{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T16:07:20Z","timestamp":1776096440634,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Spinal cord cavernous hemangioma (CH) is a rare intramedullary vascular lesion with a risk of hemorrhage and progressive neurological deterioration. While resection is the standard treatment for symptomatic CH, the optimal timing for surgery remains uncertain. This study aimed to examine surgical outcomes, find prognostic factors of functional independence, and suggest the optimal surgical timing in functionally dependent patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective analysis was conducted on the medical records of 40 patients who underwent resection for CH at a tertiary medical institution between January 2002 and December 2023. The modified McCormick (MMC) scale was used, and the scores were defined as follows: MMC scores 1 and 2 indicated functional independence, and MMC scores 3\u20135 indicated functional dependence. The clinical outcomes of all patients were analyzed, and factors associated with functional independence at the last follow-up were identified. Additionally, in the initially functionally dependent group, the optimal surgical timing was determined by identifying the symptom duration that maximized the number of patients achieving MMC score improvement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean follow-up duration was 48.4 \u00b1 46.8 months (range 7.2\u2013208.6 months). At the last follow-up, 62.5% of patients were functionally independent, and 18 patients showed improvement in their MMC score. Initial functional independence was the strongest factor (OR 8.41, 95% CI 1.73\u201340.86; p = 0.008), followed by location of CH at the cervical level (OR 5.42, 95% CI 1.01\u201329.23; p = 0.049). The functionally dependent group had a significantly shorter surgical time since symptom onset (0.4 vs 8.8 months, p = 0.002). An optimal surgical timing threshold of 8.2 months was identified for functionally dependent patients (p = 0.002).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Initial functional independence and cervical lesion location were key predictors of postoperative functional independence at the last follow-up. Among patients with initial functional dependence, surgical treatment within 8.2 months was identified as optimal timing. Larger studies are needed to refine patient selection and surgical timing for CH.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2025.9.spine25667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T17:12:21Z","timestamp":1770829941000},"page":"645-652","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prognostic factors for spinal cord cavernous hemangioma resection and optimal surgical timing for symptomatic patients"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Seyeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hangeul","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun-Hoe","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chang-Hyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul;"},{"name":"Medical Big Data Research Center, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun Kee","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea;"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Rhee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; and"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chi Heon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul;"},{"name":"Department of Medical Device Development, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1","series-title":"Handb Clin Neurol","first-page":"233","article-title":"Natural history of spinal cavernous malformations","volume":"143","author":"Otten M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Otten M, Mccormick P. Natural history of spinal cavernous malformations. Handb Clin Neurol. 2017;143:233\u2013239."},{"issue":"4","key":"b2","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"662","article-title":"Surgical outcomes and natural history of intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations: a single-center series and meta-analysis of individual patient data","volume":"21","author":"Badhiwala JH","year":"2014","unstructured":"Badhiwala JH, Farrokhyar F, Alhazzani W,  Surgical outcomes and natural history of intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations: a single-center series and meta-analysis of individual patient data. J Neurosurg Spine. 2014;21(4):662\u2013676."},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Handb Clin Neurol","first-page":"303","article-title":"Spinal cavernous malformations","volume":"143","author":"Clark AJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Clark AJ, Wang DD, Lawton MT. Spinal cavernous malformations. Handb Clin Neurol. 2017;143:303\u2013308."},{"issue":"2","key":"b4","series-title":"Neurospine","first-page":"587","article-title":"Acceptance of early surgery for treatment of spinal cord cavernous malformation in contemporary Japan","volume":"20","author":"Kurokawa R","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kurokawa R, Endo T, Takami T. Acceptance of early surgery for treatment of spinal cord cavernous malformation in contemporary Japan. Neurospine. 2023;20(2):587\u2013594."},{"issue":"2","key":"b5","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"271","article-title":"Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors for cavernous hemangiomas of the spinal cord: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"31","author":"Nagoshi N","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nagoshi N, Tsuji O, Nakashima D,  Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors for cavernous hemangiomas of the spinal cord: a retrospective cohort study. J Neurosurg Spine. 2019;31(2):271\u2013278."},{"issue":"6","key":"b6","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"1030","article-title":"Natural course of untreated spinal cord cavernous malformations: a follow-up study within the initial 5 years after diagnosis","volume":"36","author":"Santos AN","year":"2022","unstructured":"Santos AN, Rauschenbach L, Darkwah Oppong M,  Natural course of untreated spinal cord cavernous malformations: a follow-up study within the initial 5 years after diagnosis. J Neurosurg Spine. 2022;36(6):1030\u20131034."},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)","first-page":"872824","article-title":"The long-term outcome in a cohort of 52 patients with symptomatic intramedullary spinal cavernous hemangioma after microsurgery and emergency rescue surgery","volume":"9","author":"Duan Y","year":"2022","unstructured":"Duan Y, Mao R, Qin X, Liao Y, Li J, Chen G. The long-term outcome in a cohort of 52 patients with symptomatic intramedullary spinal cavernous hemangioma after microsurgery and emergency rescue surgery. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:872824."},{"issue":"2","key":"b8","series-title":"Neurospine","first-page":"595","article-title":"The reality of benefit in surgical removal for spinal cord cavernous malformation: commentary on \"Acceptance of early surgery for treatment of spinal cord cavernous malformation in contemporary Japan.\"","volume":"20","author":"Takahashi T","year":"2023","unstructured":"Takahashi T, Kanematsu R. The reality of benefit in surgical removal for spinal cord cavernous malformation: commentary on \"Acceptance of early surgery for treatment of spinal cord cavernous malformation in contemporary Japan.\". Neurospine. 2023;20(2):595\u2013596."},{"issue":"11","key":"b9","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"3119","article-title":"A systematic review on the outcome of intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations","volume":"31","author":"Asimakidou E","year":"2022","unstructured":"Asimakidou E, Meszaros LT, Anestis DM, Tsitsopoulos PP. A systematic review on the outcome of intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations. Eur Spine J. 2022;31(11):3119\u20133129."},{"issue":"1","key":"b10","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"123","article-title":"Surgical approaches and long-term outcomes of intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations: a single-center consecutive series of 219 patients","volume":"31","author":"Ren J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ren J, Hong T, He C,  Surgical approaches and long-term outcomes of intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations: a single-center consecutive series of 219 patients. J Neurosurg Spine. 2019;31(1):123\u2013132."},{"issue":"2","key":"b11","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"219","article-title":"Intramedullary cavernous angiomas of the spinal cord: clinical presentation, pathological features, and surgical management","volume":"31","author":"Ogilvy CS","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ogilvy CS, Louis DN, Ojemann RG. Intramedullary cavernous angiomas of the spinal cord: clinical presentation, pathological features, and surgical management. Neurosurgery. 1992;31(2):219\u2013230."},{"issue":"8","key":"b12","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"540","article-title":"Contemporary management of adult intramedullary spinal tumors\u2014pathology and neurological outcomes related to surgical resection","volume":"46","author":"Manzano G","year":"2008","unstructured":"Manzano G, Green B, Vanni S, Levi A. Contemporary management of adult intramedullary spinal tumors\u2014pathology and neurological outcomes related to surgical resection. 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Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2011;153(8):1677\u20131685."},{"issue":"2","key":"b15","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E19","article-title":"Intramedullary spinal cavernoma: clinical presentation, microsurgical approach, and long-term outcome in a cohort of 48 patients","volume":"39","author":"Reitz M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Reitz M, Burkhardt T, Vettorazzi E,  Intramedullary spinal cavernoma: clinical presentation, microsurgical approach, and long-term outcome in a cohort of 48 patients. Neurosurg Focus. 2015;39(2):E19."},{"issue":"8","key":"b16","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)","first-page":"561","article-title":"Intramedullary cavernous angiomas of the spinal cord: clinical characteristics of 13 lesions","volume":"51","author":"Aoyama T","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aoyama T, Hida K, Houkin K. Intramedullary cavernous angiomas of the spinal cord: clinical characteristics of 13 lesions. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2011;51(8):561\u2013566."},{"issue":"3","key":"b17","series-title":"Neurospine","first-page":"810","article-title":"Surgical outcomes of symptomatic intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations: analysis of consecutive cases in a single center","volume":"20","author":"Cai Z","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cai Z, Hong X, Dai W,  Surgical outcomes of symptomatic intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations: analysis of consecutive cases in a single center. Neurospine. 2023;20(3):810\u2013821."},{"issue":"2","key":"b18","series-title":"Neurospine","first-page":"441","article-title":"Current trends in the surgical management of intramedullary tumors: a multicenter study of 1,033 patients by the Neurospinal Society of Japan","volume":"19","author":"Endo T","year":"2022","unstructured":"Endo T, Inoue T, Mizuno M,  Current trends in the surgical management of intramedullary tumors: a multicenter study of 1,033 patients by the Neurospinal Society of Japan. Neurospine. 2022;19(2):441\u2013452."},{"issue":"3","key":"b19","series-title":"Global Spine J","first-page":"246","article-title":"Optimal timing of surgery for intramedullary cavernous hemangioma of the spinal cord in relation to preoperative motor paresis, disease duration, and tumor volume and location","volume":"7","author":"Imagama S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Imagama S, Ito Z, Ando K,  Optimal timing of surgery for intramedullary cavernous hemangioma of the spinal cord in relation to preoperative motor paresis, disease duration, and tumor volume and location. Global Spine J. 2017;7(3):246\u2013253."},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"238","article-title":"A review of the segmental diameter of the healthy human spinal cord","volume":"7","author":"Frostell A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Frostell A, Hakim R, Thelin EP, Mattsson P, Svensson M. A review of the segmental diameter of the healthy human spinal cord. Front Neurol. 2016;7:238."},{"issue":"3","key":"b21","series-title":"Neurospine","first-page":"735","article-title":"Spinal cord subependymoma: a subanalysis of the Neurospinal Society of Japan\u2019s multicenter study of intramedullary spinal cord tumors","volume":"20","author":"Yagi T","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yagi T, Mizuno M, Kageyama H,  Spinal cord subependymoma: a subanalysis of the Neurospinal Society of Japan\u2019s multicenter study of intramedullary spinal cord tumors. Neurospine. 2023;20(3):735\u2013746."},{"issue":"4","key":"b22","series-title":"Acta Neurol Scand","first-page":"287","article-title":"Cavernous hemangioma of the spinal cord\u2014conservative or operative management?","volume":"114","author":"Kondziella D","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kondziella D, Brodersen P, Laursen H, Hansen K. Cavernous hemangioma of the spinal cord\u2014conservative or operative management?. Acta Neurol Scand. 2006;114(4):287\u2013290."},{"key":"b1","series-title":"Handb Clin Neurol","first-page":"233","article-title":"Natural history of spinal cavernous malformations","volume":"143","author":"Otten M","year":"2017","unstructured":"Otten M, Mccormick P. Natural history of spinal cavernous malformations. Handb Clin Neurol. 2017;143:233\u2013239."},{"issue":"4","key":"b2","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"662","article-title":"Surgical outcomes and natural history of intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations: a single-center series and meta-analysis of individual patient data","volume":"21","author":"Badhiwala JH","year":"2014","unstructured":"Badhiwala JH, Farrokhyar F, Alhazzani W,  Surgical outcomes and natural history of intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations: a single-center series and meta-analysis of individual patient data. J Neurosurg Spine. 2014;21(4):662\u2013676."},{"key":"b3","series-title":"Handb Clin Neurol","first-page":"303","article-title":"Spinal cavernous malformations","volume":"143","author":"Clark AJ","year":"2017","unstructured":"Clark AJ, Wang DD, Lawton MT. Spinal cavernous malformations. Handb Clin Neurol. 2017;143:303\u2013308."},{"issue":"2","key":"b4","series-title":"Neurospine","first-page":"587","article-title":"Acceptance of early surgery for treatment of spinal cord cavernous malformation in contemporary Japan","volume":"20","author":"Kurokawa R","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kurokawa R, Endo T, Takami T. Acceptance of early surgery for treatment of spinal cord cavernous malformation in contemporary Japan. Neurospine. 2023;20(2):587\u2013594."},{"issue":"2","key":"b5","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"271","article-title":"Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors for cavernous hemangiomas of the spinal cord: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"31","author":"Nagoshi N","year":"2019","unstructured":"Nagoshi N, Tsuji O, Nakashima D,  Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors for cavernous hemangiomas of the spinal cord: a retrospective cohort study. J Neurosurg Spine. 2019;31(2):271\u2013278."},{"issue":"6","key":"b6","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"1030","article-title":"Natural course of untreated spinal cord cavernous malformations: a follow-up study within the initial 5 years after diagnosis","volume":"36","author":"Santos AN","year":"2022","unstructured":"Santos AN, Rauschenbach L, Darkwah Oppong M,  Natural course of untreated spinal cord cavernous malformations: a follow-up study within the initial 5 years after diagnosis. J Neurosurg Spine. 2022;36(6):1030\u20131034."},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)","first-page":"872824","article-title":"The long-term outcome in a cohort of 52 patients with symptomatic intramedullary spinal cavernous hemangioma after microsurgery and emergency rescue surgery","volume":"9","author":"Duan Y","year":"2022","unstructured":"Duan Y, Mao R, Qin X, Liao Y, Li J, Chen G. The long-term outcome in a cohort of 52 patients with symptomatic intramedullary spinal cavernous hemangioma after microsurgery and emergency rescue surgery. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:872824."},{"issue":"2","key":"b8","series-title":"Neurospine","first-page":"595","article-title":"The reality of benefit in surgical removal for spinal cord cavernous malformation: commentary on \"Acceptance of early surgery for treatment of spinal cord cavernous malformation in contemporary Japan.\"","volume":"20","author":"Takahashi T","year":"2023","unstructured":"Takahashi T, Kanematsu R. The reality of benefit in surgical removal for spinal cord cavernous malformation: commentary on \"Acceptance of early surgery for treatment of spinal cord cavernous malformation in contemporary Japan.\". Neurospine. 2023;20(2):595\u2013596."},{"issue":"11","key":"b9","series-title":"Eur Spine J","first-page":"3119","article-title":"A systematic review on the outcome of intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations","volume":"31","author":"Asimakidou E","year":"2022","unstructured":"Asimakidou E, Meszaros LT, Anestis DM, Tsitsopoulos PP. A systematic review on the outcome of intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations. Eur Spine J. 2022;31(11):3119\u20133129."},{"issue":"1","key":"b10","series-title":"J Neurosurg Spine","first-page":"123","article-title":"Surgical approaches and long-term outcomes of intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations: a single-center consecutive series of 219 patients","volume":"31","author":"Ren J","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ren J, Hong T, He C,  Surgical approaches and long-term outcomes of intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations: a single-center consecutive series of 219 patients. J Neurosurg Spine. 2019;31(1):123\u2013132."},{"issue":"2","key":"b11","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"219","article-title":"Intramedullary cavernous angiomas of the spinal cord: clinical presentation, pathological features, and surgical management","volume":"31","author":"Ogilvy CS","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ogilvy CS, Louis DN, Ojemann RG. Intramedullary cavernous angiomas of the spinal cord: clinical presentation, pathological features, and surgical management. Neurosurgery. 1992;31(2):219\u2013230."},{"issue":"8","key":"b12","series-title":"Spinal Cord","first-page":"540","article-title":"Contemporary management of adult intramedullary spinal tumors\u2014pathology and neurological outcomes related to surgical resection","volume":"46","author":"Manzano G","year":"2008","unstructured":"Manzano G, Green B, Vanni S, Levi A. Contemporary management of adult intramedullary spinal tumors\u2014pathology and neurological outcomes related to surgical resection. Spinal Cord. 2008;46(8):540\u2013546."},{"issue":"4","key":"b13","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"523","article-title":"Intramedullary ependymoma of the spinal cord","volume":"72","author":"McCormick PC","year":"1990","unstructured":"McCormick PC, Torres R, Post KD, Stein BM. Intramedullary ependymoma of the spinal cord. J Neurosurg. 1990;72(4):523\u2013532."},{"issue":"8","key":"b14","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"1677","article-title":"The clinical features and surgical outcomes of patients with intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations","volume":"153","author":"Choi GH","year":"2011","unstructured":"Choi GH, Kim KN, Lee S,  The clinical features and surgical outcomes of patients with intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2011;153(8):1677\u20131685."},{"issue":"2","key":"b15","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E19","article-title":"Intramedullary spinal cavernoma: clinical presentation, microsurgical approach, and long-term outcome in a cohort of 48 patients","volume":"39","author":"Reitz M","year":"2015","unstructured":"Reitz M, Burkhardt T, Vettorazzi E,  Intramedullary spinal cavernoma: clinical presentation, microsurgical approach, and long-term outcome in a cohort of 48 patients. Neurosurg Focus. 2015;39(2):E19."},{"issue":"8","key":"b16","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)","first-page":"561","article-title":"Intramedullary cavernous angiomas of the spinal cord: clinical characteristics of 13 lesions","volume":"51","author":"Aoyama T","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aoyama T, Hida K, Houkin K. Intramedullary cavernous angiomas of the spinal cord: clinical characteristics of 13 lesions. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2011;51(8):561\u2013566."},{"issue":"3","key":"b17","series-title":"Neurospine","first-page":"810","article-title":"Surgical outcomes of symptomatic intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations: analysis of consecutive cases in a single center","volume":"20","author":"Cai Z","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cai Z, Hong X, Dai W,  Surgical outcomes of symptomatic intramedullary spinal cord cavernous malformations: analysis of consecutive cases in a single center. Neurospine. 2023;20(3):810\u2013821."},{"issue":"2","key":"b18","series-title":"Neurospine","first-page":"441","article-title":"Current trends in the surgical management of intramedullary tumors: a multicenter study of 1,033 patients by the Neurospinal Society of Japan","volume":"19","author":"Endo T","year":"2022","unstructured":"Endo T, Inoue T, Mizuno M,  Current trends in the surgical management of intramedullary tumors: a multicenter study of 1,033 patients by the Neurospinal Society of Japan. Neurospine. 2022;19(2):441\u2013452."},{"issue":"3","key":"b19","series-title":"Global Spine J","first-page":"246","article-title":"Optimal timing of surgery for intramedullary cavernous hemangioma of the spinal cord in relation to preoperative motor paresis, disease duration, and tumor volume and location","volume":"7","author":"Imagama S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Imagama S, Ito Z, Ando K,  Optimal timing of surgery for intramedullary cavernous hemangioma of the spinal cord in relation to preoperative motor paresis, disease duration, and tumor volume and location. Global Spine J. 2017;7(3):246\u2013253."},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"238","article-title":"A review of the segmental diameter of the healthy human spinal cord","volume":"7","author":"Frostell A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Frostell A, Hakim R, Thelin EP, Mattsson P, Svensson M. A review of the segmental diameter of the healthy human spinal cord. Front Neurol. 2016;7:238."},{"issue":"3","key":"b21","series-title":"Neurospine","first-page":"735","article-title":"Spinal cord subependymoma: a subanalysis of the Neurospinal Society of Japan\u2019s multicenter study of intramedullary spinal cord tumors","volume":"20","author":"Yagi T","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yagi T, Mizuno M, Kageyama H,  Spinal cord subependymoma: a subanalysis of the Neurospinal Society of Japan\u2019s multicenter study of intramedullary spinal cord tumors. Neurospine. 2023;20(3):735\u2013746."},{"issue":"4","key":"b22","series-title":"Acta Neurol Scand","first-page":"287","article-title":"Cavernous hemangioma of the spinal cord\u2014conservative or operative management?","volume":"114","author":"Kondziella D","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kondziella D, Brodersen P, Laursen H, Hansen K. Cavernous hemangioma of the spinal cord\u2014conservative or operative management?. 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