{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T09:01:45Z","timestamp":1780131705685,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Intraventricular and subarachnoid neurocysticercosis (IVSN) represents a severe extraparenchymal manifestation of\n                      <jats:italic>Taenia solium<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection, frequently leading to obstructive hydrocephalus and increased intracranial pressure. Despite advances in medical therapy, standardized protocols for endoscopic management remain lacking. The authors aimed to establish a comprehensive diagnostic and surgical workflow for IVSN and evaluate the clinical outcomes of neuroendoscopic management in a large single-center cohort.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The medical records of 51 patients (mean age 43.4 years, 68.6% male) with IVSN treated via endoscopic surgery from 2009 to 2025 were retrospectively reviewed. Preoperative diagnostics included high-resolution T2-weighted 3D SPACE MRI and lateral view radiographic imaging of the lower legs to enhance the detection of cysts. Endoscopic procedures involved cyst excision, endoscopic third ventriculostomy, and septostomy. Postoperative management included corticosteroids, albendazole, and antiepileptics. Outcomes were assessed via radiological follow-up and clinical monitoring over a mean period of 98.3 months.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Complete cyst removal was achieved in 88.2% of patients. Three-dimensional SPACE (sampling perfection with application-optimized contrast using different flip angle evolutions) MRI enabled clear visualization of cyst membranes in all cases, outperforming conventional sequences. Intramuscular calcifications were detected in 94.1% of patients via lateral leg radiographic imaging. The recurrence rate was 2.0%, and only 9.8% of patients required ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement. Postoperative complications were minimal, with intracranial infections in 2 cases (3.9%), both of which were successfully managed. No neurological deficits were observed following surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neuroendoscopic surgery offers a safe and effective treatment for IVSN when combined with advanced imaging and structured medical therapy. The integration of 3D SPACE MRI and standardized endoscopic protocols facilitates accurate diagnosis, complete cyst removal, and long-term disease control with low complication and recurrence rates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.8.focus25686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T12:05:38Z","timestamp":1761998738000},"page":"E5","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Endoscopic management of intraventricular and subarachnoid neurocysticercosis: technical workflow and clinical outcome"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Xinghua","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiashu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiwang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong Provincial Corps Hospital of the Chinese People\u2019s Armed Police Forces, Guangzhou, China; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruochu","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengkun","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhichao","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, The First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","article-title":"WHO Guidelines on Management of Taenia solium Neurocysticercosis","year":"2021","unstructured":"WHO Guidelines on Management of Taenia solium Neurocysticercosis. World Health Organization; 2021.Accessed September 5, 2025. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK573846\/"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Surg Neurol Int","first-page":"201","article-title":"Fourth ventricle neurocysticercosis: a case report","volume":"9","author":"Sim\u00e3o D","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sim\u00e3o D, Teixeira JC, Campos AR, Coiteiro D, Santos MM. Fourth ventricle neurocysticercosis: a case report. Surg Neurol Int. 2018;9:201."},{"key":"b3","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"264","article-title":"Hydrocephalus in neurocysticercosis: challenges for clinical practice and basic research perspectives","volume":"126","author":"Hamamoto Filho PT","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hamamoto Filho PT, Zanini MA, Fleury A. Hydrocephalus in neurocysticercosis: challenges for clinical practice and basic research perspectives. World Neurosurg. 2019;126:264\u2013271."},{"issue":"4","key":"b4","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"341","article-title":"Neuro-endoscopic management of intraventricular neurocysticercosis (NCC)","volume":"149","author":"Husain M","year":"2007","unstructured":"Husain M, Jha DK, Rastogi M, Husain N, Gupta RK. Neuro-endoscopic management of intraventricular neurocysticercosis (NCC). Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2007;149(4):341\u2013346."},{"issue":"1","key":"b5","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"35","article-title":"Transventricular, transaqueductal scope-in-scope endoscopic excision of fourth ventricular neurocysticercosis: a series of 13 cases and a review","volume":"1","author":"Suri A","year":"2008","unstructured":"Suri A, Goel RK, Ahmad FU, Vellimana AK, Sharma BS, Mahapatra AK. Transventricular, transaqueductal scope-in-scope endoscopic excision of fourth ventricular neurocysticercosis: a series of 13 cases and a review. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2008;1(1):35\u201339."},{"issue":"5","key":"b6","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg","first-page":"670","article-title":"Endoscopic transventricular transaqueductal excision of fourth ventricular neurocysticercosis: 2-dimensional endoscopic video: 2-dimensional operative video","volume":"27","author":"Zaher M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zaher M, Turtz A. Endoscopic transventricular transaqueductal excision of fourth ventricular neurocysticercosis: 2-dimensional endoscopic video: 2-dimensional operative video. Oper Neurosurg. 2024;27(5):670\u2013671."},{"issue":"2","key":"b7","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"281","article-title":"Neurosurgical approach to neurocysticercosis in adults: a comprehensive systematic review of clinical and imaging insights","volume":"97","author":"Knott MV","year":"2025","unstructured":"Knott MV, Berke CN, Shah KH,  Neurosurgical approach to neurocysticercosis in adults: a comprehensive systematic review of clinical and imaging insights. Neurosurgery. 2025;97(2):281\u2013297."},{"issue":"3","key":"b8","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","first-page":"305","article-title":"Intraventricular neurocysticercosis: a review of current status and management issues","volume":"26","author":"Sinha S","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sinha S, Sharma BS. Intraventricular neurocysticercosis: a review of current status and management issues. 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Surg Neurol Int. 2016;7(suppl 39):S952\u2013S954."},{"key":"b17","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e647","article-title":"Endoscopic management of fourth ventricle neurocysticercosis: description of the new technique in a case series of 5 cases and review of the literature","volume":"122","author":"Sharma BS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sharma BS, Sawarkar DP, Verma SK. Endoscopic management of fourth ventricle neurocysticercosis: description of the new technique in a case series of 5 cases and review of the literature. World Neurosurg. 2019;122:e647\u2013e654."},{"issue":"3","key":"b18","series-title":"Asian J Neurosurg","first-page":"527","article-title":"Endoscopic excision of intraventricular neurocysticercosis cyst with an angiocatheter: a retrospective analysis","volume":"15","author":"Aggarwal VK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aggarwal VK, Krishna G, Singh I. 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The rolling cyst: migrating intraventricular neurocysticercosis\u2014a case-based update. Childs Nerv Syst. 2020;36(4):669\u2013677."},{"issue":"1","key":"b22","series-title":"Obstet Med","first-page":"57","article-title":"Diagnostic and management challenges of intraventricular neurocysticercosis presenting in the third trimester of pregnancy: a case report","volume":"14","author":"Ramesh D","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ramesh D, Maurya DK, Gopalakrishnan MS,  Diagnostic and management challenges of intraventricular neurocysticercosis presenting in the third trimester of pregnancy: a case report. Obstet Med. 2021;14(1):57\u201361."},{"key":"b23","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e74","article-title":"Endoscopic route for excision of intraventricular neurocysticercosis: light at the end of the tunnel","volume":"125","author":"Singh S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Singh S, Marutirao R, Deora H,  Endoscopic route for excision of intraventricular neurocysticercosis: light at the end of the tunnel. World Neurosurg. 2019;125:e74\u2013e81."},{"key":"b24","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"91","article-title":"Racemose fourth ventricle neurocysticercosis excision through telovelar approach and hydrodissection","volume":"165","author":"Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez D","year":"2022","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez D, Garc\u00eda-Posadas G, Paredes I, Jim\u00e9nez-Rold\u00e1n L. Racemose fourth ventricle neurocysticercosis excision through telovelar approach and hydrodissection. 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Endoscopic management of intraventricular neurocysticercosis. Turk Neurosurg. 2019;29(1):59\u201365."},{"key":"b1","article-title":"WHO Guidelines on Management of Taenia solium Neurocysticercosis","year":"2021","unstructured":"WHO Guidelines on Management of Taenia solium Neurocysticercosis. World Health Organization; 2021.Accessed September 5, 2025. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK573846\/"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Surg Neurol Int","first-page":"201","article-title":"Fourth ventricle neurocysticercosis: a case report","volume":"9","author":"Sim\u00e3o D","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sim\u00e3o D, Teixeira JC, Campos AR, Coiteiro D, Santos MM. Fourth ventricle neurocysticercosis: a case report. 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Endoscopic transventricular transaqueductal excision of fourth ventricular neurocysticercosis: 2-dimensional endoscopic video: 2-dimensional operative video. Oper Neurosurg. 2024;27(5):670\u2013671."},{"issue":"2","key":"b7","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"281","article-title":"Neurosurgical approach to neurocysticercosis in adults: a comprehensive systematic review of clinical and imaging insights","volume":"97","author":"Knott MV","year":"2025","unstructured":"Knott MV, Berke CN, Shah KH,  Neurosurgical approach to neurocysticercosis in adults: a comprehensive systematic review of clinical and imaging insights. Neurosurgery. 2025;97(2):281\u2013297."},{"issue":"3","key":"b8","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","first-page":"305","article-title":"Intraventricular neurocysticercosis: a review of current status and management issues","volume":"26","author":"Sinha S","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sinha S, Sharma BS. 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World Neurosurg. 2016;88:76\u201382."},{"issue":"6","key":"b12","series-title":"QJM","first-page":"459","article-title":"Intramuscular cysticercosis: starry sky appearance","volume":"107","author":"Liu H","year":"2014","unstructured":"Liu H, Juan YH, Wang W,  Intramuscular cysticercosis: starry sky appearance. QJM. 2014;107(6):459\u2013461."},{"issue":"suppl 2","key":"b13","series-title":"J Clin Orthop Trauma","first-page":"243","article-title":"Isolated intramuscular cysticercosis: clinicopathological features, diagnosis and management\u2014a review","volume":"7","author":"Meena D","year":"2016","unstructured":"Meena D, Gupta M, Jain VK, Arya RK. Isolated intramuscular cysticercosis: clinicopathological features, diagnosis and management\u2014a review. 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Asian J Neurosurg. 2020;15(3):527\u2013531."},{"key":"b19","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"106179","article-title":"Endoscopic intervention for intraventricular neurocysticercal cyst: challenges and outcome analysis from a single institute experience","volume":"198","author":"Konar S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Konar S, Kandregula S, Sashidhar A,  Endoscopic intervention for intraventricular neurocysticercal cyst: challenges and outcome analysis from a single institute experience. 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