{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T05:36:45Z","timestamp":1790919405707,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Biologically effective dose (BED)\u2013oriented planning is emerging as a potential key consideration in future planning strategies, aiming to achieve the best, most personalized radiosurgery treatment plans possible. In this study, planning parameters and BED variations in previously treated patients were investigated to determine the factors that affect the treatment results in order to achieve better patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A highly refined cohort of 191 idiopathic, type 1 trigeminal neuralgia (TN) patients who underwent stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) with 80 Gy as a first-line invasive treatment were investigated. Follow-up data were obtained from the retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As the shot distance from the root entry zone (REZ) increased by each millimeter, the hazard ratio (HR) for relapse increased by 16.3%, and the HR was reduced by 4% for every 10% increase in the BED that the REZ received. The odds of being medication free at the end of follow-up were reduced by 21.5% for every millimeter that the shot was positioned more distally. On the other hand, multivariate analysis showed that the maximum BED applied to the nerve was a positive predictor of new numbness, when corrected for pain duration before SRS, plugging, and age at treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For patients with TN, positioning the shot closer to the REZ and applying a higher BED to this area provides better pain control in the long term compared to more distally placed shots. As expected, a higher maximum BED applied to the nerve was associated with an increased risk of developing facial numbness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.8.jns251168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T11:55:13Z","timestamp":1769082913000},"page":"1134-1144","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Beyond the physical dose: implications of biologically effective dose variations in the stereotactic radiosurgical treatment of trigeminal neuralgia"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"144","author":[{"given":"Alperen","family":"Sozer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Centre for Stereotactic Radiosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Cahill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Centre for Stereotactic Radiosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Waterworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scientific Computing, Department of Medical Physics, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debapriya","family":"Bhattacharyya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The National Centre for Stereotactic Radiosurgery, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"b1","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"423","article-title":"Clinically driven alpha\/beta ratios for melanoma brain metastases and investigation of biologically effective dose as a predictor for local control after radiosurgery: a proof of concept in a retrospective longitudinal series of 274 consecutive lesions","volume":"94","author":"Zubatkina I","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zubatkina I, Toma-Dasu I, Dasu A, Levivier M, Tuleasca C, Ivanov P. Clinically driven alpha\/beta ratios for melanoma brain metastases and investigation of biologically effective dose as a predictor for local control after radiosurgery: a proof of concept in a retrospective longitudinal series of 274 consecutive lesions. Neurosurgery. 2024;94(2):423\u2013430."},{"issue":"3","key":"b2","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"575","article-title":"Effect of cobalt-60 treatment dose rate on arteriovenous malformation obliteration after stereotactic radiosurgery with Gamma Knife","volume":"94","author":"Anthes VB","year":"2024","unstructured":"Anthes VB, Schwartz M, Cusimano M,  Effect of cobalt-60 treatment dose rate on arteriovenous malformation obliteration after stereotactic radiosurgery with Gamma Knife. Neurosurgery. 2024;94(3):575\u2013583."},{"key":"b3","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e204","article-title":"Establishment of a therapeutic ratio for gamma knife radiosurgery of trigeminal neuralgia: the critical importance of biologically effective dose versus physical dose","volume":"134","author":"Tuleasca C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tuleasca C, Paddick I, Hopewell JW,  Establishment of a therapeutic ratio for gamma knife radiosurgery of trigeminal neuralgia: the critical importance of biologically effective dose versus physical dose. World Neurosurg. 2020;134:e204\u2013e213."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"b4","series-title":"Stereotact Funct Neurosurg","first-page":"93","article-title":"Leksell Gamma Knife treatment of tic douloureux","volume":"61","author":"Rand RW","year":"1993","unstructured":"Rand RW, Jacques DB, Melbye RW, Copcutt BG, Levenick MN, Fisher MR. Leksell Gamma Knife treatment of tic douloureux. 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Sci Data. 2019;6(1):244."},{"issue":"4","key":"b8","series-title":"J Radiosurg SBRT","first-page":"257","article-title":"Application of the concept of biologically effective dose (BED) to patients with vestibular schwannomas treated by radiosurgery","volume":"2","author":"Hopewell JW","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hopewell JW, Millar WT, Lindquist C, Nordstr\u00f6m H, Lidberg P, G\u00e5rding J. Application of the concept of biologically effective dose (BED) to patients with vestibular schwannomas treated by radiosurgery. J Radiosurg SBRT. 2013;2(4):257\u2013271."},{"issue":"3","key":"b9","series-title":"Int J Radiat Biol","first-page":"275","article-title":"Derivation and application of equations describing the effects of fractionated protracted irradiation, based on multiple and incomplete repair processes. Part I. Derivation of equations","volume":"64","author":"Millar WT","year":"1993","unstructured":"Millar WT, Canney PA. 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Pract Radiat Oncol. 2017;7(4):221\u2013227."},{"issue":"11","key":"b15","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","first-page":"1506","article-title":"Neurovascular relationship at the trigeminal root entry zone in persistent idiopathic facial pain: findings from MRI 3D visualisation","volume":"76","author":"Lang E","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lang E, Naraghi R, Tanrikulu L,  Neurovascular relationship at the trigeminal root entry zone in persistent idiopathic facial pain: findings from MRI 3D visualisation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76(11):1506\u20131509."},{"issue":"7","key":"b16","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"1165","article-title":"The retrogasserian zone versus dorsal root entry zone: comparison of two targeting techniques of gamma knife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia","volume":"152","author":"Park SH","year":"2010","unstructured":"Park SH, Hwang SK, Kang DH, Park J, Hwang JH, Sung JK. 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J Neurosurg. 2010;112(4):758\u2013765."},{"issue":"1","key":"b23","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"58","article-title":"High-dose trigeminal neuralgia radiosurgery associated with increased risk of trigeminal nerve dysfunction","volume":"49","author":"Pollock BE","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pollock BE, Phuong LK, Foote RL, Stafford SL, Gorman DA. High-dose trigeminal neuralgia radiosurgery associated with increased risk of trigeminal nerve dysfunction. Neurosurgery. 2001;49(1):58."},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Controversies in Stereotactic Radiosurgery: Best Evidence Recommendations","article-title":"Distal radiosurgical targeting for trigeminal neuralgia","author":"R\u00e9gis J","year":"2014","unstructured":"R\u00e9gis J, Carron R, Tuleasca C, Donnet A. Distal radiosurgical targeting for trigeminal neuralgia. In: Sheehan JP, Gerszten PC, eds. Controversies in Stereotactic Radiosurgery: Best Evidence Recommendations. Georg Thieme Verlag; 2014:10.1055\/b-002-99141."},{"issue":"2","key":"b25","series-title":"Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys","first-page":"449","article-title":"Does increased nerve length within the treatment volume improve trigeminal neuralgia radiosurgery? A prospective double-blind, randomized study","volume":"51","author":"Flickinger JC","year":"2001","unstructured":"Flickinger JC, Pollock BE, Kondziolka D,  Does increased nerve length within the treatment volume improve trigeminal neuralgia radiosurgery? A prospective double-blind, randomized study. 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J Neurosurg. 2010;112(4):758\u2013765."},{"issue":"1","key":"b23","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"58","article-title":"High-dose trigeminal neuralgia radiosurgery associated with increased risk of trigeminal nerve dysfunction","volume":"49","author":"Pollock BE","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pollock BE, Phuong LK, Foote RL, Stafford SL, Gorman DA. High-dose trigeminal neuralgia radiosurgery associated with increased risk of trigeminal nerve dysfunction. Neurosurgery. 2001;49(1):58."},{"key":"b24","series-title":"Controversies in Stereotactic Radiosurgery: Best Evidence Recommendations","article-title":"Distal radiosurgical targeting for trigeminal neuralgia","author":"R\u00e9gis J","year":"2014","unstructured":"R\u00e9gis J, Carron R, Tuleasca C, Donnet A. Distal radiosurgical targeting for trigeminal neuralgia. In: Sheehan JP, Gerszten PC, eds. Controversies in Stereotactic Radiosurgery: Best Evidence Recommendations. 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