{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T02:08:01Z","timestamp":1785550081206,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Electric scooters (e-scooters) have rapidly gained popularity in urban environments worldwide. While promoted as sustainable and convenient, their widespread adoption has led to a rise in injury rates, particularly traumatic brain injuries (TBIs). Despite increasing recognition of e-scooter\u2013related head trauma, the literature remains fragmented and lacks focused synthesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases was conducted in March 2025. Studies were included if they reported on e-scooter\u2013related TBIs in real-world settings. The review followed PRISMA-ScR and Arksey and O\u2019Malley guidelines. Data on demographics, mechanisms of injury, TBI severity, associated injuries, interventions, and outcomes were extracted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-five studies (3088 patients) met inclusion criteria. E-scooter\u2013related TBIs predominantly affected young adults (median age 26\u201340 years), with males accounting for 61.5% of cases. Falls were the leading mechanism of injury (83.0%), often occurring in urban areas during evenings and weekends. Alcohol intoxication was reported in 31.1% of patients and drug use in 12.9%. Helmet use was strikingly low (2.4%). Common diagnoses included concussions (17.8%), contusions (11.5%), subarachnoid hemorrhages (6.1%), and subdural hematomas (4.1%). Associated injuries included maxillofacial trauma (15.4%) and upper limb fractures (24.5%). Surgical intervention was required in 21.8% of cases. Hospitalization occurred in 31.1% and ICU admission in 4.4%, and mortality ranged from 1.6% to 21.1%. Functional outcomes were inconsistently reported, but available data indicated generally favorable discharge outcomes (modified Rankin Scale scores 0\u20132).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>E-scooter\u2013related TBIs represent a growing public health concern, marked by low helmet compliance and significant clinical variability. Future research should prioritize prospective data collection, behavioral risk factors, and robust evaluation of preventive strategies to guide policy and improve rider safety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.9.jns25947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T01:44:28Z","timestamp":1775267068000},"page":"1-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Electric scooter\u2013related traumatic brain injuries: a scoping review of injury patterns, risk factors, management, and clinical outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3171","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Curpen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland;"},{"name":"Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland;"},{"name":"College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josiah","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venkat","family":"Vangaveti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Townsville Institute of Health Research and Innovation, Townsville University Hospital, Townsville, Queensland;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Mallett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Townsville Institute of Health Research and Innovation, Townsville University Hospital, Townsville, Queensland;"},{"name":"College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland;"},{"name":"Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramon","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Townsville University Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Transp Res Part A Policy Pract","first-page":"103602","article-title":"Understanding the landscape of shared-e-scooters in North America; spatiotemporal analysis and policy insights","volume":"169","author":"Abouelela M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abouelela M, Chaniotakis E, Antoniou C. Understanding the landscape of shared-e-scooters in North America; spatiotemporal analysis and policy insights. Transp Res Part A Policy Pract. 2023;169:103602. doi:10.1016\/j.tra.2023.103602"},{"issue":"6","key":"b2","series-title":"Indian J Orthop","first-page":"818","article-title":"Epidemiology of fractures following electric scooter injury","volume":"57","author":"Kim SJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim SJ, Lee DW. Epidemiology of fractures following electric scooter injury. Indian J Orthop. 2023;57(6):818\u2013826. doi:10.1007\/s43465-023-00862-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"b3","series-title":"Am J Surg","first-page":"227","article-title":"Standing electric scooter injuries: impact on a community","volume":"221","author":"Bloom MB","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bloom MB, Noorzad A, Lin C,  Standing electric scooter injuries: impact on a community. Am J Surg. 2021;221(1):227\u2013232. doi:10.1016\/j.amjsurg.2020.07.020"},{"key":"b4","series-title":"J Safety Res","first-page":"182","article-title":"What factors contribute to e-scooter crashes: a first look using a naturalistic riding approach","volume":"85","author":"White E","year":"2023","unstructured":"White E, Guo F, Han S,  What factors contribute to e-scooter crashes: a first look using a naturalistic riding approach. J Safety Res. 2023;85:182\u2013191. doi:10.1016\/j.jsr.2023.02.002"},{"issue":"5","key":"b5","series-title":"Traffic Inj Prev","first-page":"757","article-title":"Understanding nonuse of mandatory e-scooter helmets","volume":"25","author":"Ssi N","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ssi N, Haworth N, Schramm A. Understanding nonuse of mandatory e-scooter helmets. 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