{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T14:56:02Z","timestamp":1781794562001,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to provide an anatomical description of the endoscopic transorbital (ETO) transconjunctival approach to the pterygopalatine fossa (PPF).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Five formalin-fixed, silicone-injected human cadaver heads were studied at the Rhoton Anatomy Laboratory, Bah\u00e7e\u015fehir University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey. By using the ETO transconjunctival route, the authors performed dissections on 10 PPFs (both orbits of each specimen). A 0\u00b0 Olympus endoscope, along with a fiberoptic system, light source, camera, and digital video recording, was used for documentation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The procedure consisted of three main stages. 1) In the orbital conjunctival stage, a transconjunctival incision was made in the infraorbital region, followed by posterior subperiosteal dissection. 2) In the orbitomaxillary stage, osteotomy of the infraorbital floor was performed using posterior compression, exposing the orbitomaxillary segment of the infraorbital nerve (ION) and providing access to the maxillary sinus. 3) In the pterygopalatine stage, removal of the posterior maxillary wall allowed visualization of the PPF. The pterygopalatine segment of the ION and other regional structures were identified. The mean \u00b1 SD distance from the inferior orbital rim to the distal infraorbital canal was 21.8 \u00b1 1.6 mm. The trajectory of the ION and maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V2) to the foramen rotundum was mean \u00b1 SD 47.3 \u00b1 4.4 mm. The minimal amount of posterior maxillary wall removed to access the ION-to\u2013CN V2 transition measured 12.7 \u00b1 3.5 mm vertically and 11.9 \u00b1 1.5 mm horizontally.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The ETO transconjunctival approach offers a viable alternative for accessing the PPF in selected cases, with potential benefits of reduced complication risk and a more straightforward approach compared to other methods. Further anatomical studies are warranted due to limited existing data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.9.jns251755","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T01:41:57Z","timestamp":1769218917000},"page":"1175-1184","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Endoscopic transorbital transconjunctival approach to the pterygopalatine fossa: anatomical cadaver study"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"144","author":[{"given":"Ayse","family":"Uzuner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Afsin State Hospital, Kahramanmaras, Turkey;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melih","family":"Caklili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atakan","family":"Emengen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ece","family":"Basaran Emengen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kartal Dr. Lutfi Kirdar City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eren","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aykut","family":"Gokbel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Burak","family":"Cabuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ihsan","family":"Anik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Savas","family":"Ceylan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"b1","series-title":"Insights Imaging","first-page":"589","article-title":"The pterygopalatine fossa: imaging anatomy, communications, and pathology revisited","volume":"7","author":"Tashi S","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tashi S, Purohit BS, Becker M, Mundada P. 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