{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T09:49:27Z","timestamp":1780566567395,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There has been a trend toward opioid-sparing anesthesia in recent years, for which the long-term impact on the incidence of chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) has not been elucidated. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to determine if a change in opioid-sparing intraoperative management influenced the rate of CPSP in children who underwent posterior spinal fusion (PSF) for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective cohort was derived from the electronic medical records at Texas Children\u2019s Hospital from patients who underwent PSF for AIS from January 1, 2012, through July 2, 2024. The primary outcome was the incidence of CPSP at the 12-week follow-up visit and requiring regular use of nonopioid analgesics. Secondary outcomes included hospital length of stay (LOS) and postoperative opioid consumption expressed as oral morphine equivalents (OME) per kilogram. The exposure was the use of an opioid as a continuous infusion during the intraoperative period.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors identified 774 patients who met inclusion criteria, of whom 162 (20.9%) reported CPSP with continued analgesic use at 12 weeks postoperatively. The incidence of CPSP was not associated with the use of opioids as a continuous infusion intraoperatively when compared with nonopioid infusion management (OR 1.32, 95% CI 0.87\u20131.99; p = 0.19). Opioid infusion was associated with a reduced LOS (mean 4.4 vs 4.1 days, p &lt; 0.001; Cohen\u2019s d = \u22120.28; 95% CI \u22120.43 to \u22120.13) and increased total postoperative opioid consumption (mean 4.9 vs 3.9 mg\/kg OME p &lt; 0.001; Cohen\u2019s d = 0.35, 95% CI 0.20\u20130.50) when compared with nonopioid infusion management. Preoperative back pain and female sex were independently associated with CPSP (OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.39\u20132.96, p &lt; 0.001 and OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.17\u20133.19; p = 0.01, respectively).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings of this study suggest that intraoperative opioid administration by continuous infusion after PSF for AIS was not associated with an increased risk of CPSP. Continuous opioid infusion was associated with significantly increased postoperative opioid use. Preoperative back pain and female sex were independently associated with CPSP at 12 weeks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.8.peds25382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T02:09:29Z","timestamp":1769220569000},"page":"274-285","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Intraoperative opioid infusion versus balanced opioid-sparing approach on the incidence of chronic postsurgical pain and inpatient opioid consumption in children undergoing posterior spinal fusion surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a 12-year retrospective observational cohort study"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Vernick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Houston, Texas;"},{"name":"Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lillington, North Carolina;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye Min","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Houston, Texas;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nihar V.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Houston, Texas;"},{"name":"Baylor College of Medicine, Houston;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keegan","family":"O\u2019Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor College of Medicine, Houston;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamie","family":"Provost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor College of Medicine, Houston;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annabel","family":"Merritt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor College of Medicine, Houston;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David F.","family":"Bauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor College of Medicine, Houston;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank T.","family":"Gerow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baylor College of Medicine, Houston;"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darrell S.","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Stringer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duc T.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Houston, Texas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam C.","family":"Adler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Texas Children\u2019s Hospital, Houston, Texas;"},{"name":"Baylor College of Medicine, Houston;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"9623","key":"b1","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1527","article-title":"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"371","author":"Weinstein SL","year":"2008","unstructured":"Weinstein SL, Dolan LA, Cheng JC, Danielsson A, Morcuende JA. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Lancet. 2008;371(9623):1527\u20131537."},{"issue":"4","key":"b2","series-title":"Pain Physician","first-page":"E589","article-title":"Postoperative pain in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Canbolat N","year":"2022","unstructured":"Canbolat N, Basaran I, Altun D, Akgul T, Buget MI. Postoperative pain in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Pain Physician. 2022;25(4):E589\u2013E596."},{"issue":"4","key":"b3","series-title":"Orthop Clin North Am","first-page":"427","article-title":"Accelerated protocols in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery","volume":"54","author":"Locke LL","year":"2023","unstructured":"Locke LL, Rhodes LN, Sheffer BW. Accelerated protocols in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery. Orthop Clin North Am. 2023;54(4):427\u2013433."},{"issue":"6","key":"b4","series-title":"Paediatr Drugs","first-page":"575","article-title":"Postoperative pain management in pediatric spinal fusion surgery for idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"22","author":"Lee CS","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee CS, Merchant S, Chidambaran V. Postoperative pain management in pediatric spinal fusion surgery for idiopathic scoliosis. Paediatr Drugs. 2020;22(6):575\u2013601."},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Front Pediatr","first-page":"1293588","article-title":"Pain during the first year after scoliosis surgery in adolescents, an exploratory, prospective cohort study","volume":"12","author":"de Leeuw TG","year":"2024","unstructured":"de Leeuw TG, Boerlage AA, van West HM,  Pain during the first year after scoliosis surgery in adolescents, an exploratory, prospective cohort study. Front Pediatr. 2024;12:1293588."},{"issue":"7","key":"b6","series-title":"Eur J Pain","first-page":"1252","article-title":"Predicting the pain continuum after adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery: a prospective cohort study","volume":"21","author":"Chidambaran V","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chidambaran V, Ding L, Moore DL,  Predicting the pain continuum after adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery: a prospective cohort study. Eur J Pain. 2017;21(7):1252\u20131265."},{"issue":"10","key":"b7","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976).","first-page":"825","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of pain in surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"36","author":"Landman Z","year":"2011","unstructured":"Landman Z, Oswald T, Sanders J, Diab M. Prevalence and predictors of pain in surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976).2011;36(10):825\u2013829."},{"issue":"10","key":"b8","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"1551","article-title":"Persistent pain in patients following scoliosis surgery","volume":"16","author":"Wong GT","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wong GT, Yuen VM, Chow BF, Irwin MG. Persistent pain in patients following scoliosis surgery. Eur Spine J. 2007;16(10):1551\u20131556."},{"issue":"5","key":"b9","series-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep","first-page":"21","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine in Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocols for postoperative pain","volume":"24","author":"Kaye AD","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kaye AD, Chernobylsky DJ, Thakur P,  Dexmedetomidine in Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocols for postoperative pain. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2020;24(5):21."},{"issue":"5","key":"b10","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"1137","article-title":"Multi-institutional study of multimodal analgesia practice, pain trajectories, and recovery trends after spine fusion for idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"141","author":"Einhorn LM","year":"2025","unstructured":"Einhorn LM, Monitto CL, Ganesh A,  Multi-institutional study of multimodal analgesia practice, pain trajectories, and recovery trends after spine fusion for idiopathic scoliosis. Anesth Analg. 2025:141(5):1137\u20131148."},{"issue":"1","key":"b11","series-title":"Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics","first-page":"71","article-title":"Optical properties of nonequilibrium low-dimensional systems","volume":"61","author":"Hassan SA","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hassan SA, Vasconcellos AR, Mesquita MV, Luzzi R. Optical properties of nonequilibrium low-dimensional systems. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics. 2000;61(1):71\u201376."},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"b12","series-title":"Pain","first-page":"S2","article-title":"Central sensitization: implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain","volume":"152","author":"Woolf CJ","year":"2011","unstructured":"Woolf CJ. Central sensitization: implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain. Pain. 2011;152(3 Suppl):S2\u2013S15."},{"issue":"9522","key":"b13","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1618","article-title":"Persistent postsurgical pain: risk factors and prevention","volume":"367","author":"Kehlet H","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kehlet H, Jensen TS, Woolf CJ. Persistent postsurgical pain: risk factors and prevention. Lancet. 2006;367(9522):1618\u20131625."},{"issue":"4","key":"b14","series-title":"Pain Manag","first-page":"405","article-title":"Mechanisms, diagnosis, prevention and management of perioperative opioid-induced hyperalgesia","volume":"11","author":"Wilson SH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wilson SH, Hellman KM, James D, Adler AC, Chandrakantan A. Mechanisms, diagnosis, prevention and management of perioperative opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Pain Manag. 2021;11(4):405\u2013417."},{"issue":"8","key":"b15","series-title":"JAMA Surg","first-page":"854","article-title":"Association of intraoperative opioid administration with postoperative pain and opioid use","volume":"158","author":"Santa Cruz Mercado LA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Santa Cruz Mercado LA, Liu R, Bharadwaj KM,  Association of intraoperative opioid administration with postoperative pain and opioid use. JAMA Surg. 2023;158(8):854\u2013864."},{"issue":"7","key":"b16","series-title":"Global Spine J","first-page":"837","article-title":"Methadone and a clinical pathway in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery: a historically controlled study","volume":"10","author":"Tams C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tams C, Dooley FC, Sangari TS,  Methadone and a clinical pathway in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery: a historically controlled study. Global Spine J. 2020;10(7):837\u2013843."},{"issue":"4","key":"b17","series-title":"Anesthesiology","first-page":"509","article-title":"Opioid-free anesthesia: time to regain our balance","volume":"134","author":"Kharasch ED","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kharasch ED, Clark JD. Opioid-free anesthesia: time to regain our balance. Anesthesiology. 2021;134(4):509\u2013514."},{"issue":"3","key":"b18","series-title":"Spine Deform","first-page":"647","article-title":"Enhanced recovery after surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a revised systematic review and metaanalysis","volume":"13","author":"Brigato P","year":"2025","unstructured":"Brigato P, De Salvatore S, Oggiano L,  Enhanced recovery after surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a revised systematic review and metaanalysis. Spine Deform. 2025;13(3):647\u2013665."},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"b19","series-title":"Pain","first-page":"S33","article-title":"Pathophysiology of postoperative pain","volume":"152","author":"Brennan TJ","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brennan TJ. Pathophysiology of postoperative pain. Pain. 2011;152(3 Suppl):S33\u2013S40."},{"key":"b20","article-title":"Calculation of Oral Morphine Equivalents (OME)","unstructured":"University of California San Francisco. Calculation of Oral Morphine Equivalents (OME). Accessed October 24, 2025.https:\/\/pain.ucsf.edu\/opioid-analgesics\/calculation-oral-morphine-equivalents-ome"},{"issue":"6","key":"b21","series-title":"Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf","first-page":"733","article-title":"A synthesis of oral morphine equivalents (OME) for opioid utilisation studies","volume":"25","author":"Nielsen S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Nielsen S, Degenhardt L, Hoban B, Gisev N. A synthesis of oral morphine equivalents (OME) for opioid utilisation studies. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2016;25(6):733\u2013737."},{"key":"b22","article-title":"Statistical Learning with Sparsity, The Lasso and Generalizations","author":"Hastie TTR","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hastie TTR, Wainwright M. Statistical Learning with Sparsity, The Lasso and Generalizations. 1st ed. Chapman & Hall\/CRC;2015."},{"key":"b23","article-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen J","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Routledge;1988."},{"key":"b24","series-title":"J Pain Res","first-page":"167","article-title":"Identification of pain-related psychological risk factors for the development and maintenance of pediatric chronic postsurgical pain","volume":"6","author":"Pag\u00e9 MG","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pag\u00e9 MG, Stinson J, Campbell F, Isaac L, Katz J. Identification of pain-related psychological risk factors for the development and maintenance of pediatric chronic postsurgical pain. J Pain Res. 2013;6:167\u2013180."},{"issue":"9623","key":"b1","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1527","article-title":"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"371","author":"Weinstein SL","year":"2008","unstructured":"Weinstein SL, Dolan LA, Cheng JC, Danielsson A, Morcuende JA. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Lancet. 2008;371(9623):1527\u20131537."},{"issue":"4","key":"b2","series-title":"Pain Physician","first-page":"E589","article-title":"Postoperative pain in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Canbolat N","year":"2022","unstructured":"Canbolat N, Basaran I, Altun D, Akgul T, Buget MI. Postoperative pain in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Pain Physician. 2022;25(4):E589\u2013E596."},{"issue":"4","key":"b3","series-title":"Orthop Clin North Am","first-page":"427","article-title":"Accelerated protocols in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery","volume":"54","author":"Locke LL","year":"2023","unstructured":"Locke LL, Rhodes LN, Sheffer BW. Accelerated protocols in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery. Orthop Clin North Am. 2023;54(4):427\u2013433."},{"issue":"6","key":"b4","series-title":"Paediatr Drugs","first-page":"575","article-title":"Postoperative pain management in pediatric spinal fusion surgery for idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"22","author":"Lee CS","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lee CS, Merchant S, Chidambaran V. Postoperative pain management in pediatric spinal fusion surgery for idiopathic scoliosis. Paediatr Drugs. 2020;22(6):575\u2013601."},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Front Pediatr","first-page":"1293588","article-title":"Pain during the first year after scoliosis surgery in adolescents, an exploratory, prospective cohort study","volume":"12","author":"de Leeuw TG","year":"2024","unstructured":"de Leeuw TG, Boerlage AA, van West HM,  Pain during the first year after scoliosis surgery in adolescents, an exploratory, prospective cohort study. Front Pediatr. 2024;12:1293588."},{"issue":"7","key":"b6","series-title":"Eur J Pain","first-page":"1252","article-title":"Predicting the pain continuum after adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery: a prospective cohort study","volume":"21","author":"Chidambaran V","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chidambaran V, Ding L, Moore DL,  Predicting the pain continuum after adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery: a prospective cohort study. Eur J Pain. 2017;21(7):1252\u20131265."},{"issue":"10","key":"b7","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976).","first-page":"825","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of pain in surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"36","author":"Landman Z","year":"2011","unstructured":"Landman Z, Oswald T, Sanders J, Diab M. Prevalence and predictors of pain in surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976).2011;36(10):825\u2013829."},{"issue":"10","key":"b8","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"1551","article-title":"Persistent pain in patients following scoliosis surgery","volume":"16","author":"Wong GT","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wong GT, Yuen VM, Chow BF, Irwin MG. Persistent pain in patients following scoliosis surgery. Eur Spine J. 2007;16(10):1551\u20131556."},{"issue":"5","key":"b9","series-title":"Curr Pain Headache Rep","first-page":"21","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine in Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocols for postoperative pain","volume":"24","author":"Kaye AD","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kaye AD, Chernobylsky DJ, Thakur P,  Dexmedetomidine in Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocols for postoperative pain. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2020;24(5):21."},{"issue":"5","key":"b10","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"1137","article-title":"Multi-institutional study of multimodal analgesia practice, pain trajectories, and recovery trends after spine fusion for idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"141","author":"Einhorn LM","year":"2025","unstructured":"Einhorn LM, Monitto CL, Ganesh A,  Multi-institutional study of multimodal analgesia practice, pain trajectories, and recovery trends after spine fusion for idiopathic scoliosis. Anesth Analg. 2025:141(5):1137\u20131148."},{"issue":"1","key":"b11","series-title":"Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics","first-page":"71","article-title":"Optical properties of nonequilibrium low-dimensional systems","volume":"61","author":"Hassan SA","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hassan SA, Vasconcellos AR, Mesquita MV, Luzzi R. Optical properties of nonequilibrium low-dimensional systems. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics. 2000;61(1):71\u201376."},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"b12","series-title":"Pain","first-page":"S2","article-title":"Central sensitization: implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain","volume":"152","author":"Woolf CJ","year":"2011","unstructured":"Woolf CJ. Central sensitization: implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain. Pain. 2011;152(3 Suppl):S2\u2013S15."},{"issue":"9522","key":"b13","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1618","article-title":"Persistent postsurgical pain: risk factors and prevention","volume":"367","author":"Kehlet H","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kehlet H, Jensen TS, Woolf CJ. Persistent postsurgical pain: risk factors and prevention. Lancet. 2006;367(9522):1618\u20131625."},{"issue":"4","key":"b14","series-title":"Pain Manag","first-page":"405","article-title":"Mechanisms, diagnosis, prevention and management of perioperative opioid-induced hyperalgesia","volume":"11","author":"Wilson SH","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wilson SH, Hellman KM, James D, Adler AC, Chandrakantan A. Mechanisms, diagnosis, prevention and management of perioperative opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Pain Manag. 2021;11(4):405\u2013417."},{"issue":"8","key":"b15","series-title":"JAMA Surg","first-page":"854","article-title":"Association of intraoperative opioid administration with postoperative pain and opioid use","volume":"158","author":"Santa Cruz Mercado LA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Santa Cruz Mercado LA, Liu R, Bharadwaj KM,  Association of intraoperative opioid administration with postoperative pain and opioid use. JAMA Surg. 2023;158(8):854\u2013864."},{"issue":"7","key":"b16","series-title":"Global Spine J","first-page":"837","article-title":"Methadone and a clinical pathway in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery: a historically controlled study","volume":"10","author":"Tams C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tams C, Dooley FC, Sangari TS,  Methadone and a clinical pathway in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery: a historically controlled study. Global Spine J. 2020;10(7):837\u2013843."},{"issue":"4","key":"b17","series-title":"Anesthesiology","first-page":"509","article-title":"Opioid-free anesthesia: time to regain our balance","volume":"134","author":"Kharasch ED","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kharasch ED, Clark JD. Opioid-free anesthesia: time to regain our balance. Anesthesiology. 2021;134(4):509\u2013514."},{"issue":"3","key":"b18","series-title":"Spine Deform","first-page":"647","article-title":"Enhanced recovery after surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a revised systematic review and metaanalysis","volume":"13","author":"Brigato P","year":"2025","unstructured":"Brigato P, De Salvatore S, Oggiano L,  Enhanced recovery after surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a revised systematic review and metaanalysis. Spine Deform. 2025;13(3):647\u2013665."},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"b19","series-title":"Pain","first-page":"S33","article-title":"Pathophysiology of postoperative pain","volume":"152","author":"Brennan TJ","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brennan TJ. Pathophysiology of postoperative pain. Pain. 2011;152(3 Suppl):S33\u2013S40."},{"key":"b20","article-title":"Calculation of Oral Morphine Equivalents (OME)","unstructured":"University of California San Francisco. Calculation of Oral Morphine Equivalents (OME). 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Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. Routledge;1988."},{"key":"b24","series-title":"J Pain Res","first-page":"167","article-title":"Identification of pain-related psychological risk factors for the development and maintenance of pediatric chronic postsurgical pain","volume":"6","author":"Pag\u00e9 MG","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pag\u00e9 MG, Stinson J, Campbell F, Isaac L, Katz J. Identification of pain-related psychological risk factors for the development and maintenance of pediatric chronic postsurgical pain. 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