{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:44:06Z","timestamp":1782953046633,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although minimally invasive techniques are established in thoracolumbar spine surgery, their benefit and applicability in cervical spine surgery still require further validation. This study aimed to investigate feasibility and screw accuracy, as well as paraspinal muscle atrophy, in the authors\u2019 initial patient cohort of subaxial percutaneous navigated cervical screw-rod instrumentation through a retrospective matched-patient analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The patients of the percutaneous group (PG) (n = 20) were matched with the patients of the conventional group (CG) who underwent the midline approach (n = 20) on the basis of total instrumented segments, level of instrumentation, age, and sex. Pedicle screw accuracy was assessed using the Bredow classification and cross-sectional muscle areas were compared preoperatively and at a minimum follow-up of 60 days.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Surgical indications were primarily degenerative in the CG (70%) and more diverse in the PG (40% degenerative, 35% oncological, and 20% traumatic). The percutaneous system was more frequently used in combined anterior-posterior approaches (50% PG vs 35% CG). Skin incision to navigation time was significantly shorter in the PG (mean \u00b1 SD 14 \u00b1 15 minutes vs 44 \u00b1 23 minutes in the CG), while screw placement time and clinically acceptable postoperative screw accuracy (88% PG vs 95% CG) were comparable. After a median follow-up of 140 days, muscle area change was without relevant differences (99.1% PG vs 93.7% CG), and no neurovascular injuries occurred in either group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Percutaneous cervical screw-rod instrumentation using navigated pedicle screws is a versatile tool offering comparable accuracy. Besides the advantages of shorter preparation time and applicability in combined approaches, the real benefits of muscle preservation need to be proven in larger prospective patient cohorts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.8.spine25796","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T12:00:15Z","timestamp":1769083215000},"page":"322-329","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Clinical applicability of percutaneous cervical pedicle screws: a retrospective matched-pair study"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Claudius","family":"Jelgersma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara F.","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anton","family":"Fr\u00fch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiarash","family":"Ferdowssian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Uhl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Mertens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nils","family":"Hecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Onken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin; and"},{"name":"Berlin Institute of Health at Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Vajkoczy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Wessels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"b1","series-title":"J Clin Med Res","first-page":"367","article-title":"The role of cervical muscles morphology in the surgical treatment of degenerative disc disease: clinical correlations based on magnetic resonance imaging studies","volume":"13","author":"Siasios I","year":"2021","unstructured":"Siasios I, Samara E, Fotiadou A,  The role of cervical muscles morphology in the surgical treatment of degenerative disc disease: clinical correlations based on magnetic resonance imaging studies. J Clin Med Res. 2021;13(7):367\u2013376."},{"issue":"1","key":"b2","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"14635","article-title":"Comparison of paraspinal muscle degeneration and decompression effect between conventional open and minimal invasive approaches for posterior lumbar spine surgery","volume":"10","author":"Fu CJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fu CJ, Chen WC, Lu ML, Cheng CH, Niu CC. Comparison of paraspinal muscle degeneration and decompression effect between conventional open and minimal invasive approaches for posterior lumbar spine surgery. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):14635."},{"issue":"3","key":"b3","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"E177","article-title":"Minimally invasive surgery versus open surgery spinal fusion for spondylolisthesis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Lu VM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lu VM, Kerezoudis P, Gilder HE, McCutcheon BA, Phan K, Bydon M. Minimally invasive surgery versus open surgery spinal fusion for spondylolisthesis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2017;42(3):E177\u2013E185."},{"issue":"18","key":"b4","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"5558","article-title":"Outcome measures of open versus minimally invasive surgery for thoracolumbar spinal traumatic fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Esposito F","year":"2024","unstructured":"Esposito F, Bove I, Vitulli F,  Outcome measures of open versus minimally invasive surgery for thoracolumbar spinal traumatic fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2024;13(18):5558."},{"issue":"S2","key":"b5","series-title":"Int J Spine Surg","first-page":"S8","article-title":"Navigated, percutaneous posterior cervical minimally invasive surgery fixation: technique and nuances","volume":"16","author":"Coric D","year":"2022","unstructured":"Coric D, Rossi V. Navigated, percutaneous posterior cervical minimally invasive surgery fixation: technique and nuances. Int J Spine Surg. 2022;16(S2):S8\u2013S13."},{"issue":"6","key":"b6","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"977","article-title":"Percutaneous instrumentation of the cervical and cervico-thoracic spine using pedicle screws: preliminary clinical results and analysis of accuracy","volume":"20","author":"Schaefer C","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schaefer C, Begemann P, Fuhrhop I,  Percutaneous instrumentation of the cervical and cervico-thoracic spine using pedicle screws: preliminary clinical results and analysis of accuracy. Eur Spine J. 2011;20(6):977\u2013985."},{"issue":"3","key":"b7","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"327","article-title":"Complications of transpedicular screw fixation in the cervical spine","volume":"15","author":"Kast E","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kast E, Mohr K, Richter HP, Borm W. Complications of transpedicular screw fixation in the cervical spine. Eur Spine J. 2006;15(3):327\u2013334."},{"issue":"1","key":"b8","series-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol)","first-page":"11","article-title":"Critical load of the human cervical spine: an in vitro experimental study","volume":"13","author":"Panjabi MM","year":"1998","unstructured":"Panjabi MM, Cholewicki J, Nibu K, Grauer J, Babat LB, Dvorak J. Critical load of the human cervical spine: an in vitro experimental study. Clin Biomech (Bristol). 1998;13(1):11\u201317."},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Musculoskelet Sci Pract","first-page":"1","article-title":"Relationship between cervical muscle morphology evaluated by MRI, cervical muscle strength and functional outcomes in patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy","volume":"38","author":"Fortin M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fortin M, Wilk N, Dobrescu O, Martel P, Santaguida C, Weber MH. Relationship between cervical muscle morphology evaluated by MRI, cervical muscle strength and functional outcomes in patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2018;38:1\u20137."},{"issue":"1","key":"b10","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"48","article-title":"Technique to minimize paraspinal muscle atrophy after posterior cervical fusion","volume":"113","author":"Sangala JR","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sangala JR, Nichols T, Freeman TB. Technique to minimize paraspinal muscle atrophy after posterior cervical fusion. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2011;113(1):48\u201351."},{"key":"b11","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"445","article-title":"Cervical paraspinal muscle atrophy rates following laminoplasty and laminectomy with fusion for cervical spondylotic myelopathy","volume":"107","author":"Ashana AO","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ashana AO, Ajiboye RM, Sheppard WL, Sharma A, Kay AB, Holly LT. Cervical paraspinal muscle atrophy rates following laminoplasty and laminectomy with fusion for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. World Neurosurg. 2017;107:445\u2013450."},{"key":"b12","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"91","article-title":"Relation of deep paraspinal muscles\u2019 cross-sectional area of the cervical spine and bone union in anterior cervical decompression and fusion: a retrospective study","volume":"96","author":"Choi MK","year":"2016","unstructured":"Choi MK, Kim SB, Park CK, Lee SH, Jo DJ. Relation of deep paraspinal muscles\u2019 cross-sectional area of the cervical spine and bone union in anterior cervical decompression and fusion: a retrospective study. World Neurosurg. 2016;96:91\u2013100."},{"issue":"6","key":"b13","series-title":"Technol Health Care","first-page":"919","article-title":"A novel classification of screw placement accuracy in the cervical spine","volume":"24","author":"Bredow J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bredow J, Beyer F, Oppermann J,  A novel classification of screw placement accuracy in the cervical spine. Technol Health Care. 2016;24(6):919\u2013925."},{"issue":"1","key":"b14","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"11","article-title":"Accuracy of pedicular screw placement in vivo.","volume":"15","author":"Gertzbein SD","year":"1990","unstructured":"Gertzbein SD, Robbins SE. Accuracy of pedicular screw placement in vivo. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1990;15(1):11\u201314."},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Musculoskelet Sci Pract","first-page":"102056","article-title":"Reliability of cervical muscle volume quantification using magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"44","author":"Snodgrass SJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Snodgrass SJ, de Zoete RMJ, Croker C, Yerrapothu M, Elliott JM. Reliability of cervical muscle volume quantification using magnetic resonance imaging. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2019;44:102056."},{"issue":"1","key":"b16","series-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord","first-page":"973","article-title":"Greater muscle volume and muscle fat infiltrate in the deep cervical spine extensor muscles (multifidus with semispinalis cervicis) in individuals with chronic idiopathic neck pain compared to age and sex-matched asymptomatic controls: a cross-sectional study","volume":"23","author":"Snodgrass SJ","year":"2022","unstructured":"Snodgrass SJ, Stanwell P, Weber KA,  Greater muscle volume and muscle fat infiltrate in the deep cervical spine extensor muscles (multifidus with semispinalis cervicis) in individuals with chronic idiopathic neck pain compared to age and sex-matched asymptomatic controls: a cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2022;23(1):973."},{"issue":"2_suppl","key":"b17","series-title":"Global Spine J","first-page":"27S","article-title":"Percutaneous posterior cervical pedicle instrumentation (C1 to C7) with navigation guidance: early series of 27 cases","volume":"12","author":"Coric D","year":"2022","unstructured":"Coric D, Rossi V. Percutaneous posterior cervical pedicle instrumentation (C1 to C7) with navigation guidance: early series of 27 cases. Global Spine J. 2022;12(2_suppl):27S\u201333S."},{"issue":"s3","key":"b18","series-title":"Int J Spine Surg","first-page":"S14","article-title":"Percutaneous, navigated minimally invasive posterior cervical pedicle screw fixation","volume":"14","author":"Coric D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Coric D, Rossi VJ, Peloza J, Kim PK, Adamson TE. Percutaneous, navigated minimally invasive posterior cervical pedicle screw fixation. Int J Spine Surg. 2020;14(s3):S14\u2013S21."},{"issue":"3","key":"b19","series-title":"J Craniovertebr Junction Spine","first-page":"302","article-title":"Novel use of percutaneous cervical pedicle inlet screws for supplemental posterior fixation after anterior cervical deformity correction","volume":"12","author":"Gelinne A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gelinne A, Abumoussa AL, Sloboda CA, Bhowmick DA. Novel use of percutaneous cervical pedicle inlet screws for supplemental posterior fixation after anterior cervical deformity correction. J Craniovertebr Junction Spine. 2021;12(3):302\u2013305."},{"key":"b20","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e777","article-title":"Robotic assistance for minimally invasive cervical pedicle instrumentation: report on feasibility and safety","volume":"150","author":"Farah K","year":"2021","unstructured":"Farah K, Meyer M, Prost S,  Robotic assistance for minimally invasive cervical pedicle instrumentation: report on feasibility and safety. World Neurosurg. 2021;150:e777\u2013e782."},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Brain Spine","first-page":"104199","article-title":"Navigated percutaneous placement of cervical pedicle screws: an anatomical feasibility study","volume":"5","author":"Schmeiser G","year":"2025","unstructured":"Schmeiser G, Blume C, Hecht N, Mattes S, Ittrich H, Kothe R. Navigated percutaneous placement of cervical pedicle screws: an anatomical feasibility study. Brain Spine. 2025;5:104199."},{"issue":"5","key":"b22","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"493","article-title":"Morphologic characteristics of human cervical pedicles","volume":"22","author":"Karaikovic EE","year":"1997","unstructured":"Karaikovic EE, Daubs MD, Madsen RW, Gaines RWJ. Morphologic characteristics of human cervical pedicles. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1997;22(5):493\u2013500."},{"issue":"3","key":"b23","series-title":"Global Spine J","first-page":"1018","article-title":"Accurate placement and revisions for cervical pedicle screws placed with or without navigation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Bindels BJJ","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bindels BJJ, Dronkers BEG, Smits MLJ, Verlaan JJ. Accurate placement and revisions for cervical pedicle screws placed with or without navigation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Global Spine J. 2024;14(3):1018\u20131037."},{"issue":"11","key":"b24","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0207847","article-title":"Quantifying skeletal muscle volume and shape in humans using MRI: a systematic review of validity and reliability","volume":"13","author":"Pons C","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pons C, Borotikar B, Garetier M,  Quantifying skeletal muscle volume and shape in humans using MRI: a systematic review of validity and reliability. PLoS One. 2018;13(11):e0207847."},{"issue":"9","key":"b25","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"1567","article-title":"Cross-sectional area of posterior extensor muscles of the cervical spine in asymptomatic subjects: a 10-year longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"20","author":"Okada E","year":"2011","unstructured":"Okada E, Matsumoto M, Ichihara D,  Cross-sectional area of posterior extensor muscles of the cervical spine in asymptomatic subjects: a 10-year longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study. Eur Spine J. 2011;20(9):1567\u20131573."},{"issue":"7","key":"b1","series-title":"J Clin Med Res","first-page":"367","article-title":"The role of cervical muscles morphology in the surgical treatment of degenerative disc disease: clinical correlations based on magnetic resonance imaging studies","volume":"13","author":"Siasios I","year":"2021","unstructured":"Siasios I, Samara E, Fotiadou A,  The role of cervical muscles morphology in the surgical treatment of degenerative disc disease: clinical correlations based on magnetic resonance imaging studies. J Clin Med Res. 2021;13(7):367\u2013376."},{"issue":"1","key":"b2","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"14635","article-title":"Comparison of paraspinal muscle degeneration and decompression effect between conventional open and minimal invasive approaches for posterior lumbar spine surgery","volume":"10","author":"Fu CJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fu CJ, Chen WC, Lu ML, Cheng CH, Niu CC. Comparison of paraspinal muscle degeneration and decompression effect between conventional open and minimal invasive approaches for posterior lumbar spine surgery. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):14635."},{"issue":"3","key":"b3","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"E177","article-title":"Minimally invasive surgery versus open surgery spinal fusion for spondylolisthesis: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Lu VM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lu VM, Kerezoudis P, Gilder HE, McCutcheon BA, Phan K, Bydon M. Minimally invasive surgery versus open surgery spinal fusion for spondylolisthesis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2017;42(3):E177\u2013E185."},{"issue":"18","key":"b4","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"5558","article-title":"Outcome measures of open versus minimally invasive surgery for thoracolumbar spinal traumatic fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Esposito F","year":"2024","unstructured":"Esposito F, Bove I, Vitulli F,  Outcome measures of open versus minimally invasive surgery for thoracolumbar spinal traumatic fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med. 2024;13(18):5558."},{"issue":"S2","key":"b5","series-title":"Int J Spine Surg","first-page":"S8","article-title":"Navigated, percutaneous posterior cervical minimally invasive surgery fixation: technique and nuances","volume":"16","author":"Coric D","year":"2022","unstructured":"Coric D, Rossi V. Navigated, percutaneous posterior cervical minimally invasive surgery fixation: technique and nuances. Int J Spine Surg. 2022;16(S2):S8\u2013S13."},{"issue":"6","key":"b6","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"977","article-title":"Percutaneous instrumentation of the cervical and cervico-thoracic spine using pedicle screws: preliminary clinical results and analysis of accuracy","volume":"20","author":"Schaefer C","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schaefer C, Begemann P, Fuhrhop I,  Percutaneous instrumentation of the cervical and cervico-thoracic spine using pedicle screws: preliminary clinical results and analysis of accuracy. Eur Spine J. 2011;20(6):977\u2013985."},{"issue":"3","key":"b7","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"327","article-title":"Complications of transpedicular screw fixation in the cervical spine","volume":"15","author":"Kast E","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kast E, Mohr K, Richter HP, Borm W. Complications of transpedicular screw fixation in the cervical spine. Eur Spine J. 2006;15(3):327\u2013334."},{"issue":"1","key":"b8","series-title":"Clin Biomech (Bristol)","first-page":"11","article-title":"Critical load of the human cervical spine: an in vitro experimental study","volume":"13","author":"Panjabi MM","year":"1998","unstructured":"Panjabi MM, Cholewicki J, Nibu K, Grauer J, Babat LB, Dvorak J. Critical load of the human cervical spine: an in vitro experimental study. Clin Biomech (Bristol). 1998;13(1):11\u201317."},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Musculoskelet Sci Pract","first-page":"1","article-title":"Relationship between cervical muscle morphology evaluated by MRI, cervical muscle strength and functional outcomes in patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy","volume":"38","author":"Fortin M","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fortin M, Wilk N, Dobrescu O, Martel P, Santaguida C, Weber MH. Relationship between cervical muscle morphology evaluated by MRI, cervical muscle strength and functional outcomes in patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2018;38:1\u20137."},{"issue":"1","key":"b10","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"48","article-title":"Technique to minimize paraspinal muscle atrophy after posterior cervical fusion","volume":"113","author":"Sangala JR","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sangala JR, Nichols T, Freeman TB. Technique to minimize paraspinal muscle atrophy after posterior cervical fusion. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2011;113(1):48\u201351."},{"key":"b11","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"445","article-title":"Cervical paraspinal muscle atrophy rates following laminoplasty and laminectomy with fusion for cervical spondylotic myelopathy","volume":"107","author":"Ashana AO","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ashana AO, Ajiboye RM, Sheppard WL, Sharma A, Kay AB, Holly LT. Cervical paraspinal muscle atrophy rates following laminoplasty and laminectomy with fusion for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. World Neurosurg. 2017;107:445\u2013450."},{"key":"b12","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"91","article-title":"Relation of deep paraspinal muscles\u2019 cross-sectional area of the cervical spine and bone union in anterior cervical decompression and fusion: a retrospective study","volume":"96","author":"Choi MK","year":"2016","unstructured":"Choi MK, Kim SB, Park CK, Lee SH, Jo DJ. Relation of deep paraspinal muscles\u2019 cross-sectional area of the cervical spine and bone union in anterior cervical decompression and fusion: a retrospective study. World Neurosurg. 2016;96:91\u2013100."},{"issue":"6","key":"b13","series-title":"Technol Health Care","first-page":"919","article-title":"A novel classification of screw placement accuracy in the cervical spine","volume":"24","author":"Bredow J","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bredow J, Beyer F, Oppermann J,  A novel classification of screw placement accuracy in the cervical spine. Technol Health Care. 2016;24(6):919\u2013925."},{"issue":"1","key":"b14","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"11","article-title":"Accuracy of pedicular screw placement in vivo.","volume":"15","author":"Gertzbein SD","year":"1990","unstructured":"Gertzbein SD, Robbins SE. Accuracy of pedicular screw placement in vivo. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1990;15(1):11\u201314."},{"key":"b15","series-title":"Musculoskelet Sci Pract","first-page":"102056","article-title":"Reliability of cervical muscle volume quantification using magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"44","author":"Snodgrass SJ","year":"2019","unstructured":"Snodgrass SJ, de Zoete RMJ, Croker C, Yerrapothu M, Elliott JM. Reliability of cervical muscle volume quantification using magnetic resonance imaging. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2019;44:102056."},{"issue":"1","key":"b16","series-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord","first-page":"973","article-title":"Greater muscle volume and muscle fat infiltrate in the deep cervical spine extensor muscles (multifidus with semispinalis cervicis) in individuals with chronic idiopathic neck pain compared to age and sex-matched asymptomatic controls: a cross-sectional study","volume":"23","author":"Snodgrass SJ","year":"2022","unstructured":"Snodgrass SJ, Stanwell P, Weber KA,  Greater muscle volume and muscle fat infiltrate in the deep cervical spine extensor muscles (multifidus with semispinalis cervicis) in individuals with chronic idiopathic neck pain compared to age and sex-matched asymptomatic controls: a cross-sectional study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2022;23(1):973."},{"issue":"2_suppl","key":"b17","series-title":"Global Spine J","first-page":"27S","article-title":"Percutaneous posterior cervical pedicle instrumentation (C1 to C7) with navigation guidance: early series of 27 cases","volume":"12","author":"Coric D","year":"2022","unstructured":"Coric D, Rossi V. Percutaneous posterior cervical pedicle instrumentation (C1 to C7) with navigation guidance: early series of 27 cases. Global Spine J. 2022;12(2_suppl):27S\u201333S."},{"issue":"s3","key":"b18","series-title":"Int J Spine Surg","first-page":"S14","article-title":"Percutaneous, navigated minimally invasive posterior cervical pedicle screw fixation","volume":"14","author":"Coric D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Coric D, Rossi VJ, Peloza J, Kim PK, Adamson TE. Percutaneous, navigated minimally invasive posterior cervical pedicle screw fixation. Int J Spine Surg. 2020;14(s3):S14\u2013S21."},{"issue":"3","key":"b19","series-title":"J Craniovertebr Junction Spine","first-page":"302","article-title":"Novel use of percutaneous cervical pedicle inlet screws for supplemental posterior fixation after anterior cervical deformity correction","volume":"12","author":"Gelinne A","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gelinne A, Abumoussa AL, Sloboda CA, Bhowmick DA. Novel use of percutaneous cervical pedicle inlet screws for supplemental posterior fixation after anterior cervical deformity correction. J Craniovertebr Junction Spine. 2021;12(3):302\u2013305."},{"key":"b20","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e777","article-title":"Robotic assistance for minimally invasive cervical pedicle instrumentation: report on feasibility and safety","volume":"150","author":"Farah K","year":"2021","unstructured":"Farah K, Meyer M, Prost S,  Robotic assistance for minimally invasive cervical pedicle instrumentation: report on feasibility and safety. World Neurosurg. 2021;150:e777\u2013e782."},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Brain Spine","first-page":"104199","article-title":"Navigated percutaneous placement of cervical pedicle screws: an anatomical feasibility study","volume":"5","author":"Schmeiser G","year":"2025","unstructured":"Schmeiser G, Blume C, Hecht N, Mattes S, Ittrich H, Kothe R. Navigated percutaneous placement of cervical pedicle screws: an anatomical feasibility study. Brain Spine. 2025;5:104199."},{"issue":"5","key":"b22","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"493","article-title":"Morphologic characteristics of human cervical pedicles","volume":"22","author":"Karaikovic EE","year":"1997","unstructured":"Karaikovic EE, Daubs MD, Madsen RW, Gaines RWJ. Morphologic characteristics of human cervical pedicles. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1997;22(5):493\u2013500."},{"issue":"3","key":"b23","series-title":"Global Spine J","first-page":"1018","article-title":"Accurate placement and revisions for cervical pedicle screws placed with or without navigation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Bindels BJJ","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bindels BJJ, Dronkers BEG, Smits MLJ, Verlaan JJ. Accurate placement and revisions for cervical pedicle screws placed with or without navigation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Global Spine J. 2024;14(3):1018\u20131037."},{"issue":"11","key":"b24","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0207847","article-title":"Quantifying skeletal muscle volume and shape in humans using MRI: a systematic review of validity and reliability","volume":"13","author":"Pons C","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pons C, Borotikar B, Garetier M,  Quantifying skeletal muscle volume and shape in humans using MRI: a systematic review of validity and reliability. PLoS One. 2018;13(11):e0207847."},{"issue":"9","key":"b25","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"1567","article-title":"Cross-sectional area of posterior extensor muscles of the cervical spine in asymptomatic subjects: a 10-year longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"20","author":"Okada E","year":"2011","unstructured":"Okada E, Matsumoto M, Ichihara D,  Cross-sectional area of posterior extensor muscles of the cervical spine in asymptomatic subjects: a 10-year longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study. 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