic subdural haematoma: results of a large single-center cohort study. Neurosurg Rev. 2004;27(4):263-266."},{"issue":"5","key":"b2","series-title":"Surgeon","first-page":"e271","article-title":"Assessing the accuracy of the International Classification of Disease (ICD) framework in the identification of patients with chronic subdural haematoma from hospital records","volume":"21","author":"Yordanov S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yordanov S, Khan S, Stubbs D,  Assessing the accuracy of the International Classification of Disease (ICD) framework in the identification of patients with chronic subdural haematoma from hospital records. Surgeon. 2023;21(5):e271-e278."},{"issue":"6","key":"b3","series-title":"QJM","first-page":"375","article-title":"Increasing incidence of chronic subdural haematoma in the elderly","volume":"110","author":"Adhiyaman V","year":"2017","unstructured":"Adhiyaman V, Chattopadhyay I, Irshad F, Curran D, Abraham S. Increasing incidence of chronic subdural haematoma in the elderly. QJM. 2017;110(6):375-378."},{"issue":"4","key":"b4","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1147","article-title":"The incidence of chronic subdural hematomas from 1990 to 2015 in a defined Finnish population","volume":"132","author":"Rauhala M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rauhala M, Luoto TM, Huhtala H,  The incidence of chronic subdural hematomas from 1990 to 2015 in a defined Finnish population. J Neurosurg. 2020;132(4):1147-1157."},{"issue":"6","key":"b5","series-title":"Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg","first-page":"3059","article-title":"Comparative clinical outcomes of irrigation techniques in burr-hole craniostomy for chronic subdural hemorrhage: a multicenter cohort study","volume":"50","author":"Cho HS","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cho HS, Lee HS, Jeon YS, Lee WH, Cho KR. Comparative clinical outcomes of irrigation techniques in burr-hole craniostomy for chronic subdural hemorrhage: a multicenter cohort study. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2024;50(6):3059-3067."},{"issue":"3","key":"b6","series-title":"Neurosurg Clin N Am","first-page":"541","article-title":"The course of chronic subdural hematomas after burr-hole craniostomy with and without closed-system drainage","volume":"11","author":"Markwalder TM","year":"2000","unstructured":"Markwalder TM. The course of chronic subdural hematomas after burr-hole craniostomy with and without closed-system drainage. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2000;11(3):541\u2013546."},{"issue":"5","key":"b7","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"637","article-title":"Chronic subdural hematomas: a review","volume":"54","author":"Markwalder TM","year":"1981","unstructured":"Markwalder TM. Chronic subdural hematomas: a review. J Neurosurg. 1981;54(5):637\u2013645."},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Brain Spine","first-page":"100300","article-title":"Chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH): a review of the current state of the art","volume":"1","author":"Nouri A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nouri A, Gondar R, Schaller K, Meling T. Chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH): a review of the current state of the art. Brain Spine. 2021;1:100300."},{"issue":"1","key":"b9","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"305","article-title":"Evaluation of clinical outcome and predictive factors for thromboembolism or hemorrhagic complications in patients treated for chronic subdural hematoma. A prospective observational study","volume":"48","author":"Scerrati A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Scerrati A, Mantovani G, Cavallo MA,  Evaluation of clinical outcome and predictive factors for thromboembolism or hemorrhagic complications in patients treated for chronic subdural hematoma. A prospective observational study. Neurosurg Rev. 2025;48(1):305."},{"key":"b10","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e242","article-title":"Frailty and outcomes after craniotomy or craniectomy for atraumatic chronic subdural hematoma","volume":"145","author":"Sastry RA","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sastry RA, Pertsch N, Tang O, Shao B, Toms SA, Weil RJ. Frailty and outcomes after craniotomy or craniectomy for atraumatic chronic subdural hematoma. World Neurosurg. 2021;145:e242\u2013e251."},{"issue":"12","key":"b11","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"3133","article-title":"Mortality after chronic subdural hematoma is associated with frailty","volume":"164","author":"Blaauw J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Blaauw J, Jacobs B, Hertog HMD,  Mortality after chronic subdural hematoma is associated with frailty. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2022;164(12):3133\u20133141."},{"issue":"8","key":"b12","series-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int","first-page":"1173","article-title":"Importance of frailty evaluation in the prediction of the prognosis of patients with chronic subdural hematoma","volume":"18","author":"Shimizu K","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shimizu K, Sadatomo T, Hara T, Onishi S, Yuki K, Kurisu K. Importance of frailty evaluation in the prediction of the prognosis of patients with chronic subdural hematoma. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2018;18(8):1173\u20131176."},{"issue":"6","key":"b13","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"1467","article-title":"Long-term excess mortality after chronic subdural hematoma","volume":"162","author":"Rauhala M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rauhala M, Hel\u00e9n P, Sepp\u00e4 K,  Long-term excess mortality after chronic subdural hematoma. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2020;162(6):1467-1478."},{"issue":"1","key":"b14","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"7020","article-title":"Prognosis of patients with operated chronic subdural hematoma","volume":"12","author":"Posti JP","year":"2022","unstructured":"Posti JP, Luoto TM, Sipil\u00e4 JOT, Rautava P, Kyt\u00f6 V. Prognosis of patients with operated chronic subdural hematoma. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):7020."},{"key":"b15","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e929","article-title":"Assessment of surgical treatment and outcome of chronic subdural hematoma at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, a one year prospective study","volume":"187","author":"Molla YD","year":"2024","unstructured":"Molla YD, Alemu HT, Gebrehana DA. Assessment of surgical treatment and outcome of chronic subdural hematoma at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, a one year prospective study. World Neurosurg. 2024;187:e929\u2013e936."},{"key":"b16","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e365","article-title":"A validation study of Kwon\u2019s prognostic scoring system for chronic subdural hematoma","volume":"165","author":"Bader SE","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bader SE, S\u00f6nnerqvist C, Melander N, Olivecrona M. A validation study of Kwon\u2019s prognostic scoring system for chronic subdural hematoma. World Neurosurg. 2022;165:e365\u2013e372."},{"issue":"1","key":"b17","series-title":"J Neurosurg Sci","first-page":"14","article-title":"Prognostic factors in chronic subdural hematoma: results from a monocentric consecutive surgical series of 605 patients","volume":"65","author":"Bacigaluppi S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bacigaluppi S, Guastalli F, Bragazzi NL, Balestrino A, Bruzzi P, Zona G. Prognostic factors in chronic subdural hematoma: results from a monocentric consecutive surgical series of 605 patients. J Neurosurg Sci. 2021;65(1):14\u201323."},{"key":"b18","series-title":"Surg Neurol Int","first-page":"127","article-title":"Chronic subdural hematoma: surgical management and outcome in 986 cases: a classification and regression tree approach","volume":"6","author":"Rovlias A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rovlias A, Theodoropoulos S, Papoutsakis D. Chronic subdural hematoma: surgical management and outcome in 986 cases: a classification and regression tree approach. Surg Neurol Int. 2015;6:127."},{"key":"b19","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","first-page":"46","article-title":"Risk factors of hospital mortality in chronic subdural hematoma: a retrospective analysis of 1117 patients, a single institute experience","volume":"67","author":"Wang S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang S, Ma Y, Zhao X,  Risk factors of hospital mortality in chronic subdural hematoma: a retrospective analysis of 1117 patients, a single institute experience. J Clin Neurosci. 2019;67:46\u201351."},{"issue":"1","key":"b20","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"16997","article-title":"Development of machine learning models for predicting unfavorable functional outcomes from preoperative data in patients with chronic subdural hematomas","volume":"13","author":"Fuse Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fuse Y, Nagashima Y, Nishiwaki H,  Development of machine learning models for predicting unfavorable functional outcomes from preoperative data in patients with chronic subdural hematomas. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):16997."},{"issue":"43","key":"b21","series-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)","first-page":"e35731","article-title":"Comparison of subperiosteal or subgaleal drainage and subdural drainage in patients with chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"102","author":"Song L","year":"2023","unstructured":"Song L, Zhou K, Wang C,  Comparison of subperiosteal or subgaleal drainage and subdural drainage in patients with chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2023;102(43):e35731."},{"key":"b22","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"108288","article-title":"Comparative efficacy of dexamethasone versus surgery for chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"241","author":"Shoaib A","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shoaib A, Arif F, Khan M, Fatima T, Marsia S. Comparative efficacy of dexamethasone versus surgery for chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2024;241:108288."},{"key":"b23","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"108580","article-title":"Middle meningeal artery embolization alone versus combined with conventional surgery in the management of chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"246","author":"Shakir M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shakir M, Irshad HA, Alidina Z,  Middle meningeal artery embolization alone versus combined with conventional surgery in the management of chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2024;246:108580."},{"issue":"1","key":"b24","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"66","article-title":"Burr hole evacuation of chronic subdural hematoma in general versus local anesthesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"167","author":"Weber CF","year":"2025","unstructured":"Weber CF, Ferdowssian K, Hecht N, Vajkoczy P, Wessels L, Mertens R. Burr hole evacuation of chronic subdural hematoma in general versus local anesthesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2025;167(1):66."},{"key":"b25","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","first-page":"154","article-title":"Management of chronic subdural hematoma with the subdural evacuating port system: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"86","author":"Hoffman H","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hoffman H, Jalal MS, Bunch KM, Chin LS. Management of chronic subdural hematoma with the subdural evacuating port system: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Neurosci. 2021;86:154\u2013163."},{"key":"b26","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"244","article-title":"The effect of statins on the recurrence of chronic subdural hematomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"166","author":"Monteiro A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Monteiro A, Housley SB, Kuo CC,  The effect of statins on the recurrence of chronic subdural hematomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World Neurosurg. 2022;166:244\u2013250.e1."},{"issue":"3","key":"b27","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"665","article-title":"Chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of surgical procedures","volume":"121","author":"Liu W","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu W, Bakker NA, Groen RJ. Chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of surgical procedures. J Neurosurg. 2014;121(3):665\u2013673."},{"issue":"3","key":"b28","series-title":"Ann Surg","first-page":"449","article-title":"Chronic subdural hematoma management: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 34,829 patients","volume":"259","author":"Almenawer SA","year":"2014","unstructured":"Almenawer SA, Farrokhyar F, Hong C,  Chronic subdural hematoma management: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 34,829 patients. Ann Surg. 2014;259(3):449-457."},{"issue":"3","key":"b29","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"223","article-title":"Chronic subdural haematoma: surgical treatment and outcome in 1000 cases","volume":"107","author":"Gelabert-Gonz\u00e1lez M","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gelabert-Gonz\u00e1lez M, Iglesias-Pais M, Garc\u00eda-Allut A, Mart\u00ednez-Rumbo R. Chronic subdural haematoma: surgical treatment and outcome in 1000 cases. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2005;107(3):223\u2013229."},{"issue":"1","key":"b30","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chronic subdural hematoma-evolution of etiology and surgical treatment","volume":"63","author":"Uno M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Uno M. Chronic subdural hematoma-evolution of etiology and surgical treatment. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2023;63(1):1\u20138."},{"issue":"4","key":"b31","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg","first-page":"391","article-title":"Subdural pneumocephalus aspiration reduces recurrence of chronic subdural hematoma","volume":"18","author":"Chavakula V","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chavakula V, Yan SC, Huang KT,  Subdural pneumocephalus aspiration reduces recurrence of chronic subdural hematoma. Oper Neurosurg. 2020;18(4):391-397."},{"issue":"11","key":"b32","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"3229","article-title":"Modified Puerto Rico Recurrence Scale for chronic subdural hematomas: augmenting the grading scale with postoperative pneumocephalus volume","volume":"165","author":"Mignucci-Jim\u00e9nez G","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mignucci-Jim\u00e9nez G, Matos-Cruz AJ, Koskay G,  Modified Puerto Rico Recurrence Scale for chronic subdural hematomas: augmenting the grading scale with postoperative pneumocephalus volume. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2023;165(11):3229-3238."},{"key":"b33","series-title":"Surg Neurol Int","first-page":"230","article-title":"Puerto Rico Recurrence Scale: Predicting chronic subdural hematoma recurrence risk after initial surgical drainage","volume":"13","author":"Mignucci-Jim\u00e9nez G","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mignucci-Jim\u00e9nez G, Matos-Cruz AJ, Abramov I,  Puerto Rico Recurrence Scale: Predicting chronic subdural hematoma recurrence risk after initial surgical drainage. Surg Neurol Int. 2022;13:230."},{"issue":"5","key":"b34","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"791","article-title":"Relationship between drainage catheter location and postoperative recurrence of chronic subdural hematoma after burr-hole irrigation and closed-system drainage","volume":"93","author":"Nakaguchi H","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nakaguchi H, Tanishima T, Yoshimasu N. Relationship between drainage catheter location and postoperative recurrence of chronic subdural hematoma after burr-hole irrigation and closed-system drainage. J Neurosurg. 2000;93(5):791-795."},{"issue":"3","key":"b35","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"545","article-title":"Chronic sub-dural hematomas: twist drill craniostomy with a closed system of drainage, for 48 hours only, is a valuable surgical treatment","volume":"152","author":"Sindou M","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sindou M, Ibrahim I, Maarrawi J. Chronic sub-dural hematomas: twist drill craniostomy with a closed system of drainage, for 48 hours only, is a valuable surgical treatment. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2010;152(3):545\u2013546."},{"issue":"8","key":"b36","series-title":"Lancet Neurol","first-page":"787","article-title":"Optimal drainage time after evacuation of chronic subdural haematoma (DRAIN TIME 2): a multicentre, randomised, multiarm and multistage non-inferiority trial in Denmark","volume":"23","author":"Hjortdal Gr\u00f8nh\u00f8j M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hjortdal Gr\u00f8nh\u00f8j M, Jensen TSR, Miscov R,  Optimal drainage time after evacuation of chronic subdural haematoma (DRAIN TIME 2): a multicentre, randomised, multiarm and multistage non-inferiority trial in Denmark. Lancet Neurol. 2024;23(8):787\u2013796."},{"issue":"2","key":"b37","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","first-page":"258","article-title":"Chronic subdural haematomas in elderly population. Neurosurgical aspects and focus on the single-burr hole technique performed under assisted local anaesthesia","volume":"31","author":"Seizeur R","year":"2017","unstructured":"Seizeur R, Abed-Rabbo F, Obaid S,  Chronic subdural haematomas in elderly population. Neurosurgical aspects and focus on the single-burr hole technique performed under assisted local anaesthesia. Br J Neurosurg. 2017;31(2):258-261."},{"issue":"9","key":"b38","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"2033","article-title":"Chronic subdural hematoma-incidence, complications, and financial impact","volume":"162","author":"Rauhala M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rauhala M, Hel\u00e9n P, Huhtala H,  Chronic subdural hematoma-incidence, complications, and financial impact. Acta Neurochir (Wien). Sep2020;162(9):2033\u20132043."},{"issue":"3","key":"b39","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","first-page":"257","article-title":"Treatment of chronic subdural haematomas\u2014a retrospective comparison of minicraniectomy versus burrhole drainage","volume":"24","author":"White M","year":"2010","unstructured":"White M, Mathieson CS, Campbell E, Lindsay KW, Murray L. Treatment of chronic subdural haematomas\u2014a retrospective comparison of minicraniectomy versus burrhole drainage. Br J Neurosurg. 2010;24(3):257-260."},{"issue":"4","key":"b40","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","first-page":"538","article-title":"Treatment concept of chronic subdural haematoma according to an algorithm using evidence-based medicine-derived key factors: a prospective controlled study","volume":"29","author":"Weigel R","year":"2015","unstructured":"Weigel R, Schlickum L, Weisser G, Krauss JK. Treatment concept of chronic subdural haematoma according to an algorithm using evidence-based medicine-derived key factors: a prospective controlled study. Br J Neurosurg. 2015;29(4):538\u2013543."},{"issue":"2","key":"b41","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","first-page":"279","article-title":"Number of burr holes as independent predictor of postoperative recurrence in chronic subdural haematoma","volume":"22","author":"Taussky P","year":"2008","unstructured":"Taussky P, Fandino J, Landolt H. Number of burr holes as independent predictor of postoperative recurrence in chronic subdural haematoma. Br J Neurosurg. 2008;22(2):279-282."},{"issue":"8","key":"b42","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","first-page":"823","article-title":"Chronic subdural haematomas and anticoagulation or anti-thrombotic therapy","volume":"13","author":"Rust T","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rust T, Kiemer N, Erasmus A. Chronic subdural haematomas and anticoagulation or anti-thrombotic therapy. J Clin Neurosci. 2006;13(8):823-827."},{"issue":"5","key":"b43","series-title":"Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg","first-page":"1649","article-title":"Factors influencing the results of surgical therapy of non-acute subdural haematomas","volume":"47","author":"Ren\u00e9 O","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ren\u00e9 O, Martin H, Pavol S, Kristi\u00e1n V, Tom\u00e1\u0161 F, Branislav K. Factors influencing the results of surgical therapy of non-acute subdural haematomas. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2021;47(5):1649-1655."},{"issue":"2","key":"b44","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","first-page":"204","article-title":"Analysis of risk factors for chronic subdural haematoma recurrence after burr hole surgery: optimal management of patients on antiplatelet therapy","volume":"28","author":"Okano A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Okano A, Oya S, Fujisawa N,  Analysis of risk factors for chronic subdural haematoma recurrence after burr hole surgery: optimal management of patients on antiplatelet therapy. Br J Neurosurg. 2014;28(2):204-208."},{"issue":"6","key":"b45","series-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc","first-page":"628","article-title":"Spontaneous resolution of chronic subdural hematoma: close observation as a treatment strategy","volume":"59","author":"Kim HC","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim HC, Ko JH, Yoo DS, Lee SK. Spontaneous resolution of chronic subdural hematoma: close observation as a treatment strategy. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2016;59(6):628-636."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"b46","series-title":"J Neurol Sci","first-page":"237","article-title":"Effects of atorvastatin on chronic subdural hematoma: a preliminary report from three medical centers","volume":"336","author":"Wang D","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang D, Li T, Tian Y,  Effects of atorvastatin on chronic subdural hematoma: a preliminary report from three medical centers. J Neurol Sci. 2014;336(1-2):237-242."},{"issue":"4","key":"b47","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"788","article-title":"Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition for arterial hypertension reduces the risk of recurrence in patients with chronic subdural hematoma possibly by an antiangiogenic mechanism","volume":"61","author":"Weigel R","year":"2007","unstructured":"Weigel R, Hohenstein A, Schlickum L, Weiss C, Schilling L. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition for arterial hypertension reduces the risk of recurrence in patients with chronic subdural hematoma possibly by an antiangiogenic mechanism. Neurosurgery. 2007;61(4):788\u2013793."},{"issue":"4","key":"b48","series-title":"Brain Circ","first-page":"254","article-title":"How to remove those bloody collections: nonsurgical treatment options for chronic subdural hematoma","volume":"6","author":"Yun HJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yun HJ, Ding Y. How to remove those bloody collections: nonsurgical treatment options for chronic subdural hematoma. Brain Circ. 2020;6(4):254\u2013259."},{"issue":"24","key":"b49","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"2230","article-title":"s Dexamethasone versus surgery for chronic subdural hematoma","volume":"388","author":"Miah IP","year":"2023","unstructured":"Miah IP, Holl DC, Blaauw J,  s Dexamethasone versus surgery for chronic subdural hematoma. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(24):2230-2240."},{"issue":"2","key":"b50","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","first-page":"366","article-title":"Dexamethasone therapy in symptomatic chronic subdural hematoma (DECSA-R): a retrospective evaluation of initial corticosteroid therapy versus primary surgery","volume":"37","author":"Miah IP","year":"2020","unstructured":"Miah IP, Herklots M, Roks G,  Dexamethasone therapy in symptomatic chronic subdural hematoma (DECSA-R): a retrospective evaluation of initial corticosteroid therapy versus primary surgery. J Neurotrauma. 2020;37(2):366-372."},{"key":"b51","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"1359354","article-title":"Effectiveness of tranexamic acid on chronic subdural hematoma recurrence: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Pan W","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pan W, Hu J, Huang X,  Effectiveness of tranexamic acid on chronic subdural hematoma recurrence: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Front Neurol. 2024;15:1359354."},{"key":"b52","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"613","article-title":"Middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma: meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"122","author":"Srivatsan A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Srivatsan A, Mohanty A, Nascimento FA,  Middle meningeal artery embolization for chronic subdural hematoma: meta-analysis and systematic review. World Neurosurg. 2019;122:613\u2013619."},{"issue":"9","key":"b53","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"855","article-title":"Embolization of the middle meningeal artery for chronic subdural hematoma","volume":"392","author":"Fiorella D","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fiorella D, Monteith SJ, Hanel R,  Embolization of the middle meningeal artery for chronic subdural hematoma. N Engl J Med. 2025;392(9):855-864."},{"key":"b54","series-title":"Cardiol Rev","article-title":"Enhancing outcomes in subdural hematoma: the role of middle meningeal artery embolization","author":"Elfil M","unstructured":"Elfil M, Ghaith H, Spirollari E,  Enhancing outcomes in subdural hematoma: the role of middle meningeal artery embolization. Cardiol Rev. Published online April 23, 2025. doi:10.1097\/CRD.0000000000000922"},{"issue":"20","key":"b55","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1890","article-title":"Adjunctive middle meningeal artery embolization for subdural hematoma","volume":"391","author":"Davies JM","year":"2024","unstructured":"Davies JM, Knopman J, Mokin M,  Adjunctive middle meningeal artery embolization for subdural hematoma. N Engl J Med. 2024;391(20):1890-1900."},{"issue":"10","key":"b56","series-title":"Nat Rev Neurol","first-page":"570","article-title":"Chronic subdural haematoma: modern management and emerging therapies","volume":"10","author":"Kolias AG","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kolias AG, Chari A, Santarius T, Hutchinson PJ. Chronic subdural haematoma: modern management and emerging therapies. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014;10(10):570\u2013578."},{"issue":"2","key":"b57","series-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc","first-page":"144","article-title":"How to treat chronic subdural hematoma? Past and now","volume":"62","author":"Lee KS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee KS. How to treat chronic subdural hematoma? Past and now. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2019;62(2):144-152."},{"issue":"9695","key":"b58","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1067","article-title":"Use of drains versus no drains after burr-hole evacuation of chronic subdural haematoma: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"374","author":"Santarius T","year":"2009","unstructured":"Santarius T, Kirkpatrick PJ, Ganesan D,  Use of drains versus no drains after burr-hole evacuation of chronic subdural haematoma: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;374(9695):1067\u20131073."},{"issue":"9","key":"b59","series-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)","first-page":"2060","article-title":"Controversies in the surgical treatment of chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic scoping review","volume":"12","author":"Solou M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Solou M, Ydreos I, Gavra M,  Controversies in the surgical treatment of chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic scoping review. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022;12(9):2060."},{"key":"b60","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"1183428","article-title":"Comparison of different surgical techniques for chronic subdural hematoma: a network meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Qiu Y","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qiu Y, Xie M, Duan A,  Comparison of different surgical techniques for chronic subdural hematoma: a network meta-analysis. Front Neurol. 2023;14:1183428."},{"key":"b61","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"229","article-title":"Comparison of burr-hole craniostomy versus twist-drill craniostomy operations for patients with chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"176","author":"Al-Salihi MM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Al-Salihi MM, Al-Jebur MS, Al-Salihi Y,  Comparison of burr-hole craniostomy versus twist-drill craniostomy operations for patients with chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. World Neurosurg. 2023;176:229\u2013236.e7."},{"key":"b62","series-title":"World Neurosurg X","first-page":"100183","article-title":"Surgical treatment for chronic subdural hematoma in the elderly: a retrospective analysis","volume":"18","author":"Peters DR","year":"2023","unstructured":"Peters DR, Parish J, Monk S,  Surgical treatment for chronic subdural hematoma in the elderly: a retrospective analysis. World Neurosurg X. 2023;18:100183."},{"key":"b63","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"339","article-title":"Updates in chronic subdural hematoma: epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, treatment, and outcome","volume":"141","author":"Feghali J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Feghali J, Yang W, Huang J. Updates in chronic subdural hematoma: epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, treatment, and outcome. World Neurosurg. 2020;141:339\u2013345."},{"issue":"1","key":"b64","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"13","article-title":"Postoperative pneumocephalus and recurrence and outcome of chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"46","author":"Guo X","year":"2022","unstructured":"Guo X, Wu L, Ou Y,  Postoperative pneumocephalus and recurrence and outcome of chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosurg Rev. 2022;46(1):13."},{"issue":"1","key":"b65","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"349","article-title":"Impact of surgical timing on chronic subdural hematoma outcomes: novel insights from a multicenter study","volume":"48","author":"Colonna S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Colonna S, Lo Bue E, Pesaresi A,  Impact of surgical timing on chronic subdural hematoma outcomes: novel insights from a multicenter study. Neurosurg Rev. 2025;48(1):349."},{"key":"b66","series-title":"Verb Phys Med Ges Wuerzburg","first-page":"134","article-title":"Das Haematom der Dura mater","volume":"7","author":"Virchow R","year":"1857","unstructured":"Virchow R. Das Haematom der Dura mater. Verb Phys Med Ges Wuerzburg. 1857;7:134\u2013142."}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Focus"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/59\/4\/article-pE4.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/59\/4\/article-pE4.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/59\/4\/article-pE4.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T08:16:29Z","timestamp":1780128989000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/59\/4\/article-pE4.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"references-count":132,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2025.7.focus25521","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-0684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-0684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]}}}