{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T14:56:13Z","timestamp":1781794573179,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"\n OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n The spinal accessory nerve (SAN) is frequently used as a donor for reinnervation of the suprascapular nerve (SSN) in the reconstruction of brachial plexus injuries (BPIs). This procedure can be performed using either the anterior or posterior approach. However, no studies have compared the postoperative outcomes between these two approaches in adult patients with complete BPI. Thus, this study aimed to compare postoperative shoulder functional outcomes following the anterior and posterior approaches.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS<\/jats:title>\n Between 2017 and 2022, 48 adult patients with complete palsy following a closed BPI underwent surgery. Inclusion criteria were surgery performed at least 9 months after injury, patient age between 16 and 60 years, and a minimum follow-up period of 2 years. A total of 38 patients met these criteria. The anterior approach was performed in 18 patients, and the posterior approach was used in 20. Shoulder function was assessed at the 2-year follow-up, including shoulder abduction strength and range of motion (ROM), and external rotation (ER) strength and ROM.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n The posterior approach group demonstrated significantly greater shoulder abduction strength and ER strength compared with the anterior approach group. The median shoulder abduction ROM in the posterior approach group was 53\u00b0 (IQR 38\u00b0\u201375\u00b0), which was significantly greater than that of the anterior approach group (median 35\u00b0, IQR 10\u00b0\u201345\u00b0). The median shoulder ER ROM of the posterior approach group was 15\u00b0 (IQR 0\u00b0\u201335\u00b0), which was also significantly greater than that of the anterior approach group (median 0\u00b0, IQR 0\u00b0\u201310\u00b0).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n The posterior approach in SAN-to-SSN transfer resulted in superior shoulder function outcomes compared with the anterior approach. These findings suggest that the posterior approach might be preferable for optimizing shoulder function recovery in adult patients with complete BPI.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.9.jns251386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T12:00:26Z","timestamp":1769083226000},"page":"1207-1213","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Outcomes of shoulder function in spinal accessory nerve\u2013to\u2013suprascapular nerve transfer in adult patients with complete palsy due to brachial plexus injury: a comparison between the anterior and posterior approaches"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"144","author":[{"given":"Jae Kwang","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Ho","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Won Sun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"b1","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"1596","article-title":"Significance of shoulder function in the reconstruction of prehension with double free-muscle transfer after complete paralysis of the brachial plexus","volume":"112","author":"Doi K","year":"2003","unstructured":"Doi K, Hattori Y, Ikeda K, Dhawan V. Significance of shoulder function in the reconstruction of prehension with double free-muscle transfer after complete paralysis of the brachial plexus. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;112(6):1596\u20131603."},{"issue":"4","key":"b2","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"73e","article-title":"The surgical treatment of brachial plexus injuries in adults","volume":"119","author":"Terzis JK","year":"2007","unstructured":"Terzis JK, Kostopoulos VK. The surgical treatment of brachial plexus injuries in adults. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;119(4):73e\u201392e."},{"issue":"7","key":"b3","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"989","article-title":"Transfer of the accessory nerve to the suprascapular nerve in brachial plexus reconstruction","volume":"32","author":"Bertelli JA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bertelli JA, Ghizoni MF. Transfer of the accessory nerve to the suprascapular nerve in brachial plexus reconstruction. J Hand Surg Am. 2007;32(7):989\u2013998."},{"issue":"2","key":"b4","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"183","article-title":"Combined nerve transfers for C5 and C6 brachial plexus avulsion injury","volume":"31","author":"Leechavengvongs S","year":"2006","unstructured":"Leechavengvongs S, Witoonchart K, Uerpairojkit C, Thuvasethakul P, Malungpaishrope K. Combined nerve transfers for C5 and C6 brachial plexus avulsion injury. J Hand Surg Am. 2006;31(2):183\u2013189."},{"issue":"4","key":"b5","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"673","article-title":"Comparative study of single and dual nerve transfers for repairing shoulder abduction","volume":"161","author":"Xiao F","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xiao F, Zhao X, Lao J. Comparative study of single and dual nerve transfers for repairing shoulder abduction. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2019;161(4):673\u2013678."},{"issue":"2","key":"b6","series-title":"Indian J Plast Surg","first-page":"152","article-title":"Outcomes of shoulder functions in spinal accessory to suprascapular nerve transfer in brachial plexus injury: a comparison between anterior and posterior approach","volume":"54","author":"Maurya S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maurya S, Renganathan G, R V, Bharti R. Outcomes of shoulder functions in spinal accessory to suprascapular nerve transfer in brachial plexus injury: a comparison between anterior and posterior approach. Indian J Plast Surg. 2021;54(2):152\u2013156."},{"issue":"4","key":"b7","series-title":"J Hand Surg Eur Vol.","first-page":"393","article-title":"Pathological findings identified during the posterior approach to the spinal accessory nerve after high-energy trauma","volume":"47","author":"Power DM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Power DM, Jimulia D, Malone P, Shirley C, Chaudhry T. Pathological findings identified during the posterior approach to the spinal accessory nerve after high-energy trauma. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2022;47(4):393\u2013398."},{"issue":"1","key":"b8","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"193e","article-title":"Prevalence of concomitant distal suprascapular nerve injury in patients with root-level brachial plexus palsy: a clinical anatomic study of injury pattern","volume":"155","author":"Bertelli JA","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bertelli JA, Lanzarin LD, Ghizoni MF, Hill EJR. Prevalence of concomitant distal suprascapular nerve injury in patients with root-level brachial plexus palsy: a clinical anatomic study of injury pattern. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2025;155(1):193e\u2013201e."},{"issue":"6","key":"b9","series-title":"Ann Plast Surg","first-page":"668","article-title":"Dual nerve transfers for restoration of shoulder function after brachial plexus avulsion injury","volume":"76","author":"Chu B","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chu B, Wang H, Chen L, Gu Y, Hu S. Dual nerve transfers for restoration of shoulder function after brachial plexus avulsion injury. Ann Plast Surg. 2016;76(6):668\u2013673."},{"issue":"1","key":"b10","series-title":"Hand Clin","first-page":"91","article-title":"Neurotization and free muscle transfer for brachial plexus avulsion injury","volume":"23","author":"Chuang DC","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chuang DC. Neurotization and free muscle transfer for brachial plexus avulsion injury. Hand Clin. 2007;23(1):91\u2013104."},{"issue":"6","key":"b11","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"990","article-title":"Results of spinal accessory to suprascapular nerve transfer in 110 patients with complete palsy of the brachial plexus","volume":"24","author":"Bertelli JA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bertelli JA, Ghizoni MF. Results of spinal accessory to suprascapular nerve transfer in 110 patients with complete palsy of the brachial plexus. J Neurosurg Spine. 2016;24(6):990\u2013995."},{"issue":"2","key":"b12","series-title":"Hand (N Y)","first-page":"71","article-title":"Posterior approach for double nerve transfer for restoration of shoulder function in upper brachial plexus palsy","volume":"1","author":"Colbert SH","year":"2006","unstructured":"Colbert SH, Mackinnon S. Posterior approach for double nerve transfer for restoration of shoulder function in upper brachial plexus palsy. Hand (N Y). 2006;1(2):71\u201377."},{"issue":"4","key":"b13","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"677","article-title":"Simultaneous intercostal nerve transfers to deltoid and triceps muscle through the posterior approach","volume":"37","author":"Malungpaishrope K","year":"2012","unstructured":"Malungpaishrope K, Leechavengvongs S, Witoonchart K, Uerpairojkit C, Boonyalapa A, Janesaksrisakul D. Simultaneous intercostal nerve transfers to deltoid and triceps muscle through the posterior approach. J Hand Surg Am. 2012;37(4):677\u2013682."},{"issue":"10","key":"b14","series-title":"Brain","first-page":"2838","article-title":"His Majesty\u2019s Stationery Office: 1942; pp. 48 (iii) and 74 figures and 7 diagrams; with aids to the examination of the peripheral nervous system. By Michael O\u2019Brien for the Guarantors of Brain","volume":"133","author":"Compston A","year":"2010","unstructured":"Compston A. Aids to the investigation of peripheral nerve injuries. Medical Research Council: Nerve Injuries Research Committee. His Majesty\u2019s Stationery Office: 1942; pp. 48 (iii) and 74 figures and 7 diagrams; with aids to the examination of the peripheral nervous system. By Michael O\u2019Brien for the Guarantors of Brain. Brain. 2010;133(10):2838\u20132844."},{"key":"b15","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e970","article-title":"Spinal accessory to suprascapular nerve transfer in traumatic brachial plexus injury: a comparative study of shoulder recovery outcomes in the anterior versus posterior approach and surgeons\u2019 preference","volume":"189","author":"Singh VK","year":"2024","unstructured":"Singh VK, Haq A, Kumari A, Kashyap VH. Spinal accessory to suprascapular nerve transfer in traumatic brachial plexus injury: a comparative study of shoulder recovery outcomes in the anterior versus posterior approach and surgeons\u2019 preference. World Neurosurg. 2024;189:e970\u2013e976."},{"issue":"7","key":"b16","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e26543","article-title":"Comparison of anterior vs. dorsal approach for spinal accessory to suprascapular nerve transfer in patients with a brachial plexus injury and its outcome on shoulder function","volume":"14","author":"Tahir H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tahir H, Osama M, Beg MSA, Ahmed M. Comparison of anterior vs. dorsal approach for spinal accessory to suprascapular nerve transfer in patients with a brachial plexus injury and its outcome on shoulder function. Cureus. 2022;14(7):e26543."},{"issue":"12","key":"b17","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"2345","article-title":"Comparison between the anterior and posterior approach for transfer of the spinal accessory nerve to the suprascapular nerve in late traumatic brachial plexus injuries","volume":"156","author":"Souza FHM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Souza FHM, Bernardino SN, Filho HCA, Comparison between the anterior and posterior approach for transfer of the spinal accessory nerve to the suprascapular nerve in late traumatic brachial plexus injuries. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2014;156(12):2345\u20132349."},{"key":"b18","series-title":"J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj","first-page":"15","article-title":"Functional outcome of nerve transfer for restoration of shoulder and elbow function in upper brachial plexus injury","volume":"3","author":"Venkatramani H","year":"2008","unstructured":"Venkatramani H, Bhardwaj P, Faruquee SR, Sabapathy SR. Functional outcome of nerve transfer for restoration of shoulder and elbow function in upper brachial plexus injury. J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj. 2008;3:15."},{"issue":"4","key":"b19","series-title":"Eur Surg","first-page":"191","article-title":"Surgical treatment of post-traumatic brachial plexus lesions","volume":"35","author":"Millesi H","year":"2003","unstructured":"Millesi H. Surgical treatment of post-traumatic brachial plexus lesions. Eur Surg. 2003;35(4):191\u2013195."},{"key":"b20","series-title":"World Scientific;","first-page":"188","article-title":"Brachial plexus lesions","author":"Narakas A","year":"1995","unstructured":"Narakas A. Brachial plexus lesions. In: Leung PC, Gu YD, Ikuda Y, eds. Microsurgery in Orthopaedic Practice. World Scientific; 1995:188\u2013254."},{"issue":"7","key":"b21","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"1182","article-title":"Dorsal approach in transfer of the distal spinal accessory nerve into the suprascapular nerve: histomorphometric analysis and clinical results in 14 cases of upper brachial plexus injuries","volume":"36","author":"Bhandari PS","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bhandari PS, Deb P. Dorsal approach in transfer of the distal spinal accessory nerve into the suprascapular nerve: histomorphometric analysis and clinical results in 14 cases of upper brachial plexus injuries. J Hand Surg Am. 2011;36(7):1182\u20131190."},{"issue":"5","key":"b22","series-title":"Neurol Res","first-page":"489","article-title":"Is there any difference between anterior and posterior approach for the spinal accessory to suprascapular nerve transfer? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Makel M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Makel M, Sukop A, Kachl\u00edk D, Waldauf P, Whitley A, Kaiser R. Is there any difference between anterior and posterior approach for the spinal accessory to suprascapular nerve transfer? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurol Res. 2023;45(5):489\u2013496."},{"issue":"6","key":"b23","series-title":"J Hand Surg Asian Pac Vol","first-page":"699","article-title":"A randomised control trial comparing the outcomes of anterior with posterior approach for transfer of spinal accessory nerve to suprascapular nerve in brachial plexus injuries","volume":"28","author":"Agrawal A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Agrawal A, Kapoor A, Singh V, Rao N, Chattopadhyay D. A randomised control trial comparing the outcomes of anterior with posterior approach for transfer of spinal accessory nerve to suprascapular nerve in brachial plexus injuries. J Hand Surg Asian Pac Vol. 2023;28(6):699\u2013707."},{"issue":"7","key":"b24","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"1211","article-title":"Shoulder tendon transfer options for adult patients with brachial plexus injury","volume":"35","author":"Elhassan B","year":"2010","unstructured":"Elhassan B, Bishop A, Shin A, Spinner R. Shoulder tendon transfer options for adult patients with brachial plexus injury. J Hand Surg Am. 2010;35(7):1211\u20131219."},{"issue":"5","key":"b25","series-title":"Microsurgery","first-page":"365","article-title":"Evaluation of infraspinatus reinnervation and function following spinal accessory nerve to suprascapular nerve transfer in adult traumatic brachial plexus injuries","volume":"37","author":"Baltzer HL","year":"2017","unstructured":"Baltzer HL, Wagner ER, Kircher MF, Spinner RJ, Bishop AT, Shin AY. Evaluation of infraspinatus reinnervation and function following spinal accessory nerve to suprascapular nerve transfer in adult traumatic brachial plexus injuries. Microsurgery. 2017;37(5):365\u2013370."},{"issue":"8","key":"b26","series-title":"J Am Acad Orthop Surg","first-page":"453","article-title":"Scapular winging: an update","volume":"19","author":"Meininger AK","year":"2011","unstructured":"Meininger AK, Figuerres BF, Goldberg BA. Scapular winging: an update. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2011;19(8):453\u2013462."},{"issue":"11","key":"b27","series-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg","first-page":"1970","article-title":"Indirect transfer of the sternal head of the pectoralis major with autogenous semitendinosus augmentation to treat scapular winging secondary to long thoracic nerve palsy","volume":"26","author":"Li T","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li T, Yang ZZ, Deng Y, Xiao M, Jiang C, Wang JW. Indirect transfer of the sternal head of the pectoralis major with autogenous semitendinosus augmentation to treat scapular winging secondary to long thoracic nerve palsy. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2017;26(11):1970\u20131977."},{"issue":"6","key":"b1","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"1596","article-title":"Significance of shoulder function in the reconstruction of prehension with double free-muscle transfer after complete paralysis of the brachial plexus","volume":"112","author":"Doi K","year":"2003","unstructured":"Doi K, Hattori Y, Ikeda K, Dhawan V. Significance of shoulder function in the reconstruction of prehension with double free-muscle transfer after complete paralysis of the brachial plexus. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;112(6):1596\u20131603."},{"issue":"4","key":"b2","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"73e","article-title":"The surgical treatment of brachial plexus injuries in adults","volume":"119","author":"Terzis JK","year":"2007","unstructured":"Terzis JK, Kostopoulos VK. The surgical treatment of brachial plexus injuries in adults. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;119(4):73e\u201392e."},{"issue":"7","key":"b3","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"989","article-title":"Transfer of the accessory nerve to the suprascapular nerve in brachial plexus reconstruction","volume":"32","author":"Bertelli JA","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bertelli JA, Ghizoni MF. Transfer of the accessory nerve to the suprascapular nerve in brachial plexus reconstruction. J Hand Surg Am. 2007;32(7):989\u2013998."},{"issue":"2","key":"b4","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"183","article-title":"Combined nerve transfers for C5 and C6 brachial plexus avulsion injury","volume":"31","author":"Leechavengvongs S","year":"2006","unstructured":"Leechavengvongs S, Witoonchart K, Uerpairojkit C, Thuvasethakul P, Malungpaishrope K. Combined nerve transfers for C5 and C6 brachial plexus avulsion injury. J Hand Surg Am. 2006;31(2):183\u2013189."},{"issue":"4","key":"b5","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"673","article-title":"Comparative study of single and dual nerve transfers for repairing shoulder abduction","volume":"161","author":"Xiao F","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xiao F, Zhao X, Lao J. Comparative study of single and dual nerve transfers for repairing shoulder abduction. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2019;161(4):673\u2013678."},{"issue":"2","key":"b6","series-title":"Indian J Plast Surg","first-page":"152","article-title":"Outcomes of shoulder functions in spinal accessory to suprascapular nerve transfer in brachial plexus injury: a comparison between anterior and posterior approach","volume":"54","author":"Maurya S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maurya S, Renganathan G, R V, Bharti R. Outcomes of shoulder functions in spinal accessory to suprascapular nerve transfer in brachial plexus injury: a comparison between anterior and posterior approach. Indian J Plast Surg. 2021;54(2):152\u2013156."},{"issue":"4","key":"b7","series-title":"J Hand Surg Eur Vol.","first-page":"393","article-title":"Pathological findings identified during the posterior approach to the spinal accessory nerve after high-energy trauma","volume":"47","author":"Power DM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Power DM, Jimulia D, Malone P, Shirley C, Chaudhry T. Pathological findings identified during the posterior approach to the spinal accessory nerve after high-energy trauma. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2022;47(4):393\u2013398."},{"issue":"1","key":"b8","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","first-page":"193e","article-title":"Prevalence of concomitant distal suprascapular nerve injury in patients with root-level brachial plexus palsy: a clinical anatomic study of injury pattern","volume":"155","author":"Bertelli JA","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bertelli JA, Lanzarin LD, Ghizoni MF, Hill EJR. Prevalence of concomitant distal suprascapular nerve injury in patients with root-level brachial plexus palsy: a clinical anatomic study of injury pattern. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2025;155(1):193e\u2013201e."},{"issue":"6","key":"b9","series-title":"Ann Plast Surg","first-page":"668","article-title":"Dual nerve transfers for restoration of shoulder function after brachial plexus avulsion injury","volume":"76","author":"Chu B","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chu B, Wang H, Chen L, Gu Y, Hu S. Dual nerve transfers for restoration of shoulder function after brachial plexus avulsion injury. Ann Plast Surg. 2016;76(6):668\u2013673."},{"issue":"1","key":"b10","series-title":"Hand Clin","first-page":"91","article-title":"Neurotization and free muscle transfer for brachial plexus avulsion injury","volume":"23","author":"Chuang DC","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chuang DC. Neurotization and free muscle transfer for brachial plexus avulsion injury. Hand Clin. 2007;23(1):91\u2013104."},{"issue":"6","key":"b11","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"990","article-title":"Results of spinal accessory to suprascapular nerve transfer in 110 patients with complete palsy of the brachial plexus","volume":"24","author":"Bertelli JA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bertelli JA, Ghizoni MF. Results of spinal accessory to suprascapular nerve transfer in 110 patients with complete palsy of the brachial plexus. J Neurosurg Spine. 2016;24(6):990\u2013995."},{"issue":"2","key":"b12","series-title":"Hand (N Y)","first-page":"71","article-title":"Posterior approach for double nerve transfer for restoration of shoulder function in upper brachial plexus palsy","volume":"1","author":"Colbert SH","year":"2006","unstructured":"Colbert SH, Mackinnon S. Posterior approach for double nerve transfer for restoration of shoulder function in upper brachial plexus palsy. Hand (N Y). 2006;1(2):71\u201377."},{"issue":"4","key":"b13","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"677","article-title":"Simultaneous intercostal nerve transfers to deltoid and triceps muscle through the posterior approach","volume":"37","author":"Malungpaishrope K","year":"2012","unstructured":"Malungpaishrope K, Leechavengvongs S, Witoonchart K, Uerpairojkit C, Boonyalapa A, Janesaksrisakul D. Simultaneous intercostal nerve transfers to deltoid and triceps muscle through the posterior approach. J Hand Surg Am. 2012;37(4):677\u2013682."},{"issue":"10","key":"b14","series-title":"Brain","first-page":"2838","article-title":"His Majesty\u2019s Stationery Office: 1942; pp. 48 (iii) and 74 figures and 7 diagrams; with aids to the examination of the peripheral nervous system. By Michael O\u2019Brien for the Guarantors of Brain","volume":"133","author":"Compston A","year":"2010","unstructured":"Compston A. Aids to the investigation of peripheral nerve injuries. Medical Research Council: Nerve Injuries Research Committee. His Majesty\u2019s Stationery Office: 1942; pp. 48 (iii) and 74 figures and 7 diagrams; with aids to the examination of the peripheral nervous system. By Michael O\u2019Brien for the Guarantors of Brain. Brain. 2010;133(10):2838\u20132844."},{"key":"b15","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e970","article-title":"Spinal accessory to suprascapular nerve transfer in traumatic brachial plexus injury: a comparative study of shoulder recovery outcomes in the anterior versus posterior approach and surgeons\u2019 preference","volume":"189","author":"Singh VK","year":"2024","unstructured":"Singh VK, Haq A, Kumari A, Kashyap VH. Spinal accessory to suprascapular nerve transfer in traumatic brachial plexus injury: a comparative study of shoulder recovery outcomes in the anterior versus posterior approach and surgeons\u2019 preference. World Neurosurg. 2024;189:e970\u2013e976."},{"issue":"7","key":"b16","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e26543","article-title":"Comparison of anterior vs. dorsal approach for spinal accessory to suprascapular nerve transfer in patients with a brachial plexus injury and its outcome on shoulder function","volume":"14","author":"Tahir H","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tahir H, Osama M, Beg MSA, Ahmed M. Comparison of anterior vs. dorsal approach for spinal accessory to suprascapular nerve transfer in patients with a brachial plexus injury and its outcome on shoulder function. Cureus. 2022;14(7):e26543."},{"issue":"12","key":"b17","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"2345","article-title":"Comparison between the anterior and posterior approach for transfer of the spinal accessory nerve to the suprascapular nerve in late traumatic brachial plexus injuries","volume":"156","author":"Souza FHM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Souza FHM, Bernardino SN, Filho HCA, Comparison between the anterior and posterior approach for transfer of the spinal accessory nerve to the suprascapular nerve in late traumatic brachial plexus injuries. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2014;156(12):2345\u20132349."},{"key":"b18","series-title":"J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj","first-page":"15","article-title":"Functional outcome of nerve transfer for restoration of shoulder and elbow function in upper brachial plexus injury","volume":"3","author":"Venkatramani H","year":"2008","unstructured":"Venkatramani H, Bhardwaj P, Faruquee SR, Sabapathy SR. Functional outcome of nerve transfer for restoration of shoulder and elbow function in upper brachial plexus injury. J Brachial Plex Peripher Nerve Inj. 2008;3:15."},{"issue":"4","key":"b19","series-title":"Eur Surg","first-page":"191","article-title":"Surgical treatment of post-traumatic brachial plexus lesions","volume":"35","author":"Millesi H","year":"2003","unstructured":"Millesi H. Surgical treatment of post-traumatic brachial plexus lesions. Eur Surg. 2003;35(4):191\u2013195."},{"key":"b20","series-title":"World Scientific;","first-page":"188","article-title":"Brachial plexus lesions","author":"Narakas A","year":"1995","unstructured":"Narakas A. Brachial plexus lesions. In: Leung PC, Gu YD, Ikuda Y, eds. Microsurgery in Orthopaedic Practice. World Scientific; 1995:188\u2013254."},{"issue":"7","key":"b21","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"1182","article-title":"Dorsal approach in transfer of the distal spinal accessory nerve into the suprascapular nerve: histomorphometric analysis and clinical results in 14 cases of upper brachial plexus injuries","volume":"36","author":"Bhandari PS","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bhandari PS, Deb P. Dorsal approach in transfer of the distal spinal accessory nerve into the suprascapular nerve: histomorphometric analysis and clinical results in 14 cases of upper brachial plexus injuries. J Hand Surg Am. 2011;36(7):1182\u20131190."},{"issue":"5","key":"b22","series-title":"Neurol Res","first-page":"489","article-title":"Is there any difference between anterior and posterior approach for the spinal accessory to suprascapular nerve transfer? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Makel M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Makel M, Sukop A, Kachl\u00edk D, Waldauf P, Whitley A, Kaiser R. Is there any difference between anterior and posterior approach for the spinal accessory to suprascapular nerve transfer? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurol Res. 2023;45(5):489\u2013496."},{"issue":"6","key":"b23","series-title":"J Hand Surg Asian Pac Vol","first-page":"699","article-title":"A randomised control trial comparing the outcomes of anterior with posterior approach for transfer of spinal accessory nerve to suprascapular nerve in brachial plexus injuries","volume":"28","author":"Agrawal A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Agrawal A, Kapoor A, Singh V, Rao N, Chattopadhyay D. A randomised control trial comparing the outcomes of anterior with posterior approach for transfer of spinal accessory nerve to suprascapular nerve in brachial plexus injuries. J Hand Surg Asian Pac Vol. 2023;28(6):699\u2013707."},{"issue":"7","key":"b24","series-title":"J Hand Surg Am","first-page":"1211","article-title":"Shoulder tendon transfer options for adult patients with brachial plexus injury","volume":"35","author":"Elhassan B","year":"2010","unstructured":"Elhassan B, Bishop A, Shin A, Spinner R. Shoulder tendon transfer options for adult patients with brachial plexus injury. J Hand Surg Am. 2010;35(7):1211\u20131219."},{"issue":"5","key":"b25","series-title":"Microsurgery","first-page":"365","article-title":"Evaluation of infraspinatus reinnervation and function following spinal accessory nerve to suprascapular nerve transfer in adult traumatic brachial plexus injuries","volume":"37","author":"Baltzer HL","year":"2017","unstructured":"Baltzer HL, Wagner ER, Kircher MF, Spinner RJ, Bishop AT, Shin AY. 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