{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T10:25:28Z","timestamp":1794219928227,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The neuron-rich cerebellum and the fourth ventricle are the primary surgical targets in the infratentorial space, and irreversible neurological morbidities resulting from damage to the cerebellar nuclei and peduncles continue to pose a significant surgical risk. The aim of this study was to elucidate the connectional anatomy of the cerebellum from a surgical perspective.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fiber microdissections of the cerebellum and the lower brainstem (BS) were performed in 10 postmortem human brains to disclose the deep nuclei and peduncles. Novel fiber dissection results were compared to those of tractography.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study revealed two distinct pathways of pontocerebellar fibers\u2014deep and superficial\u2014based on their relationship with the corticospinal tract. A deep course of pontocerebellar fibers typically surrounded the inferior surface of the dentate nucleus (DN). A fiber-dense and delicate surgical area\u2014the peduncular mass\u2014was defined at the junction of the three cerebellar peduncles along the superolateral recess of the fourth ventricle. A constant dentate tubercle, formed by the inferomedial extension of the ventral surface of the DN, was defined at the intersection between the superior cerebellar peduncle and inferior cerebellar peduncle (ICP) near the peduncular mass at the superolateral recess. The upper medial part of the tonsillar peduncle (TP) covered the inferior part of the ventral surface of the DN, and any manipulation at this point may carry the risk of injury to the nucleus. The floccular peduncle (FP), located just medial to the TP at the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle, was intimately related to the ICP. During a possible FP transgression to access BS lesions, the ICP, inferior part of the ventral DN, and cochlear nuclei may be compromised.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Surgical approaches to the cerebellum or the fourth ventricle should take into account its white matter connections and the DN. Gaining a clear 3D understanding of the DN and the cerebellar peduncles from a surgical perspective, and recognizing key surgical landmarks around the fourth ventricle in relation to the connectional anatomy of the cerebellum and BS, may prove valuable during surgeries in the infratentorial space.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2026.1.jns251779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:16:43Z","timestamp":1782865003000},"page":"1184-1198","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Connectional anatomy of the cerebellum: dentate nucleus and cerebellar peduncles from a surgical perspective"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"145","author":[{"given":"Ozan","family":"Barut","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Microsurgical Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University\u2013Cerrahpasa, Istanbul;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz May\u0131s University, Samsun;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdi","family":"Af\u015fin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Microsurgical Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University\u2013Cerrahpasa, Istanbul;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammed","family":"Bay\u0131nd\u0131r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Microsurgical Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University\u2013Cerrahpasa, Istanbul;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tufan Agah","family":"Kartum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Microsurgical Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University\u2013Cerrahpasa, Istanbul;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University\u2013Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u015eevki Serhat","family":"Bayd\u0131n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz May\u0131s University, Samsun;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaan","family":"Ya\u011fmurlu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, Tennessee"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Necmettin","family":"Tanriover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Microsurgical Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University\u2013Cerrahpasa, Istanbul;"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University\u2013Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"b1","series-title":"Brain Behav Evol","first-page":"158","article-title":"Development and evolution of cerebral and cerebellar cortex","volume":"91","author":"Van Essen DC","year":"2018","unstructured":"Van Essen DC, Donahue CJ, Glasser MF. Development and evolution of cerebral and cerebellar cortex. Brain Behav Evol. 2018;91(3):158\u2013169. doi:10.1159\/000489943"},{"issue":"3 suppl","key":"b2","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"S7","article-title":"Cerebellum and fourth ventricle","volume":"47","author":"Rhoton AL","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rhoton AL. Cerebellum and fourth ventricle. Neurosurgery. 2000;47(3 suppl):S7\u2013S27. doi:10.1097\/00006123-200009001-00007"},{"key":"b3","article-title":"Human Neuroanatomy","year":"1983","unstructured":"Carpenter MB, Sutin J, eds.Human Neuroanatomy. 8th ed. Williams & Wilkins;1983."},{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"b4","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"S5","article-title":"The posterior cranial fossa: microsurgical anatomy and surgical approaches","volume":"47","author":"Rhoton AL Jr","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rhoton AL Jr. The posterior cranial fossa: microsurgical anatomy and surgical approaches. Neurosurgery. 2000;47(suppl 3):S5-S6. doi:10.1097\/00006123-200009001-00005"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"e408","article-title":"Dentate nucleus: connectivity-based anatomic parcellation based on superior cerebellar peduncle projections","volume":"152","author":"Tacyildiz AE","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tacyildiz AE, Bilgin B, Gungor A, Ucer M, Karadag A, Tanriover N. Dentate nucleus: connectivity-based anatomic parcellation based on superior cerebellar peduncle projections. World Neurosurg. 2021;152:e408\u2013e428. doi:10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.05.102"},{"issue":"3","key":"b6","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"2095","article-title":"Microsurgical anatomy and surgical exposure of the cerebellar peduncles","volume":"45","author":"Baran O","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baran O, Baydin S, Mirkhasilova M,  Microsurgical anatomy and surgical exposure of the cerebellar peduncles. Neurosurg Rev. 2022;45(3):2095\u20132117. doi:10.1007\/s10143-021-01701-3"},{"key":"b7","series-title":"Gray\u2019s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice","first-page":"465","article-title":"Cerebellum","year":"2021","unstructured":"Standring S, ed.Cerebellum. In: Gray\u2019s Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. 42nd ed. Elsevier;2021:465-488."},{"key":"b8","series-title":"The Human Central Nervous System: A Synopsis and Atlas","first-page":"1","article-title":"Anatomy","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nieuwenhuys R, Voogd J, van Huijzen CG, eds.Anatomy. In: The Human Central Nervous System: A Synopsis and Atlas. 4th ed. Springer;2008:1."},{"issue":"2","key":"b9","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg","first-page":"E118","article-title":"Fiber microdissection technique for demonstrating the deep cerebellar nuclei and cerebellar peduncles","volume":"20","author":"Pruthi N","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pruthi N, Kadri PA, T\u00fcre U. Fiber microdissection technique for demonstrating the deep cerebellar nuclei and cerebellar peduncles. Oper Neurosurg. 2021;20(2):E118\u2013E125. doi:10.1093\/ons\/opaa318"},{"issue":"2","key":"b10","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"215","article-title":"Three-dimensional microsurgical anatomy of cerebellar peduncles","volume":"36","author":"Perrini P","year":"2013","unstructured":"Perrini P, Tiezzi G, Castagna M, Vannozzi R. Three-dimensional microsurgical anatomy of cerebellar peduncles. Neurosurg Rev. 2013;36(2):215\u2013225. doi:10.1007\/s10143-012-0417-y"},{"issue":"6","key":"b11","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"857","article-title":"Transpetrosal approach for aneurysms of the lower basilar artery","volume":"63","author":"Kawase T","year":"1985","unstructured":"Kawase T, Toya S, Shiobara R, Mine T. Transpetrosal approach for aneurysms of the lower basilar artery. J Neurosurg. 1985;63(6):857\u2013861. doi:10.3171\/jns.1985.63.6.0857"},{"issue":"1","key":"b12","series-title":"Am J Otol","first-page":"31","article-title":"Posterior internal auditory canal closure following the retrosigmoid approach to the cerebellopontine angle","volume":"14","author":"Leonetti JP","year":"1993","unstructured":"Leonetti JP, Anderson DE, Newell DJ, Smith PG. Posterior internal auditory canal closure following the retrosigmoid approach to the cerebellopontine angle. Am J Otol. 1993;14(1):31\u201333."},{"issue":"5","key":"b13","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"812","article-title":"Telovelar approach to the fourth ventricle: microsurgical anatomy","volume":"92","author":"Mussi AC","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mussi AC, Rhoton AL. Telovelar approach to the fourth ventricle: microsurgical anatomy. J Neurosurg. 2000;92(5):812\u2013823. doi:10.3171\/jns.2000.92.5.0812"},{"issue":"3","key":"b14","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"484","article-title":"Comparison of the transvermian and telovelar approaches to the fourth ventricle","volume":"101","author":"Tanriover N","year":"2004","unstructured":"Tanriover N, Ulm AJ, Rhoton AL, Yasuda A. Comparison of the transvermian and telovelar approaches to the fourth ventricle. J Neurosurg. 2004;101(3):484\u2013498. doi:10.3171\/jns.2004.101.3.0484"},{"issue":"6","key":"b15","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1313","article-title":"Microsurgical approaches to the perimesencephalic cisterns and related segments of the posterior cerebral artery: comparison using a novel application of image guidance","volume":"54","author":"Ulm AJ","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ulm AJ, Tanriover N, Kawashima M, Campero A, Bova FJ, Rhoton AL Jr. Microsurgical approaches to the perimesencephalic cisterns and related segments of the posterior cerebral artery: comparison using a novel application of image guidance. Neurosurgery. 2004;54(6):1313\u20131328. doi:10.1227\/01.neu.0000126129.68707.e7"},{"issue":"4 suppl 2","key":"b16","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"ONS244","article-title":"The supratonsillar approach to the inferior cerebellar peduncle: anatomy, surgical technique, and clinical application to cavernous malformations","volume":"59","author":"Lawton MT","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lawton MT, Qui\u00f1ones-Hinojosa A, Jun P. The supratonsillar approach to the inferior cerebellar peduncle: anatomy, surgical technique, and clinical application to cavernous malformations. Neurosurgery. 2006;59(4 suppl 2):ONS244\u2013ONS252. doi:10.1227\/01.NEU.0000232767.16809.68"},{"issue":"3","key":"b17","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"723","article-title":"Lateral inferior cerebellar peduncle approach to dorsolateral medullary cavernous malformation","volume":"121","author":"Deshmukh VR","year":"2014","unstructured":"Deshmukh VR, Rangel-Castilla L, Spetzler RF. Lateral inferior cerebellar peduncle approach to dorsolateral medullary cavernous malformation. J Neurosurg. 2014;121(3):723\u2013729. doi:10.3171\/2014.5.JNS132276"},{"issue":"4","key":"b18","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"768","article-title":"Tonsillobiventral fissure approach to the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle","volume":"127","author":"Meybodi AT","year":"2017","unstructured":"Meybodi AT, Lawton MT, Tabani H, Benet A. Tonsillobiventral fissure approach to the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle. J Neurosurg. 2017;127(4):768\u2013774. doi:10.3171\/2016.8.JNS16855"},{"issue":"3","key":"b19","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"740","article-title":"Microsurgical anatomy and approaches around the lateral recess with special reference to entry into the pons","volume":"129","author":"Akiyama O","year":"2018","unstructured":"Akiyama O, Matsushima K, Nunez M,  Microsurgical anatomy and approaches around the lateral recess with special reference to entry into the pons. J Neurosurg. 2018;129(3):740\u2013751. doi:10.3171\/2017.5.JNS17251"},{"issue":"5","key":"b20","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1377","article-title":"Microsurgical anatomy and internal architecture of the brainstem in 3D images: surgical considerations","volume":"124","author":"P\u00e1rraga RG","year":"2016","unstructured":"P\u00e1rraga RG, Possatti LL, Alves RV, Ribas GC, T\u00fcre U, de Oliveira E. Microsurgical anatomy and internal architecture of the brainstem in 3D images: surgical considerations. J Neurosurg. 2016;124(5):1377\u20131395. doi:10.3171\/2015.4.JNS132778"},{"key":"b21","series-title":"Schweiz Arch Neurol und Psychiatrie","first-page":"247","article-title":"Erleichterung der makrokopischen Pr\u00e4paration des Gehirns durch den Gefrierprozess","volume":"36","author":"Klingler J","year":"1935","unstructured":"Klingler J. Erleichterung der makrokopischen Pr\u00e4paration des Gehirns durch den Gefrierprozess. Schweiz Arch Neurol und Psychiatrie. 1935;36:247\u2013256."},{"issue":"2","key":"b22","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"238","article-title":"Josef Klingler\u2019s models of white matter tracts: influences on neuroanatomy, neurosurgery, and neuroimaging","volume":"69","author":"Agrawal A","year":"2011","unstructured":"Agrawal A, Kapfhammer JP, Kress A,  Josef Klingler\u2019s models of white matter tracts: influences on neuroanatomy, neurosurgery, and neuroimaging. Neurosurgery. 2011;69(2):238\u2013254. doi:10.1227\/NEU.0b013e318214ab79"},{"issue":"1","key":"b23","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"91","article-title":"NTU-90: a high angular resolution brain atlas constructed by q-space diffeomorphic reconstruction","volume":"58","author":"Yeh FC","year":"2011","unstructured":"Yeh FC, Tseng WYI. NTU-90: a high angular resolution brain atlas constructed by q-space diffeomorphic reconstruction. Neuroimage. 2011;58(1):91\u201399. doi:10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.06.021"},{"issue":"9","key":"b24","series-title":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging","first-page":"1626","article-title":"Generalized q-sampling imaging","volume":"29","author":"Yeh FC","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yeh FC, Wedeen VJ, Tseng WYI. Generalized q-sampling imaging. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2010;29(9):1626\u20131635. doi:10.1109\/TMI.2010.2045126"},{"key":"b25","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"57","article-title":"Population-averaged atlas of the macroscale human structural connectome and its network topology","volume":"178","author":"Yeh FC","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yeh FC, Panesar S, Fernandes D,  Population-averaged atlas of the macroscale human structural connectome and its network topology. Neuroimage. 2018;178:57\u201368. doi:10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.05.027"},{"issue":"6","key":"b26","series-title":"Brain Struct Funct","first-page":"3369","article-title":"Contralateral cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathways with prominent involvement of associative areas in humans in vivo","volume":"220","author":"Palesi F","year":"2015","unstructured":"Palesi F, Tournier JD, Calamante F,  Contralateral cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathways with prominent involvement of associative areas in humans in vivo. Brain Struct Funct. 2015;220(6):3369\u20133384. doi:10.1007\/s00429-014-0861-2"},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"b27","series-title":"Neuroimage","first-page":"724","article-title":"A probabilistic atlas of the cerebellar white matter","volume":"124","author":"Van Baarsen K","year":"2016","unstructured":"Van Baarsen K, Kleinnijenhuis M, Jbabdi S, Sotiropoulos SN, Grotenhuis J, van Walsum A. A probabilistic atlas of the cerebellar white matter. Neuroimage. 2016;124(Pt A):724-732. doi:10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2015.09.014"},{"issue":"5261","key":"b28","series-title":"Science","first-page":"545","article-title":"Cerebellum implicated in sensory acquisition and discrimination rather than motor control","volume":"272","author":"Gao JH","year":"1996","unstructured":"Gao JH, Parsons LM, Bower JM, Xiong J, Li J, Fox PT. Cerebellum implicated in sensory acquisition and discrimination rather than motor control. Science. 1996;272(5261):545\u2013547. doi:10.1126\/science.272.5261.545"},{"issue":"3","key":"b29","series-title":"J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci","first-page":"367","article-title":"Disorders of the cerebellum: ataxia, dysmetria of thought, and the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome","volume":"16","author":"Schmahmann JD","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schmahmann JD. Disorders of the cerebellum: ataxia, dysmetria of thought, and the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2004;16(3):367\u2013378. doi:10.1176\/jnp.16.3.367"},{"issue":"1","key":"b30","series-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol","first-page":"35","article-title":"The cerebellum and neuropsychological functioning: a critical review","volume":"34","author":"O\u2019Halloran CJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"O\u2019Halloran CJ, Kinsella GJ, Storey E. The cerebellum and neuropsychological functioning: a critical review. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2012;34(1):35\u201356. doi:10.1080\/13803395.2011.614599"},{"issue":"4","key":"b31","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"401","article-title":"The dentate nucleus and its projection system in the human cerebellum: the dentate nucleus microsurgical anatomical study","volume":"74","author":"Akakin A","year":"2014","unstructured":"Akakin A, Peris-Celda M, Kilic T, Seker A, Gutierrez-Martin A, Rhoton A Jr. The dentate nucleus and its projection system in the human cerebellum: the dentate nucleus microsurgical anatomical study. Neurosurgery. 2014;74(4):401\u2013425. doi:10.1227\/NEU.0000000000000293"},{"issue":"37","key":"b32","series-title":"Dtsch Med Wochenschr","first-page":"459","article-title":"Untersuchungen \u00fcber den Bau des kleinen Gehirns des Menschen","volume":"4","author":"Stilling B","year":"1878","unstructured":"Stilling B. Untersuchungen \u00fcber den Bau des kleinen Gehirns des Menschen. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1878;4(37):459\u2013463."},{"issue":"1","key":"b33","series-title":"Neurol Surg Anat","first-page":"38","article-title":"The Fleece of Stilling: history of cerebellar white matter","volume":"2","author":"Olei S","year":"2025","unstructured":"Olei S, Colacicco G, Lauber BA,  The Fleece of Stilling: history of cerebellar white matter. Neurol Surg Anat. 2025;2(1):38\u201347. doi:10.37085\/nsa.2025.7"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Anatomie des centres nerveux: M\u00e9thodes g\u00e9n\u00e9rales d\u2019\u00e9tude. Embryog\u00e9nie. Histog\u00e9n\u00e8se et histologie. Anatomie du cerveau","volume":"Vol 1","author":"Dejerine J","year":"1895","unstructured":"Dejerine J. Anatomie des centres nerveux: M\u00e9thodes g\u00e9n\u00e9rales d\u2019\u00e9tude. Embryog\u00e9nie. Histog\u00e9n\u00e8se et histologie. Anatomie du cerveau. Vol 1. Rueff;1895."},{"issue":"3","key":"b35","series-title":"Neurocirug\u00eda (Astur)","first-page":"111","article-title":"Anatom\u00eda de los ped\u00fanculos cerebelosos en 3D basada en microdisecci\u00f3n de fibras y demostraci\u00f3n a trav\u00e9s de tractograf\u00eda","volume":"28","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Mena R","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Mena R, Piquer-Belloch J, Ll\u00e1cer-Ortega JL, Riesgo-Su\u00e1rez P, Rovira-Lillo V. Anatom\u00eda de los ped\u00fanculos cerebelosos en 3D basada en microdisecci\u00f3n de fibras y demostraci\u00f3n a trav\u00e9s de tractograf\u00eda. Neurocirug\u00eda (Astur). 2017;28(3):111\u2013123. doi:10.1016\/j.neucir.2016.10.001"},{"issue":"5","key":"b36","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"631","article-title":"Microsurgery of the fourth ventricle: part 1: microsurgical anatomy","volume":"11","author":"Matsushima T","year":"1982","unstructured":"Matsushima T, Rhoton AL, Lenkey C. Microsurgery of the fourth ventricle: part 1: microsurgical anatomy. Neurosurgery. 1982;11(5):631\u2013667. doi:10.1227\/00006123-198211000-00008"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/145\/4\/article-p1184.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/145\/4\/article-p1184.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/145\/4\/article-p1184.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T09:59:21Z","timestamp":1794218361000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/145\/4\/article-p1184.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2026.1.jns251779","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085","1933-0693"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0693","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]}}}