{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T06:01:03Z","timestamp":1792735263332,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The traditional view that hydrocephalus due to obstruction in the subarachnoid space (SAS) is caused by malabsorption of CSF does not account for many experimental and clinical aspects of the disorder. Flow MRI reveals that nearly all CSF motion is pulsatile, and that hydrocephalus is linked to significant redistribution of pulsatility within the CSF pathways. Pulsatility in the cranium is governed by the cerebral windkessel system that buffers the energy of arterial pulsations via CSF to ensure smooth capillary blood flow. This study proposes a new model of intracranial thermodynamics based on the theory that high impedance to pulsatile energy flow through the CSF pathways causes hydrocephalus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors used a simple current-divider electrical circuit model of the cerebral windkessel system with input voltage derived from arterial blood pressure tracings from 12 normal dogs. SAS obstruction in the model was simulated using CSF flow values corresponding to published data from flow MRI studies of patients with hydrocephalus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Modeling of hydrocephalus due to subarachnoid obstruction shows windkessel impairment and redistribution of CSF pulsatility caused by high damping of pulsatility in the SAS. Modeling of ventricular dilation as an active physiological adaptation shows improved windkessel function. Modeling of shunting shows windkessel restoration. The model produces the salient features of hydrocephalus due to obstruction in the SAS without invoking CSF malabsorption.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors propose that hydrocephalus due to SAS obstruction is impairment of the cerebral windkessel system due to high impedance to pulsatility in the subarachnoid CSF path that redistributes arterial pulsatile energy to the capillaries and jeopardizes capillary integrity. Windkessel theory introduces several new perspectives on hydrocephalus: 1) adaptive ventricular dilation is an active physiological response to windkessel impairment and lowers CSF path impedance to pulsations; 2) increased intracranial pressure (ICP) results from pressure energy accumulation due to windkessel dysfunction; 3) shunting is an accessory windkessel and reduces ICP by draining energy; 4) windkessel theory offers a new taxonomy of hydrocephalus, linking hydrocephalus due to SAS obstruction and hydrocephalus caused by aqueductal obstruction, normal pressure hydrocephalus, and low pressure hydrocephalus as related but distinct disorders of CSF path impedance; and 5) windkessel theory provides an explanation for hydrocephalus without invoking CSF malabsorption. Windkessel theory provides a new understanding of hydrocephalus and indicates new approaches to treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.8.peds24604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T13:47:12Z","timestamp":1772804832000},"page":"373-381","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A model of hydrocephalus due to windkessel impairment caused by subarachnoid space obstruction"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Egnor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nahid","family":"Shirdel Abdolmaleki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anand","family":"Ravishankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Racheed","family":"Mani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yicun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York"},{"name":"Radiology, Stony Brook University Hospital; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Fiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petar M.","family":"Djuri\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"b1","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","first-page":"281","article-title":"A model of pulsations in communicating hydrocephalus","volume":"36","author":"Egnor M","year":"2002","unstructured":"Egnor M, Zheng L, Rosiello A, Gutman F, Davis R. A model of pulsations in communicating hydrocephalus. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2002;36(6):281\u2013303. doi:10.1159\/000063533"},{"issue":"3","key":"b2","series-title":"BIOcomplexity","first-page":"1","article-title":"The cerebral windkessel as a dynamic pulsation absorber","volume":"2019","author":"Egnor M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Egnor M. The cerebral windkessel as a dynamic pulsation absorber. BIOcomplexity. 2019;2019(3):1\u201335."},{"issue":"6","key":"b3","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"719","article-title":"Why don\u2019t ventricles dilate in pseudotumor cerebri? A circuit model of the cerebral windkessel","volume":"29","author":"Wang Z","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang Z, Yang L, Djuri\u0107 PM, Egnor MR. Why don\u2019t ventricles dilate in pseudotumor cerebri? A circuit model of the cerebral windkessel. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2022;29(6):719\u2013726. doi:10.3171\/2022.1.PEDS21527"},{"issue":"3","key":"b4","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"302","article-title":"A quantitative model of the cerebral windkessel and its relevance to disorders of intracranial dynamics","volume":"32","author":"Egnor M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Egnor M, Yang L, Mani RM, Fiore SM, Djuri\u0107 PM. A quantitative model of the cerebral windkessel and its relevance to disorders of intracranial dynamics. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2023;32(3):302\u2013311. doi:10.3171\/2023.1.PEDS22372"},{"issue":"6","key":"b5","series-title":"Am J Dis Child","first-page":"424","article-title":"Internal hydrocephalus: second paper","volume":"14","author":"Dandy W","year":"1917","unstructured":"Dandy W, Blackfan K. Internal hydrocephalus: second paper. Am J Dis Child. 1917;14(6):424\u2013443."},{"issue":"6","key":"b6","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","first-page":"417","article-title":"New concepts of cerebrospinal fluid physiology and development of hydrocephalus","volume":"52","author":"Ore\u0161kovi\u0107 D","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ore\u0161kovi\u0107 D, Rado\u0161 M, Klarica M. New concepts of cerebrospinal fluid physiology and development of hydrocephalus. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2017;52(6):417\u2013425. doi:10.1159\/000452169"},{"issue":"5","key":"b7","series-title":"Acta Neuropathol","first-page":"493","article-title":"Dynamic properties of lymphatic pathways for the absorption of cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"94","author":"Brinker T","year":"1997","unstructured":"Brinker T, L\u00fcdemann W, Berens von Rautenfeld D, Samii M. Dynamic properties of lymphatic pathways for the absorption of cerebrospinal fluid. Acta Neuropathol. 1997;94(5):493\u2013498. doi:10.1007\/s004010050738"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Neuroscience in Medicine","first-page":"173","article-title":"Choroid plexus\u2013cerebrospinal fluid circulatory dynamics: impact on brain growth, metabolism, and repair","author":"Johanson CE","year":"2008","unstructured":"Johanson CE. Choroid plexus\u2013cerebrospinal fluid circulatory dynamics: impact on brain growth, metabolism, and repair. In: Conn PM, ed. Neuroscience in Medicine. Humana Press; 2008:173-200."},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Acta Radiol Suppl","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid circulation and associated intracranial dynamics. A radiologic investigation using MR imaging and radionuclide cisternography","volume":"386","author":"Greitz D","year":"1993","unstructured":"Greitz D. Cerebrospinal fluid circulation and associated intracranial dynamics. A radiologic investigation using MR imaging and radionuclide cisternography. Acta Radiol Suppl. 1993;386:1\u201323."},{"issue":"4","key":"b10","series-title":"Neuroscience","first-page":"1036","article-title":"Aquaporin-4 in brain and spinal cord oedema","volume":"168","author":"Saadoun S","year":"2010","unstructured":"Saadoun S, Papadopoulos MC. Aquaporin-4 in brain and spinal cord oedema. Neuroscience. 2010;168(4):1036\u20131046. doi:10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.08.019"},{"issue":"4-5","key":"b11","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosci","first-page":"196","article-title":"Etiology of ventriculomegaly in choroid plexus papilloma","volume":"12","author":"Rekate HL","year":"1985","unstructured":"Rekate HL, Erwood S, Brodkey JA,  Etiology of ventriculomegaly in choroid plexus papilloma. Pediatr Neurosci. 1985;12(4-5):196\u2013201. doi:10.1159\/000120250"},{"issue":"3","key":"b12","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"369","article-title":"Recent research into the nature of cerebrospinal fluid formation and absorption","volume":"59","author":"McComb JG","year":"1983","unstructured":"McComb JG. Recent research into the nature of cerebrospinal fluid formation and absorption. J Neurosurg. 1983;59(3):369\u2013383. doi:10.3171\/jns.1983.59.3.0369"},{"issue":"1","key":"b13","series-title":"Am. J. Physiol","first-page":"101","article-title":"Intracranial venous pressure and cerebrospinal fluid pressure as affected by the intravenous injection of solutions of various concentrations","volume":"58","author":"Weed L","year":"1921","unstructured":"Weed L, Hughson W. Intracranial venous pressure and cerebrospinal fluid pressure as affected by the intravenous injection of solutions of various concentrations. Am. J. Physiol. 1921;58(1):101\u2013130."},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Arch Neurol","first-page":"575","article-title":"Dural sinus pressure in normal and hydrocephalic dogs","volume":"10","author":"Shulman K","year":"1964","unstructured":"Shulman K, Yarnell P, Ransohoff J. Dural sinus pressure in normal and hydrocephalic dogs. Arch Neurol. 1964;10:575\u2013580. doi:10.1001\/archneur.1964.00460180041003"},{"issue":"4","key":"b15","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosci","first-page":"196","article-title":"Relationship between intracranial and sagittal sinus pressure in normal and hydrocephalic dogs","volume":"14","author":"Olivero WC","year":"1988","unstructured":"Olivero WC, Rekate HL, Chizeck HJ, Ko W, McCormick JM. Relationship between intracranial and sagittal sinus pressure in normal and hydrocephalic dogs. Pediatr Neurosci. 1988;14(4):196\u2013201. doi:10.1159\/000120388"},{"issue":"2","key":"b16","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"169","article-title":"Sagittal sinus venous pressure in hydrocephalus","volume":"23","author":"Shulman K","year":"1965","unstructured":"Shulman K, Ransohoff J. Sagittal sinus venous pressure in hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg. 1965;23(2):169\u2013173. doi:10.3171\/jns.1965.23.2.0169"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1050","article-title":"Hydrocephalus: changes in formation and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid within the cerebral ventricles","volume":"20","author":"Bering E Jr","year":"1963","unstructured":"Bering E Jr, Sato O. Hydrocephalus: changes in formation and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid within the cerebral ventricles. J Neurosurg. 1963;20:1050\u20131063. doi:10.3171\/jns.1963.20.12.1050"},{"issue":"3","key":"b18","series-title":"Arch Neurol","first-page":"150","article-title":"CSF formation and absorption estimates by constant flow infusion method","volume":"37","author":"Vastola EF","year":"1980","unstructured":"Vastola EF. CSF formation and absorption estimates by constant flow infusion method. Arch Neurol. 1980;37(3):150\u2013154. doi:10.1001\/archneur.1980.00500520048007"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"405","article-title":"Circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid. Demonstration of the choroid plexuses as the generator of the force for flow of fluid and ventricular enlargement","volume":"19","author":"Bering EA Jr","year":"1962","unstructured":"Bering EA Jr. Circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid. Demonstration of the choroid plexuses as the generator of the force for flow of fluid and ventricular enlargement. J Neurosurg. 1962;19:405\u2013413. doi:10.3171\/jns.1962.19.5.0405"},{"issue":"6","key":"b20","series-title":"Arch Neurol","first-page":"614","article-title":"Interruption of the anterior choroidal artery in experimental hydrocephalus","volume":"17","author":"Wilson CB","year":"1967","unstructured":"Wilson CB, Bertan V. Interruption of the anterior choroidal artery in experimental hydrocephalus. Arch Neurol. 1967;17(6):614\u2013619. doi:10.1001\/archneur.1967.00470300056010"},{"issue":"1","key":"b21","series-title":"J Neurol Sci","first-page":"1","article-title":"Why does hydrocephalus progress?","volume":"32","author":"Guinane JE","year":"1977","unstructured":"Guinane JE. Why does hydrocephalus progress?. J Neurol Sci. 1977;32(1):1\u20138. doi:10.1016\/0022-510x(77)90035-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"b22","series-title":"Exp Neurol","first-page":"40","article-title":"Communicating hydrocephalus induced by mechanically increased amplitude of the intraventricular cerebrospinal fluid pressure: experimental studies","volume":"59","author":"Di Rocco C","year":"1978","unstructured":"Di Rocco C, Pettorossi VE, Caldarelli M, Mancinelli R, Velardi F. Communicating hydrocephalus induced by mechanically increased amplitude of the intraventricular cerebrospinal fluid pressure: experimental studies. Exp Neurol. 1978;59(1):40\u201352. doi:10.1016\/0014-4886(78)90199-1"},{"issue":"9","key":"b23","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"1574","article-title":"Vascular compliance in normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"21","author":"Bateman GA","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bateman GA. Vascular compliance in normal pressure hydrocephalus. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2000;21(9):1574\u20131585."},{"issue":"6","key":"b24","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","first-page":"284","article-title":"A model of intracranial pulsations","volume":"35","author":"Egnor M","year":"2001","unstructured":"Egnor M, Rosiello A, Zheng L. A model of intracranial pulsations. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2001;35(6):284\u2013298. doi:10.1159\/000050440"},{"issue":"11","key":"b25","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0187014","article-title":"Wavelet brain angiography suggests arteriovenous pulse wave phase locking","volume":"12","author":"Butler WE","year":"2017","unstructured":"Butler WE. Wavelet brain angiography suggests arteriovenous pulse wave phase locking. PLoS One. 2017;12(11):e0187014. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0187014"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Snapshots of Hemodynamics","article-title":"Law of Poiseuille","author":"Westerhof N","year":"2019","unstructured":"Westerhof N, Stergiopulos N, Noble M, Westerhof B. Law of Poiseuille. In: Snapshots of Hemodynamics . Springer; 2019. doi:10.1007\/978-3-319-91932-4_2"},{"issue":"Pt 7","key":"b27","series-title":"J Cell Sci","first-page":"1157","article-title":"Tensegrity I. Cell structure and hierarchical systems biology","volume":"116","author":"Ingber DE","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ingber DE. Tensegrity I. Cell structure and hierarchical systems biology. J Cell Sci. 2003;116(Pt 7):1157-1173. doi:10.1242\/jcs.00359"},{"issue":"5","key":"b28","series-title":"ASAIO J","first-page":"614","article-title":"Energy equivalent pressure and total hemodynamic energy associated with the pressure-flow waveforms of a pediatric pulsatile ventricular assist device","volume":"51","author":"Weiss WJ","year":"2005","unstructured":"Weiss WJ, Lukic B, Undar A. Energy equivalent pressure and total hemodynamic energy associated with the pressure-flow waveforms of a pediatric pulsatile ventricular assist device. ASAIO J. 2005;51(5):614\u2013617. doi:10.1097\/01.mat.0000179341.95404.f8"},{"issue":"4","key":"b29","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","first-page":"382","article-title":"Third ventriculostomy in normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"13","author":"Mathew PMB","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mathew PMB. Third ventriculostomy in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Br J Neurosurg. 1999;13(4):382\u2013385."},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"b30","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"S22.e1","article-title":"Third ventriculostomy in normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"79","author":"Kandasamy J","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kandasamy J, Yousaf J, Mallucci C. Third ventriculostomy in normal pressure hydrocephalus. World Neurosurg. 2013;79(2 Suppl):S22.e1-S22-e7. doi:10.1016\/j.wneu.2012.02.008"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl","first-page":"155","article-title":"Syndrome of inappropriately low-pressure acute hydrocephalus (SILPAH)","volume":"113","author":"Hamilton MG","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hamilton MG, Price AV. Syndrome of inappropriately low-pressure acute hydrocephalus (SILPAH). Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2012;113:155-159. doi:10.1007\/978-3-7091-0923-6_31"},{"issue":"1","key":"b32","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"300","article-title":"Acute low-pressure hydrocephalus: a case series and systematic review of 195 patients","volume":"135","author":"Keough MB","year":"2021","unstructured":"Keough MB, Isaacs AM, Urbaneja G, Dronyk J, Lapointe AP, Hamilton MG. Acute low-pressure hydrocephalus: a case series and systematic review of 195 patients. J Neurosurg. 2021;135(1):300\u2013308. doi:10.3171\/2020.4.JNS20476"},{"issue":"6","key":"b1","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","first-page":"281","article-title":"A model of pulsations in communicating hydrocephalus","volume":"36","author":"Egnor M","year":"2002","unstructured":"Egnor M, Zheng L, Rosiello A, Gutman F, Davis R. A model of pulsations in communicating hydrocephalus. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2002;36(6):281\u2013303. doi:10.1159\/000063533"},{"issue":"3","key":"b2","series-title":"BIOcomplexity","first-page":"1","article-title":"The cerebral windkessel as a dynamic pulsation absorber","volume":"2019","author":"Egnor M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Egnor M. The cerebral windkessel as a dynamic pulsation absorber. BIOcomplexity. 2019;2019(3):1\u201335."},{"issue":"6","key":"b3","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"719","article-title":"Why don\u2019t ventricles dilate in pseudotumor cerebri? A circuit model of the cerebral windkessel","volume":"29","author":"Wang Z","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang Z, Yang L, Djuri\u0107 PM, Egnor MR. Why don\u2019t ventricles dilate in pseudotumor cerebri? A circuit model of the cerebral windkessel. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2022;29(6):719\u2013726. doi:10.3171\/2022.1.PEDS21527"},{"issue":"3","key":"b4","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"302","article-title":"A quantitative model of the cerebral windkessel and its relevance to disorders of intracranial dynamics","volume":"32","author":"Egnor M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Egnor M, Yang L, Mani RM, Fiore SM, Djuri\u0107 PM. A quantitative model of the cerebral windkessel and its relevance to disorders of intracranial dynamics. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2023;32(3):302\u2013311. doi:10.3171\/2023.1.PEDS22372"},{"issue":"6","key":"b5","series-title":"Am J Dis Child","first-page":"424","article-title":"Internal hydrocephalus: second paper","volume":"14","author":"Dandy W","year":"1917","unstructured":"Dandy W, Blackfan K. Internal hydrocephalus: second paper. Am J Dis Child. 1917;14(6):424\u2013443."},{"issue":"6","key":"b6","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","first-page":"417","article-title":"New concepts of cerebrospinal fluid physiology and development of hydrocephalus","volume":"52","author":"Ore\u0161kovi\u0107 D","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ore\u0161kovi\u0107 D, Rado\u0161 M, Klarica M. New concepts of cerebrospinal fluid physiology and development of hydrocephalus. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2017;52(6):417\u2013425. doi:10.1159\/000452169"},{"issue":"5","key":"b7","series-title":"Acta Neuropathol","first-page":"493","article-title":"Dynamic properties of lymphatic pathways for the absorption of cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"94","author":"Brinker T","year":"1997","unstructured":"Brinker T, L\u00fcdemann W, Berens von Rautenfeld D, Samii M. Dynamic properties of lymphatic pathways for the absorption of cerebrospinal fluid. Acta Neuropathol. 1997;94(5):493\u2013498. doi:10.1007\/s004010050738"},{"key":"b8","series-title":"Neuroscience in Medicine","first-page":"173","article-title":"Choroid plexus\u2013cerebrospinal fluid circulatory dynamics: impact on brain growth, metabolism, and repair","author":"Johanson CE","year":"2008","unstructured":"Johanson CE. Choroid plexus\u2013cerebrospinal fluid circulatory dynamics: impact on brain growth, metabolism, and repair. In: Conn PM, ed. Neuroscience in Medicine. Humana Press; 2008:173-200."},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Acta Radiol Suppl","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid circulation and associated intracranial dynamics. A radiologic investigation using MR imaging and radionuclide cisternography","volume":"386","author":"Greitz D","year":"1993","unstructured":"Greitz D. Cerebrospinal fluid circulation and associated intracranial dynamics. A radiologic investigation using MR imaging and radionuclide cisternography. Acta Radiol Suppl. 1993;386:1\u201323."},{"issue":"4","key":"b10","series-title":"Neuroscience","first-page":"1036","article-title":"Aquaporin-4 in brain and spinal cord oedema","volume":"168","author":"Saadoun S","year":"2010","unstructured":"Saadoun S, Papadopoulos MC. Aquaporin-4 in brain and spinal cord oedema. Neuroscience. 2010;168(4):1036\u20131046. doi:10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.08.019"},{"issue":"4-5","key":"b11","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosci","first-page":"196","article-title":"Etiology of ventriculomegaly in choroid plexus papilloma","volume":"12","author":"Rekate HL","year":"1985","unstructured":"Rekate HL, Erwood S, Brodkey JA,  Etiology of ventriculomegaly in choroid plexus papilloma. Pediatr Neurosci. 1985;12(4-5):196\u2013201. doi:10.1159\/000120250"},{"issue":"3","key":"b12","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"369","article-title":"Recent research into the nature of cerebrospinal fluid formation and absorption","volume":"59","author":"McComb JG","year":"1983","unstructured":"McComb JG. Recent research into the nature of cerebrospinal fluid formation and absorption. J Neurosurg. 1983;59(3):369\u2013383. doi:10.3171\/jns.1983.59.3.0369"},{"issue":"1","key":"b13","series-title":"Am. J. Physiol","first-page":"101","article-title":"Intracranial venous pressure and cerebrospinal fluid pressure as affected by the intravenous injection of solutions of various concentrations","volume":"58","author":"Weed L","year":"1921","unstructured":"Weed L, Hughson W. Intracranial venous pressure and cerebrospinal fluid pressure as affected by the intravenous injection of solutions of various concentrations. Am. J. Physiol. 1921;58(1):101\u2013130."},{"key":"b14","series-title":"Arch Neurol","first-page":"575","article-title":"Dural sinus pressure in normal and hydrocephalic dogs","volume":"10","author":"Shulman K","year":"1964","unstructured":"Shulman K, Yarnell P, Ransohoff J. Dural sinus pressure in normal and hydrocephalic dogs. Arch Neurol. 1964;10:575\u2013580. doi:10.1001\/archneur.1964.00460180041003"},{"issue":"4","key":"b15","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosci","first-page":"196","article-title":"Relationship between intracranial and sagittal sinus pressure in normal and hydrocephalic dogs","volume":"14","author":"Olivero WC","year":"1988","unstructured":"Olivero WC, Rekate HL, Chizeck HJ, Ko W, McCormick JM. Relationship between intracranial and sagittal sinus pressure in normal and hydrocephalic dogs. Pediatr Neurosci. 1988;14(4):196\u2013201. doi:10.1159\/000120388"},{"issue":"2","key":"b16","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"169","article-title":"Sagittal sinus venous pressure in hydrocephalus","volume":"23","author":"Shulman K","year":"1965","unstructured":"Shulman K, Ransohoff J. Sagittal sinus venous pressure in hydrocephalus. J Neurosurg. 1965;23(2):169\u2013173. doi:10.3171\/jns.1965.23.2.0169"},{"key":"b17","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1050","article-title":"Hydrocephalus: changes in formation and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid within the cerebral ventricles","volume":"20","author":"Bering E Jr","year":"1963","unstructured":"Bering E Jr, Sato O. Hydrocephalus: changes in formation and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid within the cerebral ventricles. J Neurosurg. 1963;20:1050\u20131063. doi:10.3171\/jns.1963.20.12.1050"},{"issue":"3","key":"b18","series-title":"Arch Neurol","first-page":"150","article-title":"CSF formation and absorption estimates by constant flow infusion method","volume":"37","author":"Vastola EF","year":"1980","unstructured":"Vastola EF. CSF formation and absorption estimates by constant flow infusion method. Arch Neurol. 1980;37(3):150\u2013154. doi:10.1001\/archneur.1980.00500520048007"},{"key":"b19","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"405","article-title":"Circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid. Demonstration of the choroid plexuses as the generator of the force for flow of fluid and ventricular enlargement","volume":"19","author":"Bering EA Jr","year":"1962","unstructured":"Bering EA Jr. Circulation of the cerebrospinal fluid. Demonstration of the choroid plexuses as the generator of the force for flow of fluid and ventricular enlargement. J Neurosurg. 1962;19:405\u2013413. doi:10.3171\/jns.1962.19.5.0405"},{"issue":"6","key":"b20","series-title":"Arch Neurol","first-page":"614","article-title":"Interruption of the anterior choroidal artery in experimental hydrocephalus","volume":"17","author":"Wilson CB","year":"1967","unstructured":"Wilson CB, Bertan V. Interruption of the anterior choroidal artery in experimental hydrocephalus. Arch Neurol. 1967;17(6):614\u2013619. doi:10.1001\/archneur.1967.00470300056010"},{"issue":"1","key":"b21","series-title":"J Neurol Sci","first-page":"1","article-title":"Why does hydrocephalus progress?","volume":"32","author":"Guinane JE","year":"1977","unstructured":"Guinane JE. Why does hydrocephalus progress?. J Neurol Sci. 1977;32(1):1\u20138. doi:10.1016\/0022-510x(77)90035-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"b22","series-title":"Exp Neurol","first-page":"40","article-title":"Communicating hydrocephalus induced by mechanically increased amplitude of the intraventricular cerebrospinal fluid pressure: experimental studies","volume":"59","author":"Di Rocco C","year":"1978","unstructured":"Di Rocco C, Pettorossi VE, Caldarelli M, Mancinelli R, Velardi F. Communicating hydrocephalus induced by mechanically increased amplitude of the intraventricular cerebrospinal fluid pressure: experimental studies. Exp Neurol. 1978;59(1):40\u201352. doi:10.1016\/0014-4886(78)90199-1"},{"issue":"9","key":"b23","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"1574","article-title":"Vascular compliance in normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"21","author":"Bateman GA","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bateman GA. Vascular compliance in normal pressure hydrocephalus. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2000;21(9):1574\u20131585."},{"issue":"6","key":"b24","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","first-page":"284","article-title":"A model of intracranial pulsations","volume":"35","author":"Egnor M","year":"2001","unstructured":"Egnor M, Rosiello A, Zheng L. A model of intracranial pulsations. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2001;35(6):284\u2013298. doi:10.1159\/000050440"},{"issue":"11","key":"b25","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0187014","article-title":"Wavelet brain angiography suggests arteriovenous pulse wave phase locking","volume":"12","author":"Butler WE","year":"2017","unstructured":"Butler WE. Wavelet brain angiography suggests arteriovenous pulse wave phase locking. PLoS One. 2017;12(11):e0187014. doi:10.1371\/journal.pone.0187014"},{"key":"b26","series-title":"Snapshots of Hemodynamics","article-title":"Law of Poiseuille","author":"Westerhof N","year":"2019","unstructured":"Westerhof N, Stergiopulos N, Noble M, Westerhof B. Law of Poiseuille. In: Snapshots of Hemodynamics . Springer; 2019. doi:10.1007\/978-3-319-91932-4_2"},{"issue":"Pt 7","key":"b27","series-title":"J Cell Sci","first-page":"1157","article-title":"Tensegrity I. Cell structure and hierarchical systems biology","volume":"116","author":"Ingber DE","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ingber DE. Tensegrity I. Cell structure and hierarchical systems biology. J Cell Sci. 2003;116(Pt 7):1157-1173. doi:10.1242\/jcs.00359"},{"issue":"5","key":"b28","series-title":"ASAIO J","first-page":"614","article-title":"Energy equivalent pressure and total hemodynamic energy associated with the pressure-flow waveforms of a pediatric pulsatile ventricular assist device","volume":"51","author":"Weiss WJ","year":"2005","unstructured":"Weiss WJ, Lukic B, Undar A. Energy equivalent pressure and total hemodynamic energy associated with the pressure-flow waveforms of a pediatric pulsatile ventricular assist device. ASAIO J. 2005;51(5):614\u2013617. doi:10.1097\/01.mat.0000179341.95404.f8"},{"issue":"4","key":"b29","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","first-page":"382","article-title":"Third ventriculostomy in normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"13","author":"Mathew PMB","year":"1999","unstructured":"Mathew PMB. Third ventriculostomy in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Br J Neurosurg. 1999;13(4):382\u2013385."},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"b30","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"S22.e1","article-title":"Third ventriculostomy in normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"79","author":"Kandasamy J","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kandasamy J, Yousaf J, Mallucci C. Third ventriculostomy in normal pressure hydrocephalus. World Neurosurg. 2013;79(2 Suppl):S22.e1-S22-e7. doi:10.1016\/j.wneu.2012.02.008"},{"key":"b31","series-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl","first-page":"155","article-title":"Syndrome of inappropriately low-pressure acute hydrocephalus (SILPAH)","volume":"113","author":"Hamilton MG","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hamilton MG, Price AV. Syndrome of inappropriately low-pressure acute hydrocephalus (SILPAH). Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2012;113:155-159. doi:10.1007\/978-3-7091-0923-6_31"},{"issue":"1","key":"b32","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"300","article-title":"Acute low-pressure hydrocephalus: a case series and systematic review of 195 patients","volume":"135","author":"Keough MB","year":"2021","unstructured":"Keough MB, Isaacs AM, Urbaneja G, Dronyk J, Lapointe AP, Hamilton MG. Acute low-pressure hydrocephalus: a case series and systematic review of 195 patients. J Neurosurg. 2021;135(1):300\u2013308. doi:10.3171\/2020.4.JNS20476"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/37\/5\/article-p373.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/37\/5\/article-p373.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/37\/5\/article-p373.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T14:19:02Z","timestamp":1781187542000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/37\/5\/article-p373.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2025.8.peds24604","relation":{},"ISSN":["1933-0707","1933-0715"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1933-0707","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0715","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]}}}