{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T16:06:25Z","timestamp":1776096385375,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis in older adults is increasing, yet the factors influencing surgical outcomes remain unclear. The authors\u2019 study used a machine learning approach to identify outcome clusters among older patients operated on for grade I lumbar spondylolisthesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors analyzed data from the prospective Quality Outcomes Database (QOD) registry for patients aged \u2265 65 years who underwent surgery for grade I degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. Principal components analysis was used to generate a composite outcome score from 5 patient-reported outcomes (PROs) collected 24 months postoperatively. Subsequently, K-means clustering was used to stratify patients by outcome, with the optimal number of clusters decided by silhouette scoring. Multivariable logistic regression and Boruta feature selection were used to assess variable importance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 608 total patients, 233 were at least 65 years of age and met 24-month follow-up. K-means clustering identified two distinct groups: cluster 1 corresponded to more optimal outcomes (less pain and disability, higher satisfaction and quality of life), and cluster 2 corresponded to suboptimal outcomes. Cluster 1 had significantly greater improvements across all PROs at 24 months (p &lt; 0.001), with 87.1% achieving the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) across both EQ-5D and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores versus 48.8% in cluster 2 (p &lt; 0.001). Clusters were similar in age (mean 72.5 vs 73.4 years, p = 0.24), but cluster 1 had lower baseline back and leg pain scores. Notably, patients in the optimal outcomes cluster were significantly more likely to have received a fusion procedure (70.7% vs 51.2%, p = 0.003). In logistic regression predictor analysis, lower baseline Numerical Rating Scale (NRS)\u2013back pain score (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.50\u20130.98, p = 0.04) and addition of fusion (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.24\u20132.33, p = 0.001) were significant independent predictors of optimal outcomes, which was subsequently confirmed in Boruta analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors\u2019 analysis of older (\u2265 65 years old) patients undergoing surgery for grade I spondylolisthesis revealed two distinct clusters: one with optimal and the other with suboptimal outcomes. The addition of fusion to a procedure was associated with superior outcomes, as patients who received fusion had a 70% increase in the odds of reaching an optimal outcome. Age was not significantly associated with outcome, implying that there is no clear cutoff for surgical eligibility in older patients. These findings may inform decision-making between decompression alone versus decompression with fusion in older patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.8.spine25945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T12:00:13Z","timestamp":1769083213000},"page":"399-410","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["What factors predict the best outcomes for older patients operated on for grade I degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis? A machine learning analysis from the Quality Outcomes Database"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Eunice","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Praveen V.","family":"Mummaneni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dean","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamad","family":"Bydon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Chicago, Illinois;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erica F.","family":"Bisson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elan","family":"Schonfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher I.","family":"Shaffrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurological Surgery and Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven D.","family":"Glassman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norton Leatherman Spine Center, Louisville, Kentucky;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin T.","family":"Foley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Semmes Murphey Neurologic and Spine Institute, Memphis, Tennessee;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric A.","family":"Potts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Ascension St. Vincent, Indianapolis, Indiana;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun-Po","family":"Yen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Domagoj","family":"Coric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System and Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates, Charlotte, North Carolina;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John J.","family":"Knightly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxim Spine, Morristown, New Jersey;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Semmes Murphey Neurologic and Spine Institute, Memphis, Tennessee;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael Y.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, Florida;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai-Ming","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan R.","family":"Slotkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geisinger Health, Danville, Pennsylvania; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony L.","family":"Asher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Institute, Carolinas Healthcare System and Carolina Neurosurgery & Spine Associates, Charlotte, North Carolina;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Virk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Regis W.","family":"Haid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atlanta Brain and Spine Care, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew K.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"b1","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"199","article-title":"Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis","volume":"34","author":"Kalichman L","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kalichman L, Kim DH, Li L, Guermazi A, Berkin V, Hunter DJ. Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009;34(2):199\u2013205."},{"issue":"22","key":"b2","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"2257","article-title":"Surgical versus nonsurgical treatment for lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis","volume":"356","author":"Weinstein JN","year":"2007","unstructured":"Weinstein JN, Lurie JD, Tosteson TD,  Surgical versus nonsurgical treatment for lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(22):2257\u20132270."},{"issue":"2","key":"b3","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"234","article-title":"Laminectomy alone versus fusion for grade 1 lumbar spondylolisthesis in 426 patients from the prospective Quality Outcomes Database","volume":"30","author":"Chan AK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chan AK, Bisson EF, Bydon M,  Laminectomy alone versus fusion for grade 1 lumbar spondylolisthesis in 426 patients from the prospective Quality Outcomes Database. J Neurosurg Spine. 2019;30(2):234\u2013241."},{"issue":"1","key":"b4","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"42","article-title":"Patient-reported outcome improvements at 24-month follow-up after fusion added to decompression for grade I degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: a multicenter study using the Quality Outcomes Database","volume":"35","author":"Bisson EF","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bisson EF, Guan J, Bydon M,  Patient-reported outcome improvements at 24-month follow-up after fusion added to decompression for grade I degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: a multicenter study using the Quality Outcomes Database. J Neurosurg Spine. 2021;35(1):42\u201351."},{"issue":"15","key":"b5","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1424","article-title":"Laminectomy plus fusion versus laminectomy alone for lumbar spondylolisthesis","volume":"374","author":"Ghogawala Z","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ghogawala Z, Dziura J, Butler WE,  Laminectomy plus fusion versus laminectomy alone for lumbar spondylolisthesis. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(15):1424\u20131434."},{"issue":"5","key":"b6","series-title":"Spine J","first-page":"747","article-title":"Comparison of decompression, decompression plus fusion, and decompression plus stabilization: a long-term follow-up of a prospective, randomized study","volume":"22","author":"Inose H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Inose H, Kato T, Sasaki M,  Comparison of decompression, decompression plus fusion, and decompression plus stabilization: a long-term follow-up of a prospective, randomized study. Spine J. 2022;22(5):747\u2013755."},{"issue":"6","key":"b7","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"526","article-title":"Decompression with or without fusion in degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis","volume":"385","author":"Austevoll IM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Austevoll IM, Hermansen E, Fagerland MW,  Decompression with or without fusion in degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(6):526\u2013538."},{"issue":"15","key":"b8","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1413","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of fusion surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis","volume":"374","author":"F\u00f6rsth P","year":"2016","unstructured":"F\u00f6rsth P, \u00d3lafsson G, Carlsson T,  A randomized, controlled trial of fusion surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(15):1413\u20131423."},{"issue":"8","key":"b9","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","first-page":"657","article-title":"Decompression alone versus decompression with instrumented fusion in the treatment of lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials","volume":"94","author":"Radek K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Radek K, Lucia K, Alena L,  Decompression alone versus decompression with instrumented fusion in the treatment of lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2023;94(8):657."},{"issue":"6","key":"b10","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1033","article-title":"Classifying patients operated for spondylolisthesis: a k-means clustering analysis of clinical presentation phenotypes","volume":"89","author":"Chan AK","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chan AK, Wozny TA, Bisson EF,  Classifying patients operated for spondylolisthesis: a k-means clustering analysis of clinical presentation phenotypes. Neurosurgery. 2021;89(6):1033\u20131041."},{"issue":"2","key":"b11","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"182","article-title":"Leveraging machine learning to ascertain the implications of preoperative body mass index on surgical outcomes for 282 patients with preoperative obesity and lumbar spondylolisthesis in the Quality Outcomes Database","volume":"38","author":"Agarwal N","year":"2023","unstructured":"Agarwal N, Aabedi AA, Chan AK,  Leveraging machine learning to ascertain the implications of preoperative body mass index on surgical outcomes for 282 patients with preoperative obesity and lumbar spondylolisthesis in the Quality Outcomes Database. J Neurosurg Spine. 2023;38(2):182\u2013191."},{"issue":"1","key":"b12","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"120","article-title":"Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: an epidemiological perspective: the Copenhagen Osteoarthritis Study","volume":"32","author":"Jacobsen S","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jacobsen S, Sonne-Holm S, Rovsing H, Monrad H, Gebuhr P. Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: an epidemiological perspective: the Copenhagen Osteoarthritis Study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2007;32(1):120\u2013125."},{"issue":"9","key":"b13","series-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc","first-page":"1608","article-title":"Advancing age and 30-day adverse outcomes after nonemergent general surgeries","volume":"61","author":"Gajdos C","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gajdos C, Kile D, Hawn MT, Finlayson E, Henderson WG, Robinson TN. Advancing age and 30-day adverse outcomes after nonemergent general surgeries. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61(9):1608\u20131614."},{"issue":"18","key":"b14","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"1963","article-title":"National complication rates and disposition after posterior lumbar fusion for acquired spondylolisthesis","volume":"34","author":"Kalanithi PS","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kalanithi PS, Patil CG, Boakye M. National complication rates and disposition after posterior lumbar fusion for acquired spondylolisthesis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009;34(18):1963\u20131969."},{"issue":"1","key":"b15","series-title":"JAMA Surg","first-page":"e194620","article-title":"Association of preoperative patient frailty and operative stress with postoperative mortality","volume":"155","author":"Shinall MC","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shinall MC, Arya S, Youk A,  Association of preoperative patient frailty and operative stress with postoperative mortality. JAMA Surg. 2020;155(1):e194620\u2013e194620."},{"issue":"6","key":"b16","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg","first-page":"565","article-title":"Patient frailty influences outcome after open, but not minimally invasive, transforaminal interbody fusion: a case series of 115 patients with lumbar degenerative disease","volume":"24","author":"Burke JF","year":"2023","unstructured":"Burke JF, Garcia JH, Safaee MM,  Patient frailty influences outcome after open, but not minimally invasive, transforaminal interbody fusion: a case series of 115 patients with lumbar degenerative disease. Oper Neurosurg. 2023;24(6):565\u2013571."},{"issue":"1","key":"b17","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E2","article-title":"Defining the minimum clinically important difference for grade I degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: insights from the Quality Outcomes Database","volume":"44","author":"Asher AL","year":"2018","unstructured":"Asher AL, Kerezoudis P, Mummaneni PV,  Defining the minimum clinically important difference for grade I degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: insights from the Quality Outcomes Database. Neurosurg Focus. 2018;44(1):E2."},{"issue":"5","key":"b18","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"E609","article-title":"In reply: A comparison of minimally invasive and open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for grade 1 degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: an analysis of the prospective Quality Outcomes Database","volume":"87","author":"Chan AK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chan AK, Bission EF, Bydon M, Mummaneni PV. In reply: A comparison of minimally invasive and open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for grade 1 degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: an analysis of the prospective Quality Outcomes Database. Neurosurgery. 2020;87(5):E609\u2013E610."},{"issue":"3","key":"b19","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"555","article-title":"A comparison of minimally invasive and open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for grade 1 degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: an analysis of the prospective Quality Outcomes Database","volume":"87","author":"Chan AK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chan AK, Bisson EF, Bydon M,  A comparison of minimally invasive and open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for grade 1 degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: an analysis of the prospective Quality Outcomes Database. Neurosurgery. 2020;87(3):555\u2013562."},{"issue":"6","key":"b20","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1130","article-title":"Predictors of the best outcomes following minimally invasive surgery for grade 1 degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis","volume":"87","author":"Chan AK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chan AK, Bisson EF, Bydon M,  Predictors of the best outcomes following minimally invasive surgery for grade 1 degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. Neurosurgery. 2020;87(6):1130\u20131138."},{"issue":"1","key":"b21","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E2","article-title":"Minimally invasive versus open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for grade I lumbar spondylolisthesis: 5-year follow-up from the prospective multicenter Quality Outcomes Database registry","volume":"54","author":"Chan AK","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chan AK, Bydon M, Bisson EF,  Minimally invasive versus open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for grade I lumbar spondylolisthesis: 5-year follow-up from the prospective multicenter Quality Outcomes Database registry. Neurosurg Focus. 2023;54(1):E2."},{"key":"b22","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e1024","article-title":"Inferior clinical outcomes for patients with Medicaid insurance after surgery for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: a prospective registry analysis of 608 patients","volume":"164","author":"Chan AK","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chan AK, Letchuman V, Mummaneni PV,  Inferior clinical outcomes for patients with Medicaid insurance after surgery for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: a prospective registry analysis of 608 patients. World Neurosurg. 2022;164:e1024\u2013e1033."},{"issue":"2","key":"b23","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"177","article-title":"Does reduction of the Meyerding grade correlate with outcomes in patients undergoing decompression and fusion for grade I degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis?","volume":"36","author":"Chan AK","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chan AK, Mummaneni PV, Burke JF,  Does reduction of the Meyerding grade correlate with outcomes in patients undergoing decompression and fusion for grade I degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis? J Neurosurg Spine. 2022;36(2):177\u2013184."},{"issue":"12","key":"b24","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"836","article-title":"\"July effect\" revisited: July surgeries at residency training programs are associated with equivalent long-term clinical outcomes following lumbar spondylolisthesis surgery","volume":"46","author":"Chan AK","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chan AK, Patel AB, Bisson EF,  \"July effect\" revisited: July surgeries at residency training programs are associated with equivalent long-term clinical outcomes following lumbar spondylolisthesis surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2021;46(12):836\u2013843."},{"issue":"4","key":"b25","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"523","article-title":"Predictors of nonroutine discharge among patients undergoing surgery for grade I spondylolisthesis: insights from the Quality Outcomes Database","volume":"32","author":"Mummaneni PV","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mummaneni PV, Bydon M, Knightly J,  Predictors of nonroutine discharge among patients undergoing surgery for grade I spondylolisthesis: insights from the Quality Outcomes Database. J Neurosurg Spine. 2020;32(4):523\u2013532."},{"issue":"1","key":"b26","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E6","article-title":"The National Neurosurgery Quality and Outcomes Database (N2QOD): general overview and pilot-year project description","volume":"34","author":"McGirt MJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"McGirt MJ, Speroff T, Dittus RS, Harrell FE, Asher AL. The National Neurosurgery Quality and Outcomes Database (N2QOD): general overview and pilot-year project description. Neurosurg Focus. 2013;34(1):E6."},{"issue":"3","key":"b27","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"353","article-title":"The morphology of cervical deformities: a two-step cluster analysis to identify cervical deformity patterns","volume":"32","author":"Kim HJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim HJ, Virk S, Elysee J,  The morphology of cervical deformities: a two-step cluster analysis to identify cervical deformity patterns. J Neurosurg Spine. 2020;32(3):353\u2013359."},{"issue":"16","key":"b28","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"1422","article-title":"Incidence and mortality of cardiac events in lumbar spine surgery","volume":"38","author":"Fineberg SJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fineberg SJ, Ahmadinia K, Patel AA, Oglesby M, Singh K. Incidence and mortality of cardiac events in lumbar spine surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013;38(16):1422\u20131429."},{"issue":"2","key":"b29","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"e7","article-title":"Complications associated with lumbar stenosis surgery in patients older than 75 years of age","volume":"14","author":"Wang MY","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wang MY, Green BA, Shah S, Vanni S, Levi AD. Complications associated with lumbar stenosis surgery in patients older than 75 years of age. Neurosurg Focus. 2003;14(2):e7."},{"issue":"3","key":"b30","series-title":"Clin Spine Surg","first-page":"E368","article-title":"Advanced age does not impact outcomes after 1-level or 2-level lateral lumbar interbody fusion","volume":"35","author":"Wadhwa H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wadhwa H, Oquendo YA, Tigchelaar SS,  Advanced age does not impact outcomes after 1-level or 2-level lateral lumbar interbody fusion. Clin Spine Surg. 2022;35(3):E368\u2013E373."},{"issue":"2","key":"b31","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E11","article-title":"Minimally invasive versus open fusion for Grade I degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: analysis of the Quality Outcomes Database","volume":"43","author":"Mummaneni PV","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mummaneni PV, Bisson EF, Kerezoudis P,  Minimally invasive versus open fusion for Grade I degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: analysis of the Quality Outcomes Database. Neurosurg Focus. 2017;43(2):E11."},{"issue":"4","key":"b32","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E16","article-title":"A novel technique for awake, minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: technical note","volume":"46","author":"Chan AK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chan AK, Choy W, Miller CA, Robinson LC, Mummaneni PV. A novel technique for awake, minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: technical note. Neurosurg Focus. 2019;46(4):E16."},{"issue":"4","key":"b33","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E14","article-title":"Endoscopic transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion without general anesthesia: operative and clinical outcomes in 100 consecutive patients with a minimum 1-year follow-up","volume":"46","author":"Kolcun JPG","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kolcun JPG, Brusko GD, Basil GW, Epstein R, Wang MY. Endoscopic transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion without general anesthesia: operative and clinical outcomes in 100 consecutive patients with a minimum 1-year follow-up. Neurosurg Focus. 2019;46(4):E14."},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"b34","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"S910","article-title":"Instrumented fusion surgery in elderly patients (over 75 years old): clinical and radiological results in a series of 53 patients","volume":"22","author":"Costa F","year":"2013","unstructured":"Costa F, Ortolina A, Tomei M, Cardia A, Zekay E, Fornari M. Instrumented fusion surgery in elderly patients (over 75 years old): clinical and radiological results in a series of 53 patients. Eur Spine J. 2013;22(Suppl 6):S910\u2013S913."},{"issue":"31","key":"b35","series-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)","first-page":"e26812","article-title":"Outcomes of lumbar spinal fusion in super-elderly patients aged 80 years and over: comparison with patients aged 65 years and over, and under 80 years","volume":"100","author":"Son HJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Son HJ, Jo YH, Ahn HS, You J, Kang CN. Outcomes of lumbar spinal fusion in super-elderly patients aged 80 years and over: comparison with patients aged 65 years and over, and under 80 years. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(31):e26812."},{"issue":"6","key":"b36","series-title":"Ann Transl Med","first-page":"104","article-title":"Minimally invasive anterior, lateral, and oblique lumbar interbody fusion: a literature review","volume":"6","author":"Xu DS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xu DS, Walker CT, Godzik J, Turner JD, Smith W, Uribe JS. Minimally invasive anterior, lateral, and oblique lumbar interbody fusion: a literature review. Ann Transl Med. 2018;6(6):104."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"b37","series-title":"J Spine Surg","first-page":"S174","article-title":"Lumbar spinal fusion in the outpatient setting: an update on management, surgical approaches and planning","volume":"5","author":"Basques BA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Basques BA, Ferguson J, Kunze KN, Phillips FM. Lumbar spinal fusion in the outpatient setting: an update on management, surgical approaches and planning. J Spine Surg. 2019;5(Suppl 2):S174\u2013S180."},{"key":"b38","article-title":"Global Health Estimates: Life expectancy and leading causes of death and disability","unstructured":"Global Health Estimates: Life expectancy and leading causes of death and disability. World Health Organization Global Health Observatory. Accessed September 3, 2025. https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/data\/themes\/mortality-and-global-health-estimates"},{"issue":"6","key":"b39","series-title":"Spine J","first-page":"799","article-title":"Factors influencing the long-term outcomes of instrumentation surgery for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: a post-hoc analysis of a prospective randomized study","volume":"23","author":"Inose H","year":"2023","unstructured":"Inose H, Kato T, Matsukura Y,  Factors influencing the long-term outcomes of instrumentation surgery for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: a post-hoc analysis of a prospective randomized study. Spine J. 2023;23(6):799\u2013804."},{"issue":"23","key":"b40","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"1619","article-title":"Long-term results of surgery compared with nonoperative treatment for lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis in the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT)","volume":"43","author":"Abdu WA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abdu WA, Sacks OA, Tosteson ANA,  Long-term results of surgery compared with nonoperative treatment for lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis in the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT). Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2018;43(23):1619\u20131630."},{"issue":"5","key":"b41","series-title":"Spine J","first-page":"734","article-title":"Surgical outcomes in the elderly with degenerative spondylolisthesis: comparative study between patients over 80 years of age and under 80 years-a gender-, diagnosis-, and surgical method-matched two-cohort analyses","volume":"18","author":"Liao JC","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liao JC, Chen WJ. Surgical outcomes in the elderly with degenerative spondylolisthesis: comparative study between patients over 80 years of age and under 80 years-a gender-, diagnosis-, and surgical method-matched two-cohort analyses. Spine J. 2018;18(5):734\u2013739."},{"issue":"1","key":"b42","series-title":"Semin Perinatol","first-page":"3","article-title":"Evidence-based medicine","volume":"21","author":"Sackett DL","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sackett DL. Evidence-based medicine. Semin Perinatol. 1997;21(1):3\u20135."},{"issue":"5","key":"b43","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"643","article-title":"Assessing the differences in characteristics of patients lost to follow-up at 2 years: results from the Quality Outcomes Database study on outcomes of surgery for grade I spondylolisthesis","volume":"33","author":"Bisson EF","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bisson EF, Mummaneni PV, Knightly J,  Assessing the differences in characteristics of patients lost to follow-up at 2 years: results from the Quality Outcomes Database study on outcomes of surgery for grade I spondylolisthesis. J Neurosurg Spine. 2020;33(5):643\u2013651."},{"issue":"2","key":"b1","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"199","article-title":"Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis","volume":"34","author":"Kalichman L","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kalichman L, Kim DH, Li L, Guermazi A, Berkin V, Hunter DJ. Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009;34(2):199\u2013205."},{"issue":"22","key":"b2","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"2257","article-title":"Surgical versus nonsurgical treatment for lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis","volume":"356","author":"Weinstein JN","year":"2007","unstructured":"Weinstein JN, Lurie JD, Tosteson TD,  Surgical versus nonsurgical treatment for lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(22):2257\u20132270."},{"issue":"2","key":"b3","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"234","article-title":"Laminectomy alone versus fusion for grade 1 lumbar spondylolisthesis in 426 patients from the prospective Quality Outcomes Database","volume":"30","author":"Chan AK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chan AK, Bisson EF, Bydon M,  Laminectomy alone versus fusion for grade 1 lumbar spondylolisthesis in 426 patients from the prospective Quality Outcomes Database. J Neurosurg Spine. 2019;30(2):234\u2013241."},{"issue":"1","key":"b4","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"42","article-title":"Patient-reported outcome improvements at 24-month follow-up after fusion added to decompression for grade I degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: a multicenter study using the Quality Outcomes Database","volume":"35","author":"Bisson EF","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bisson EF, Guan J, Bydon M,  Patient-reported outcome improvements at 24-month follow-up after fusion added to decompression for grade I degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: a multicenter study using the Quality Outcomes Database. J Neurosurg Spine. 2021;35(1):42\u201351."},{"issue":"15","key":"b5","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1424","article-title":"Laminectomy plus fusion versus laminectomy alone for lumbar spondylolisthesis","volume":"374","author":"Ghogawala Z","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ghogawala Z, Dziura J, Butler WE,  Laminectomy plus fusion versus laminectomy alone for lumbar spondylolisthesis. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(15):1424\u20131434."},{"issue":"5","key":"b6","series-title":"Spine J","first-page":"747","article-title":"Comparison of decompression, decompression plus fusion, and decompression plus stabilization: a long-term follow-up of a prospective, randomized study","volume":"22","author":"Inose H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Inose H, Kato T, Sasaki M,  Comparison of decompression, decompression plus fusion, and decompression plus stabilization: a long-term follow-up of a prospective, randomized study. Spine J. 2022;22(5):747\u2013755."},{"issue":"6","key":"b7","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"526","article-title":"Decompression with or without fusion in degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis","volume":"385","author":"Austevoll IM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Austevoll IM, Hermansen E, Fagerland MW,  Decompression with or without fusion in degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(6):526\u2013538."},{"issue":"15","key":"b8","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"1413","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of fusion surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis","volume":"374","author":"F\u00f6rsth P","year":"2016","unstructured":"F\u00f6rsth P, \u00d3lafsson G, Carlsson T,  A randomized, controlled trial of fusion surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(15):1413\u20131423."},{"issue":"8","key":"b9","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","first-page":"657","article-title":"Decompression alone versus decompression with instrumented fusion in the treatment of lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials","volume":"94","author":"Radek K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Radek K, Lucia K, Alena L,  Decompression alone versus decompression with instrumented fusion in the treatment of lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2023;94(8):657."},{"issue":"6","key":"b10","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1033","article-title":"Classifying patients operated for spondylolisthesis: a k-means clustering analysis of clinical presentation phenotypes","volume":"89","author":"Chan AK","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chan AK, Wozny TA, Bisson EF,  Classifying patients operated for spondylolisthesis: a k-means clustering analysis of clinical presentation phenotypes. Neurosurgery. 2021;89(6):1033\u20131041."},{"issue":"2","key":"b11","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"182","article-title":"Leveraging machine learning to ascertain the implications of preoperative body mass index on surgical outcomes for 282 patients with preoperative obesity and lumbar spondylolisthesis in the Quality Outcomes Database","volume":"38","author":"Agarwal N","year":"2023","unstructured":"Agarwal N, Aabedi AA, Chan AK,  Leveraging machine learning to ascertain the implications of preoperative body mass index on surgical outcomes for 282 patients with preoperative obesity and lumbar spondylolisthesis in the Quality Outcomes Database. J Neurosurg Spine. 2023;38(2):182\u2013191."},{"issue":"1","key":"b12","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"120","article-title":"Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: an epidemiological perspective: the Copenhagen Osteoarthritis Study","volume":"32","author":"Jacobsen S","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jacobsen S, Sonne-Holm S, Rovsing H, Monrad H, Gebuhr P. Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: an epidemiological perspective: the Copenhagen Osteoarthritis Study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2007;32(1):120\u2013125."},{"issue":"9","key":"b13","series-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc","first-page":"1608","article-title":"Advancing age and 30-day adverse outcomes after nonemergent general surgeries","volume":"61","author":"Gajdos C","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gajdos C, Kile D, Hawn MT, Finlayson E, Henderson WG, Robinson TN. Advancing age and 30-day adverse outcomes after nonemergent general surgeries. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61(9):1608\u20131614."},{"issue":"18","key":"b14","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"1963","article-title":"National complication rates and disposition after posterior lumbar fusion for acquired spondylolisthesis","volume":"34","author":"Kalanithi PS","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kalanithi PS, Patil CG, Boakye M. National complication rates and disposition after posterior lumbar fusion for acquired spondylolisthesis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009;34(18):1963\u20131969."},{"issue":"1","key":"b15","series-title":"JAMA Surg","first-page":"e194620","article-title":"Association of preoperative patient frailty and operative stress with postoperative mortality","volume":"155","author":"Shinall MC","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shinall MC, Arya S, Youk A,  Association of preoperative patient frailty and operative stress with postoperative mortality. JAMA Surg. 2020;155(1):e194620\u2013e194620."},{"issue":"6","key":"b16","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg","first-page":"565","article-title":"Patient frailty influences outcome after open, but not minimally invasive, transforaminal interbody fusion: a case series of 115 patients with lumbar degenerative disease","volume":"24","author":"Burke JF","year":"2023","unstructured":"Burke JF, Garcia JH, Safaee MM,  Patient frailty influences outcome after open, but not minimally invasive, transforaminal interbody fusion: a case series of 115 patients with lumbar degenerative disease. Oper Neurosurg. 2023;24(6):565\u2013571."},{"issue":"1","key":"b17","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E2","article-title":"Defining the minimum clinically important difference for grade I degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: insights from the Quality Outcomes Database","volume":"44","author":"Asher AL","year":"2018","unstructured":"Asher AL, Kerezoudis P, Mummaneni PV,  Defining the minimum clinically important difference for grade I degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: insights from the Quality Outcomes Database. Neurosurg Focus. 2018;44(1):E2."},{"issue":"5","key":"b18","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"E609","article-title":"In reply: A comparison of minimally invasive and open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for grade 1 degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: an analysis of the prospective Quality Outcomes Database","volume":"87","author":"Chan AK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chan AK, Bission EF, Bydon M, Mummaneni PV. In reply: A comparison of minimally invasive and open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for grade 1 degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: an analysis of the prospective Quality Outcomes Database. Neurosurgery. 2020;87(5):E609\u2013E610."},{"issue":"3","key":"b19","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"555","article-title":"A comparison of minimally invasive and open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for grade 1 degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: an analysis of the prospective Quality Outcomes Database","volume":"87","author":"Chan AK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chan AK, Bisson EF, Bydon M,  A comparison of minimally invasive and open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for grade 1 degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: an analysis of the prospective Quality Outcomes Database. Neurosurgery. 2020;87(3):555\u2013562."},{"issue":"6","key":"b20","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1130","article-title":"Predictors of the best outcomes following minimally invasive surgery for grade 1 degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis","volume":"87","author":"Chan AK","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chan AK, Bisson EF, Bydon M,  Predictors of the best outcomes following minimally invasive surgery for grade 1 degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. Neurosurgery. 2020;87(6):1130\u20131138."},{"issue":"1","key":"b21","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E2","article-title":"Minimally invasive versus open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for grade I lumbar spondylolisthesis: 5-year follow-up from the prospective multicenter Quality Outcomes Database registry","volume":"54","author":"Chan AK","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chan AK, Bydon M, Bisson EF,  Minimally invasive versus open transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for grade I lumbar spondylolisthesis: 5-year follow-up from the prospective multicenter Quality Outcomes Database registry. Neurosurg Focus. 2023;54(1):E2."},{"key":"b22","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e1024","article-title":"Inferior clinical outcomes for patients with Medicaid insurance after surgery for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: a prospective registry analysis of 608 patients","volume":"164","author":"Chan AK","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chan AK, Letchuman V, Mummaneni PV,  Inferior clinical outcomes for patients with Medicaid insurance after surgery for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: a prospective registry analysis of 608 patients. World Neurosurg. 2022;164:e1024\u2013e1033."},{"issue":"2","key":"b23","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"177","article-title":"Does reduction of the Meyerding grade correlate with outcomes in patients undergoing decompression and fusion for grade I degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis?","volume":"36","author":"Chan AK","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chan AK, Mummaneni PV, Burke JF,  Does reduction of the Meyerding grade correlate with outcomes in patients undergoing decompression and fusion for grade I degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis? J Neurosurg Spine. 2022;36(2):177\u2013184."},{"issue":"12","key":"b24","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"836","article-title":"\"July effect\" revisited: July surgeries at residency training programs are associated with equivalent long-term clinical outcomes following lumbar spondylolisthesis surgery","volume":"46","author":"Chan AK","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chan AK, Patel AB, Bisson EF,  \"July effect\" revisited: July surgeries at residency training programs are associated with equivalent long-term clinical outcomes following lumbar spondylolisthesis surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2021;46(12):836\u2013843."},{"issue":"4","key":"b25","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"523","article-title":"Predictors of nonroutine discharge among patients undergoing surgery for grade I spondylolisthesis: insights from the Quality Outcomes Database","volume":"32","author":"Mummaneni PV","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mummaneni PV, Bydon M, Knightly J,  Predictors of nonroutine discharge among patients undergoing surgery for grade I spondylolisthesis: insights from the Quality Outcomes Database. J Neurosurg Spine. 2020;32(4):523\u2013532."},{"issue":"1","key":"b26","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E6","article-title":"The National Neurosurgery Quality and Outcomes Database (N2QOD): general overview and pilot-year project description","volume":"34","author":"McGirt MJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"McGirt MJ, Speroff T, Dittus RS, Harrell FE, Asher AL. The National Neurosurgery Quality and Outcomes Database (N2QOD): general overview and pilot-year project description. Neurosurg Focus. 2013;34(1):E6."},{"issue":"3","key":"b27","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"353","article-title":"The morphology of cervical deformities: a two-step cluster analysis to identify cervical deformity patterns","volume":"32","author":"Kim HJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kim HJ, Virk S, Elysee J,  The morphology of cervical deformities: a two-step cluster analysis to identify cervical deformity patterns. J Neurosurg Spine. 2020;32(3):353\u2013359."},{"issue":"16","key":"b28","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"1422","article-title":"Incidence and mortality of cardiac events in lumbar spine surgery","volume":"38","author":"Fineberg SJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fineberg SJ, Ahmadinia K, Patel AA, Oglesby M, Singh K. Incidence and mortality of cardiac events in lumbar spine surgery. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013;38(16):1422\u20131429."},{"issue":"2","key":"b29","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"e7","article-title":"Complications associated with lumbar stenosis surgery in patients older than 75 years of age","volume":"14","author":"Wang MY","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wang MY, Green BA, Shah S, Vanni S, Levi AD. Complications associated with lumbar stenosis surgery in patients older than 75 years of age. Neurosurg Focus. 2003;14(2):e7."},{"issue":"3","key":"b30","series-title":"Clin Spine Surg","first-page":"E368","article-title":"Advanced age does not impact outcomes after 1-level or 2-level lateral lumbar interbody fusion","volume":"35","author":"Wadhwa H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wadhwa H, Oquendo YA, Tigchelaar SS,  Advanced age does not impact outcomes after 1-level or 2-level lateral lumbar interbody fusion. Clin Spine Surg. 2022;35(3):E368\u2013E373."},{"issue":"2","key":"b31","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E11","article-title":"Minimally invasive versus open fusion for Grade I degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: analysis of the Quality Outcomes Database","volume":"43","author":"Mummaneni PV","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mummaneni PV, Bisson EF, Kerezoudis P,  Minimally invasive versus open fusion for Grade I degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: analysis of the Quality Outcomes Database. Neurosurg Focus. 2017;43(2):E11."},{"issue":"4","key":"b32","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E16","article-title":"A novel technique for awake, minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: technical note","volume":"46","author":"Chan AK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chan AK, Choy W, Miller CA, Robinson LC, Mummaneni PV. A novel technique for awake, minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: technical note. Neurosurg Focus. 2019;46(4):E16."},{"issue":"4","key":"b33","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E14","article-title":"Endoscopic transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion without general anesthesia: operative and clinical outcomes in 100 consecutive patients with a minimum 1-year follow-up","volume":"46","author":"Kolcun JPG","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kolcun JPG, Brusko GD, Basil GW, Epstein R, Wang MY. Endoscopic transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion without general anesthesia: operative and clinical outcomes in 100 consecutive patients with a minimum 1-year follow-up. Neurosurg Focus. 2019;46(4):E14."},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"b34","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"S910","article-title":"Instrumented fusion surgery in elderly patients (over 75 years old): clinical and radiological results in a series of 53 patients","volume":"22","author":"Costa F","year":"2013","unstructured":"Costa F, Ortolina A, Tomei M, Cardia A, Zekay E, Fornari M. Instrumented fusion surgery in elderly patients (over 75 years old): clinical and radiological results in a series of 53 patients. Eur Spine J. 2013;22(Suppl 6):S910\u2013S913."},{"issue":"31","key":"b35","series-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)","first-page":"e26812","article-title":"Outcomes of lumbar spinal fusion in super-elderly patients aged 80 years and over: comparison with patients aged 65 years and over, and under 80 years","volume":"100","author":"Son HJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Son HJ, Jo YH, Ahn HS, You J, Kang CN. Outcomes of lumbar spinal fusion in super-elderly patients aged 80 years and over: comparison with patients aged 65 years and over, and under 80 years. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(31):e26812."},{"issue":"6","key":"b36","series-title":"Ann Transl Med","first-page":"104","article-title":"Minimally invasive anterior, lateral, and oblique lumbar interbody fusion: a literature review","volume":"6","author":"Xu DS","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xu DS, Walker CT, Godzik J, Turner JD, Smith W, Uribe JS. Minimally invasive anterior, lateral, and oblique lumbar interbody fusion: a literature review. Ann Transl Med. 2018;6(6):104."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"b37","series-title":"J Spine Surg","first-page":"S174","article-title":"Lumbar spinal fusion in the outpatient setting: an update on management, surgical approaches and planning","volume":"5","author":"Basques BA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Basques BA, Ferguson J, Kunze KN, Phillips FM. Lumbar spinal fusion in the outpatient setting: an update on management, surgical approaches and planning. J Spine Surg. 2019;5(Suppl 2):S174\u2013S180."},{"key":"b38","article-title":"Global Health Estimates: Life expectancy and leading causes of death and disability","unstructured":"Global Health Estimates: Life expectancy and leading causes of death and disability. World Health Organization Global Health Observatory. Accessed September 3, 2025. https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/data\/themes\/mortality-and-global-health-estimates"},{"issue":"6","key":"b39","series-title":"Spine J","first-page":"799","article-title":"Factors influencing the long-term outcomes of instrumentation surgery for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: a post-hoc analysis of a prospective randomized study","volume":"23","author":"Inose H","year":"2023","unstructured":"Inose H, Kato T, Matsukura Y,  Factors influencing the long-term outcomes of instrumentation surgery for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis: a post-hoc analysis of a prospective randomized study. Spine J. 2023;23(6):799\u2013804."},{"issue":"23","key":"b40","series-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)","first-page":"1619","article-title":"Long-term results of surgery compared with nonoperative treatment for lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis in the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT)","volume":"43","author":"Abdu WA","year":"2018","unstructured":"Abdu WA, Sacks OA, Tosteson ANA,  Long-term results of surgery compared with nonoperative treatment for lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis in the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial (SPORT). Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2018;43(23):1619\u20131630."},{"issue":"5","key":"b41","series-title":"Spine J","first-page":"734","article-title":"Surgical outcomes in the elderly with degenerative spondylolisthesis: comparative study between patients over 80 years of age and under 80 years-a gender-, diagnosis-, and surgical method-matched two-cohort analyses","volume":"18","author":"Liao JC","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liao JC, Chen WJ. Surgical outcomes in the elderly with degenerative spondylolisthesis: comparative study between patients over 80 years of age and under 80 years-a gender-, diagnosis-, and surgical method-matched two-cohort analyses. Spine J. 2018;18(5):734\u2013739."},{"issue":"1","key":"b42","series-title":"Semin Perinatol","first-page":"3","article-title":"Evidence-based medicine","volume":"21","author":"Sackett DL","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sackett DL. Evidence-based medicine. Semin Perinatol. 1997;21(1):3\u20135."},{"issue":"5","key":"b43","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"643","article-title":"Assessing the differences in characteristics of patients lost to follow-up at 2 years: results from the Quality Outcomes Database study on outcomes of surgery for grade I spondylolisthesis","volume":"33","author":"Bisson EF","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bisson EF, Mummaneni PV, Knightly J,  Assessing the differences in characteristics of patients lost to follow-up at 2 years: results from the Quality Outcomes Database study on outcomes of surgery for grade I spondylolisthesis. J Neurosurg Spine. 2020;33(5):643\u2013651."}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/44\/3\/article-p399.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/44\/3\/article-p399.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/44\/3\/article-p399.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T15:26:01Z","timestamp":1776093961000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-spine\/44\/3\/article-p399.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2025.8.spine25945","relation":{},"ISSN":["1547-5654"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1547-5654","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]]}}}