{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T01:03:39Z","timestamp":1780448619640,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"\n OBJECTIVE<\/jats:title>\n Craniopharyngioma is increasingly recognized as a chronic morbidity-driven disease in which hypothalamic and pituitary dysfunction often outweigh purely oncological endpoints. The advent of extended endoscopic endonasal approaches (EEAs) has improved visualization of the infundibulum, yet the optimal management of the pituitary stalk remains controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of pituitary stalk preservation versus transection on endocrine, visual, surgical, and early oncological outcomes in patients with suprasellar craniopharyngiomas treated via an extended EEA.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n METHODS<\/jats:title>\n This retrospective analysis reviewed consecutive patients with suprasellar craniopharyngiomas operated on via an extended EEA through the infrachiasmatic corridor between January 2024 and May 2025 in a high-volume tertiary skull base center. Tumor topography was classified according to Kassam and Tang systems, and the intraoperative strategy was to preserve the pituitary stalk whenever an oncologically acceptable dissection plane could be identified. Demographic data, visual outcomes, extent of resection, endocrine status (corticotropic, thyrotropic, gonadotropic axes, and diabetes insipidus), and recurrence were compared between the stalk-preservation and stalk-transection groups using the t-test and chi-square test.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS<\/jats:title>\n Thirty-three patients (17 male, mean age 33.45 years) were included in this study, with a mean follow-up duration of 12.1 \u00b1 4.7 months. Overall, gross-total resection was achieved in 20 patients (60.6%) and recurrence occurred in 2 patients (6.1%). Both recurrence events were observed after stalk transection (2\/11, 18.2%), with no recurrences after stalk preservation (0\/22) during the available follow-up. Stalk transection did not significantly increase the likelihood of gross-total resection (p = 0.456). New-onset adrenal insufficiency (30.3%), hypogonadism (15.2%), and permanent diabetes insipidus (39.4%) were strongly associated with stalk transection (p = 0.006, p = 0.033, and p < 0.001, respectively). Ophthalmological evaluation revealed visual impairment in 19 patients (57.6%); postoperative assessment demonstrated visual improvement in 11 patients (57.8%), while vision remained unchanged in 8 patients.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS<\/jats:title>\n In this tertiary center series of suprasellar craniopharyngiomas treated via an extended EEA, pituitary stalk transection markedly increased permanent diabetes insipidus and anterior pituitary deficits without improving the extent of resection or early tumor control during a mean follow-up of 12 months. While true stalk preservation is often unfeasible in transinfundibular lesions, these findings support infundibulum-preserving surgery as a key strategy in pre- and retroinfundibular tumors to optimize endocrine outcomes and quality of life, and it should be considered the preferred goal whenever oncologically safe.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2026.2.focus251166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:58Z","timestamp":1779840058000},"page":"E2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of pituitary stalk preservation in endoscopic endonasal surgery for suprasellar craniopharyngiomas: a tertiary center experience"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Atakan","family":"Emengen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Bahcesehir University School of Medicine, Istanbul;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eren","family":"Y\u0131lmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Istinye University, Istanbul;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aykut","family":"G\u00f6kbel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Istinye University, Istanbul;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deniz","family":"K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Bahcesehir University School of Medicine, Istanbul;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sibel","family":"Balci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli;"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayse","family":"Uzuner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Afsin State Hospital, Kahramanmaras; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Savas","family":"Ceylan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Bahcesehir University School of Medicine, Istanbul;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"b1","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"2403","article-title":"Infundibulo-tuberal or not strictly intraventricular craniopharyngioma: evidence for a major topographical category","volume":"153","author":"Pascual JM","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pascual JM, Prieto R, Carrasco R. Infundibulo-tuberal or not strictly intraventricular craniopharyngioma: evidence for a major topographical category. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2011;153(12):2403\u20132426. doi:10.1007\/s00701-011-1149-4"},{"issue":"2","key":"b2","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"329","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal compared with microscopic transsphenoidal and open transcranial resection of craniopharyngiomas","volume":"77","author":"Komotar RJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Komotar RJ, Starke RM, Raper DMS, Anand VK, Schwartz TH. Endoscopic endonasal compared with microscopic transsphenoidal and open transcranial resection of craniopharyngiomas. World Neurosurg. 2012;77(2):329\u2013341. doi:10.1016\/j.wneu.2011.07.011"},{"issue":"6","key":"b3","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E5","article-title":"Microscopic versus endoscopic approaches for craniopharyngiomas: choosing the optimal surgical corridor for maximizing extent of resection and complication avoidance using a personalized, tailored approach","volume":"41","author":"Liu JK","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu JK, Sevak IA, Carmel PW, Eloy JA. Microscopic versus endoscopic approaches for craniopharyngiomas: choosing the optimal surgical corridor for maximizing extent of resection and complication avoidance using a personalized, tailored approach. Neurosurg Focus. 2016;41(6):E5. doi:10.3171\/2016.9.FOCUS16284"},{"issue":"5","key":"b4","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"1159","article-title":"Surgical management of craniopharyngiomas in adult patients: a systematic review and consensus statement on behalf of the EANS skull base section","volume":"162","author":"Cossu G","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cossu G, Jouanneau E, Cavallo LM, Surgical management of craniopharyngiomas in adult patients: a systematic review and consensus statement on behalf of the EANS skull base section. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2020;162(5):1159\u20131177. doi:10.1007\/s00701-020-04265-1"},{"issue":"4","key":"b5","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"715","article-title":"Expanded endonasal approach, a fully endoscopic transnasal approach for the resection of midline suprasellar craniopharyngiomas: a new classification based on the infundibulum","volume":"108","author":"Kassam AB","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kassam AB, Gardner PA, Snyderman CH, Carrau RL, Mintz AH, Prevedello DM. Expanded endonasal approach, a fully endoscopic transnasal approach for the resection of midline suprasellar craniopharyngiomas: a new classification based on the infundibulum. J Neurosurg. 2008;108(4):715\u2013728. doi:10.3171\/JNS\/2008\/108\/4\/0715"},{"issue":"3","key":"b6","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"223","article-title":"Surgical outcomes and follow-up results of 53 pediatric craniopharyngioma cases: a single-center study","volume":"33","author":"Caklili M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Caklili M, Uzuner A, Yilmaz E, Surgical outcomes and follow-up results of 53 pediatric craniopharyngioma cases: a single-center study. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2024;33(3):223\u2013235. doi:10.3171\/2023.10.PEDS23293"},{"issue":"8","key":"b7","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"2253","article-title":"An endoscopic endonasal approach to craniopharyngioma via the infrachiasmatic corridor: a single center experience of 84 patients","volume":"163","author":"Ceylan S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ceylan S, Caklili M, Emengen A, An endoscopic endonasal approach to craniopharyngioma via the infrachiasmatic corridor: a single center experience of 84 patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2021;163(8):2253\u20132268. doi:10.1007\/s00701-021-04832-0"},{"issue":"4","key":"b8","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"725","article-title":"Is it justified to sacrifice the pituitary stalk during craniopharyngioma surgery? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"96","author":"Elbaroody M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Elbaroody M, Dokhan M, Kassay A, Is it justified to sacrifice the pituitary stalk during craniopharyngioma surgery? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosurgery. 2025;96(4):725\u2013733. doi:10.1227\/neu.0000000000003169"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"753944","article-title":"Impact of pituitary stalk preservation on tumor recurrence\/progression and surgically induced endocrinopathy after endoscopic endonasal resection of suprasellar craniopharyngiomas","volume":"12","author":"Chen Z","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen Z, Ma Z, He W, Impact of pituitary stalk preservation on tumor recurrence\/progression and surgically induced endocrinopathy after endoscopic endonasal resection of suprasellar craniopharyngiomas. Front Neurol. 2021;12:753944. doi:10.3389\/fneur.2021.753944"},{"issue":"1","key":"b10","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"10215","article-title":"A novel endoscopic classification for craniopharyngioma based on its origin","volume":"8","author":"Tang B","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tang B, Xie SH, Xiao LM, A novel endoscopic classification for craniopharyngioma based on its origin. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):10215. doi:10.1038\/s41598-018-28282-4"},{"issue":"3","key":"b11","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"309","article-title":"Extended endoscopic approaches for midline skull-base lesions","volume":"32","author":"Ceylan S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ceylan S, Koc K, Anik I. Extended endoscopic approaches for midline skull-base lesions. Neurosurg Rev. 2009;32(3):309\u2013319. doi:10.1007\/s10143-009-0201-9"},{"issue":"1","key":"b12","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"137","article-title":"Extended endoscopic transsphenoidal approach infrachiasmatic corridor","volume":"38","author":"Ceylan S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ceylan S, Anik I, Koc K, Cabuk B. Extended endoscopic transsphenoidal approach infrachiasmatic corridor. Neurosurg Rev. 2015;38(1):137\u2013147. doi:10.1007\/s10143-014-0576-0"},{"issue":"6","key":"b13","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg","first-page":"681","article-title":"Operative nuances of capsular dissection techniques and capsule morphology in pituitary adenomas: past 1-year case experiences of a tertiary center","volume":"27","author":"Yilmaz E","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yilmaz E, Uzuner A, Ceylan EC, Operative nuances of capsular dissection techniques and capsule morphology in pituitary adenomas: past 1-year case experiences of a tertiary center. Oper Neurosurg. 2024;27(6):681\u2013689. doi:10.1227\/ons.0000000000001183"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"124459","article-title":"Tailored reconstruction of low- and high-flow cerebrospinal fluid leaks: a single-center, 1-year analysis following 656 endoscopic endonasal surgeries","volume":"203","author":"Emengen A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Emengen A, Gokbel A, Yilmaz E, Tailored reconstruction of low- and high-flow cerebrospinal fluid leaks: a single-center, 1-year analysis following 656 endoscopic endonasal surgeries. World Neurosurg. 2025;203:124459. doi:10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.124459"},{"issue":"3","key":"b15","series-title":"Endocr Rev","first-page":"513","article-title":"Craniopharyngioma","volume":"35","author":"M\u00fcller HL","year":"2014","unstructured":"M\u00fcller HL. Craniopharyngioma. Endocr Rev. 2014;35(3):513\u2013543. doi:10.1210\/er.2013-1115"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"b16","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"3","article-title":"Pediatric craniopharyngiomas: classification and treatment according to the degree of hypothalamic involvement","volume":"106","author":"Puget S","year":"2007","unstructured":"Puget S, Garnett M, Wray A, Pediatric craniopharyngiomas: classification and treatment according to the degree of hypothalamic involvement. J Neurosurg. 2007;106(1 Suppl):3-12. doi:10.3171\/ped.2007.106.1.3"},{"issue":"5","key":"b17","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1350","article-title":"Neurosurgical treatment of craniopharyngioma in adults and children: early and long-term results in a large case series","volume":"114","author":"Mortini P","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mortini P, Losa M, Pozzobon G, Neurosurgical treatment of craniopharyngioma in adults and children: early and long-term results in a large case series. J Neurosurg. 2011;114(5):1350\u20131359. doi:10.3171\/2010.11.JNS10670"},{"issue":"4","key":"b18","series-title":"J Neurol Surg B Skull Base","first-page":"375","article-title":"Evolution of surgical outcomes in endoscopic endonasal resection of craniopharyngiomas","volume":"84","author":"Yu S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yu S, Taghvaei M, Reyes M, Evolution of surgical outcomes in endoscopic endonasal resection of craniopharyngiomas. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2023;84(4):375\u2013383. doi:10.1055\/s-0042-1751291"},{"issue":"4","key":"b19","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1163","article-title":"Preserve or sacrifice the stalk? Endocrinological outcomes, extent of resection, and recurrence rates following endoscopic endonasal resection of craniopharyngiomas","volume":"131","author":"Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez-Rubiano EG","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez-Rubiano EG, Forbes JA, Morgenstern PF, Preserve or sacrifice the stalk? Endocrinological outcomes, extent of resection, and recurrence rates following endoscopic endonasal resection of craniopharyngiomas. J Neurosurg. 2019;131(4):1163\u20131171. doi:10.3171\/2018.6.JNS18901"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Front Immunol","first-page":"753472","article-title":"Pharmacological activation of cGAS for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Garland KM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garland KM, Rosch JC, Carson CS, Pharmacological activation of cGAS for cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol. 2021;12:753472. doi:10.3389\/fimmu.2021.753472"},{"issue":"2","key":"b21","series-title":"Pituitary","first-page":"34","article-title":"Outcomes of endoscopic endonasal surgery for pediatric craniopharyngioma with a focus on morphological preservation of the pituitary stalk and endocrine functions","volume":"28","author":"Kino H","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kino H, Akutsu H, Tanaka S, Outcomes of endoscopic endonasal surgery for pediatric craniopharyngioma with a focus on morphological preservation of the pituitary stalk and endocrine functions. Pituitary. 2025;28(2):34. doi:10.1007\/s11102-025-01506-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"b22","series-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am","first-page":"21","article-title":"Anatomy, physiology, and laboratory evaluation of the pituitary gland","volume":"49","author":"Hong GK","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hong GK, Payne SC, Jane JA Jr. Anatomy, physiology, and laboratory evaluation of the pituitary gland. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2016;49(1):21\u201332. doi:10.1016\/j.otc.2015.09.002"},{"issue":"4-5","key":"b23","series-title":"Acta Histochem","first-page":"355","article-title":"A journey through the pituitary gland: development, structure and function, with emphasis on embryo-foetal and later development","volume":"117","author":"Musumeci G","year":"2015","unstructured":"Musumeci G, Castorina S, Castrogiovanni P, A journey through the pituitary gland: development, structure and function, with emphasis on embryo-foetal and later development. Acta Histochem. 2015;117(4-5):355\u2013366. doi:10.1016\/j.acthis.2015.02.008"},{"issue":"2","key":"b24","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"355","article-title":"Normal pituitary stalk: high-resolution MR imaging at 3T","volume":"31","author":"Satogami N","year":"2010","unstructured":"Satogami N, Miki Y, Koyama T, Kataoka M, Togashi K. Normal pituitary stalk: high-resolution MR imaging at 3T. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010;31(2):355\u2013359. doi:10.3174\/ajnr.A1836"},{"issue":"4","key":"b25","series-title":"Am J Anat","first-page":"441","article-title":"Observations on the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal vasculature in the developing human fetus","volume":"157","author":"Thliveris JA","year":"1980","unstructured":"Thliveris JA, Currie RW. Observations on the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal vasculature in the developing human fetus. Am J Anat. 1980;157(4):441\u2013444. doi:10.1002\/aja.1001570411"},{"issue":"1","key":"b26","series-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am","first-page":"1","article-title":"Normal physiology of hypothalamic pituitary regulation","volume":"37","author":"Sam S","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sam S, Frohman LA. Normal physiology of hypothalamic pituitary regulation. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2008;37(1):1\u201322,vii. doi:10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.10.007"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Endotext","article-title":"The neurohypophysis: endocrinology of vasopressin and oxytocin","author":"Christ-Crain M","year":"2000","unstructured":"Christ-Crain M, Ball S. The neurohypophysis: endocrinology of vasopressin and oxytocin. In: Feingold KR, Adler RA, Ahmed SF, , eds. Endotext. MDText.com; 2000. Accessed April 17, 2026. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK279157\/"},{"issue":"8","key":"b28","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"785","article-title":"Intraventricular craniopharyngiomas: topographical classification and surgical approach selection based on an extensive overview","volume":"146","author":"Pascual JM","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pascual JM, Gonz\u00e1lez-Llanos F, Barrios L, Roda JM. Intraventricular craniopharyngiomas: topographical classification and surgical approach selection based on an extensive overview. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2004;146(8):785\u2013802. doi:10.1007\/s00701-004-0295-3"},{"issue":"8-9","key":"b29","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"628","article-title":"Origin of craniopharyngiomas: implication on the growth pattern","volume":"21","author":"Wang KC","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wang KC, Hong SH, Kim SK, Cho BK. Origin of craniopharyngiomas: implication on the growth pattern. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21(8-9):628\u2013634. doi:10.1007\/s00381-005-1203-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"b30","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"3","article-title":"Total removal of craniopharyngiomas","volume":"73","author":"Ya\u015fargil MG","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ya\u015fargil MG, Curcic M, Kis M, Siegenthaler G, Teddy PJ, Roth P. Total removal of craniopharyngiomas. J Neurosurg. 1990;73(1):3\u201311. doi:10.3171\/jns.1990.73.1.0003"},{"issue":"1","key":"b31","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E6","article-title":"Expanded endonasal approach: fully endoscopic, completely transnasal approach to the middle third of the clivus, petrous bone, middle cranial fossa, and infratemporal fossa","volume":"19","author":"Kassam AB","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kassam AB, Gardner P, Snyderman C, Mintz A, Carrau R. Expanded endonasal approach: fully endoscopic, completely transnasal approach to the middle third of the clivus, petrous bone, middle cranial fossa, and infratemporal fossa. Neurosurg Focus. 2005;19(1):E6. doi:10.3171\/foc.2005.19.1.7"},{"issue":"1","key":"b32","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"3","article-title":"Craniopharyngioma in adults and children: a study of 122 surgical cases","volume":"97","author":"Van Effenterre R","year":"2002","unstructured":"Van Effenterre R, Boch AL. Craniopharyngioma in adults and children: a study of 122 surgical cases. J Neurosurg. 2002;97(1):3\u201311. doi:10.3171\/jns.2002.97.1.0003"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"167","article-title":"Outcome of radical surgical resection for craniopharyngioma with hypothalamic preservation: a single-center retrospective study of 1054 patients","volume":"102","author":"Shi X","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shi X, Zhou Z, Wu B, Outcome of radical surgical resection for craniopharyngioma with hypothalamic preservation: a single-center retrospective study of 1054 patients. World Neurosurg. 2017;102:167\u2013180. doi:10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.02.095"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"162","article-title":"Clinical study on microsurgical treatment for craniopharyngioma in a single consecutive institutional series of 335 patients","volume":"167","author":"Guo F","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guo F, Wang G, Suresh V, Clinical study on microsurgical treatment for craniopharyngioma in a single consecutive institutional series of 335 patients. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2018;167:162\u2013172. doi:10.1016\/j.clineuro.2018.02.034"},{"issue":"3","key":"b35","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"572","article-title":"Adult craniopharyngiomas: surgical results with a special focus on endocrinological outcomes and recurrence according to pituitary stalk preservation","volume":"111","author":"Jung TY","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jung TY, Jung S, Choi JE, Moon KS, Kim IY, Kang SS. Adult craniopharyngiomas: surgical results with a special focus on endocrinological outcomes and recurrence according to pituitary stalk preservation. J Neurosurg. 2009;111(3):572\u2013577. doi:10.3171\/2008.10.JNS0880"},{"issue":"3","key":"b36","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"741","article-title":"Effect of pituitary stalk preservation during craniopharyngioma removal on pituitary function, extent of resection, and recurrence: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"142","author":"Kamaludin AI","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kamaludin AI, Amoo M, Henry J, Reischer G, Javadpour M. Effect of pituitary stalk preservation during craniopharyngioma removal on pituitary function, extent of resection, and recurrence: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosurg. 2025;142(3):741\u2013755. doi:10.3171\/2024.5.JNS232790"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"107","article-title":"Endocrine outcomes of endoscopic versus transcranial resection of craniopharyngiomas: a system review and meta-analysis","volume":"169","author":"Qiao N","year":"2018","unstructured":"Qiao N. Endocrine outcomes of endoscopic versus transcranial resection of craniopharyngiomas: a system review and meta-analysis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2018;169:107\u2013115. doi:10.1016\/j.clineuro.2018.04.009"},{"issue":"1","key":"b38","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"100","article-title":"The endoscopic endonasal approach for the management of craniopharyngiomas: a series of 103 patients","volume":"121","author":"Cavallo LM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cavallo LM, Frank G, Cappabianca P, The endoscopic endonasal approach for the management of craniopharyngiomas: a series of 103 patients. J Neurosurg. 2014;121(1):100\u2013113. doi:10.3171\/2014.3.JNS131521"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"465","article-title":"Clinical outcome after extended endoscopic endonasal resection of craniopharyngiomas: two-institution experience","volume":"103","author":"Park HR","year":"2017","unstructured":"Park HR, Kshettry VR, Farrell CJ, Clinical outcome after extended endoscopic endonasal resection of craniopharyngiomas: two-institution experience. World Neurosurg. 2017;103:465\u2013474. doi:10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.04.047"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"Brain Spine","first-page":"100910","article-title":"Role of endoscopic endonasal approach for craniopharyngiomas extending into the third ventricle in adults","volume":"2","author":"Zoli M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zoli M, Guaraldi F, Zenesini C, Role of endoscopic endonasal approach for craniopharyngiomas extending into the third ventricle in adults. Brain Spine. 2022;2:100910. doi:10.1016\/j.bas.2022.100910"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"737743","article-title":"Endocrine disorder in patients with craniopharyngioma","volume":"12","author":"Zhou Z","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou Z, Zhang S, Hu F. Endocrine disorder in patients with craniopharyngioma. Front Neurol. 2021;12:737743. doi:10.3389\/fneur.2021.737743"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"424","article-title":"Quality of life in craniopharyngioma: a systematic review","volume":"164","author":"Castle-Kirszbaum M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Castle-Kirszbaum M, Shi MDY, Goldschlager T. Quality of life in craniopharyngioma: a systematic review. World Neurosurg. 2022;164:424\u2013435.e2. doi:10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.05.038"},{"issue":"9","key":"b43","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)","first-page":"722","article-title":"Craniopharyngioma in children: long-term outcomes","volume":"55","author":"Steinbok P","year":"2015","unstructured":"Steinbok P. Craniopharyngioma in children: long-term outcomes. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2015;55(9):722\u2013726. doi:10.2176\/nmc.ra.2015-0099"},{"issue":"1","key":"b44","series-title":"Endocrine","first-page":"123","article-title":"Long-term outcomes in patients with adult-onset craniopharyngioma","volume":"78","author":"Dogra P","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dogra P, Bedatsova L, Van Gompel JJ, Giannini C, Donegan DM, Erickson D. Long-term outcomes in patients with adult-onset craniopharyngioma. Endocrine. 2022;78(1):123\u2013134. doi:10.1007\/s12020-022-03134-4"},{"issue":"5","key":"b45","series-title":"Exp Ther Med","first-page":"1055","article-title":"Pituitary stalk management during the microsurgery of craniopharyngiomas","volume":"7","author":"Xiao G","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xiao G, Yuan X, Yuan J, Pituitary stalk management during the microsurgery of craniopharyngiomas. Exp Ther Med. 2014;7(5):1055\u20131064. doi:10.3892\/etm.2014.1561"},{"issue":"12","key":"b1","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"2403","article-title":"Infundibulo-tuberal or not strictly intraventricular craniopharyngioma: evidence for a major topographical category","volume":"153","author":"Pascual JM","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pascual JM, Prieto R, Carrasco R. Infundibulo-tuberal or not strictly intraventricular craniopharyngioma: evidence for a major topographical category. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2011;153(12):2403\u20132426. doi:10.1007\/s00701-011-1149-4"},{"issue":"2","key":"b2","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"329","article-title":"Endoscopic endonasal compared with microscopic transsphenoidal and open transcranial resection of craniopharyngiomas","volume":"77","author":"Komotar RJ","year":"2012","unstructured":"Komotar RJ, Starke RM, Raper DMS, Anand VK, Schwartz TH. Endoscopic endonasal compared with microscopic transsphenoidal and open transcranial resection of craniopharyngiomas. World Neurosurg. 2012;77(2):329\u2013341. doi:10.1016\/j.wneu.2011.07.011"},{"issue":"6","key":"b3","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E5","article-title":"Microscopic versus endoscopic approaches for craniopharyngiomas: choosing the optimal surgical corridor for maximizing extent of resection and complication avoidance using a personalized, tailored approach","volume":"41","author":"Liu JK","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu JK, Sevak IA, Carmel PW, Eloy JA. Microscopic versus endoscopic approaches for craniopharyngiomas: choosing the optimal surgical corridor for maximizing extent of resection and complication avoidance using a personalized, tailored approach. Neurosurg Focus. 2016;41(6):E5. doi:10.3171\/2016.9.FOCUS16284"},{"issue":"5","key":"b4","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"1159","article-title":"Surgical management of craniopharyngiomas in adult patients: a systematic review and consensus statement on behalf of the EANS skull base section","volume":"162","author":"Cossu G","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cossu G, Jouanneau E, Cavallo LM, Surgical management of craniopharyngiomas in adult patients: a systematic review and consensus statement on behalf of the EANS skull base section. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2020;162(5):1159\u20131177. doi:10.1007\/s00701-020-04265-1"},{"issue":"4","key":"b5","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"715","article-title":"Expanded endonasal approach, a fully endoscopic transnasal approach for the resection of midline suprasellar craniopharyngiomas: a new classification based on the infundibulum","volume":"108","author":"Kassam AB","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kassam AB, Gardner PA, Snyderman CH, Carrau RL, Mintz AH, Prevedello DM. Expanded endonasal approach, a fully endoscopic transnasal approach for the resection of midline suprasellar craniopharyngiomas: a new classification based on the infundibulum. J Neurosurg. 2008;108(4):715\u2013728. doi:10.3171\/JNS\/2008\/108\/4\/0715"},{"issue":"3","key":"b6","series-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr","first-page":"223","article-title":"Surgical outcomes and follow-up results of 53 pediatric craniopharyngioma cases: a single-center study","volume":"33","author":"Caklili M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Caklili M, Uzuner A, Yilmaz E, Surgical outcomes and follow-up results of 53 pediatric craniopharyngioma cases: a single-center study. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2024;33(3):223\u2013235. doi:10.3171\/2023.10.PEDS23293"},{"issue":"8","key":"b7","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"2253","article-title":"An endoscopic endonasal approach to craniopharyngioma via the infrachiasmatic corridor: a single center experience of 84 patients","volume":"163","author":"Ceylan S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ceylan S, Caklili M, Emengen A, An endoscopic endonasal approach to craniopharyngioma via the infrachiasmatic corridor: a single center experience of 84 patients. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2021;163(8):2253\u20132268. doi:10.1007\/s00701-021-04832-0"},{"issue":"4","key":"b8","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"725","article-title":"Is it justified to sacrifice the pituitary stalk during craniopharyngioma surgery? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"96","author":"Elbaroody M","year":"2025","unstructured":"Elbaroody M, Dokhan M, Kassay A, Is it justified to sacrifice the pituitary stalk during craniopharyngioma surgery? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosurgery. 2025;96(4):725\u2013733. doi:10.1227\/neu.0000000000003169"},{"key":"b9","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"753944","article-title":"Impact of pituitary stalk preservation on tumor recurrence\/progression and surgically induced endocrinopathy after endoscopic endonasal resection of suprasellar craniopharyngiomas","volume":"12","author":"Chen Z","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen Z, Ma Z, He W, Impact of pituitary stalk preservation on tumor recurrence\/progression and surgically induced endocrinopathy after endoscopic endonasal resection of suprasellar craniopharyngiomas. Front Neurol. 2021;12:753944. doi:10.3389\/fneur.2021.753944"},{"issue":"1","key":"b10","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"10215","article-title":"A novel endoscopic classification for craniopharyngioma based on its origin","volume":"8","author":"Tang B","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tang B, Xie SH, Xiao LM, A novel endoscopic classification for craniopharyngioma based on its origin. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):10215. doi:10.1038\/s41598-018-28282-4"},{"issue":"3","key":"b11","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"309","article-title":"Extended endoscopic approaches for midline skull-base lesions","volume":"32","author":"Ceylan S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ceylan S, Koc K, Anik I. Extended endoscopic approaches for midline skull-base lesions. Neurosurg Rev. 2009;32(3):309\u2013319. doi:10.1007\/s10143-009-0201-9"},{"issue":"1","key":"b12","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"137","article-title":"Extended endoscopic transsphenoidal approach infrachiasmatic corridor","volume":"38","author":"Ceylan S","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ceylan S, Anik I, Koc K, Cabuk B. Extended endoscopic transsphenoidal approach infrachiasmatic corridor. Neurosurg Rev. 2015;38(1):137\u2013147. doi:10.1007\/s10143-014-0576-0"},{"issue":"6","key":"b13","series-title":"Oper Neurosurg","first-page":"681","article-title":"Operative nuances of capsular dissection techniques and capsule morphology in pituitary adenomas: past 1-year case experiences of a tertiary center","volume":"27","author":"Yilmaz E","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yilmaz E, Uzuner A, Ceylan EC, Operative nuances of capsular dissection techniques and capsule morphology in pituitary adenomas: past 1-year case experiences of a tertiary center. Oper Neurosurg. 2024;27(6):681\u2013689. doi:10.1227\/ons.0000000000001183"},{"key":"b14","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"124459","article-title":"Tailored reconstruction of low- and high-flow cerebrospinal fluid leaks: a single-center, 1-year analysis following 656 endoscopic endonasal surgeries","volume":"203","author":"Emengen A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Emengen A, Gokbel A, Yilmaz E, Tailored reconstruction of low- and high-flow cerebrospinal fluid leaks: a single-center, 1-year analysis following 656 endoscopic endonasal surgeries. World Neurosurg. 2025;203:124459. doi:10.1016\/j.wneu.2025.124459"},{"issue":"3","key":"b15","series-title":"Endocr Rev","first-page":"513","article-title":"Craniopharyngioma","volume":"35","author":"M\u00fcller HL","year":"2014","unstructured":"M\u00fcller HL. Craniopharyngioma. Endocr Rev. 2014;35(3):513\u2013543. doi:10.1210\/er.2013-1115"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"b16","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"3","article-title":"Pediatric craniopharyngiomas: classification and treatment according to the degree of hypothalamic involvement","volume":"106","author":"Puget S","year":"2007","unstructured":"Puget S, Garnett M, Wray A, Pediatric craniopharyngiomas: classification and treatment according to the degree of hypothalamic involvement. J Neurosurg. 2007;106(1 Suppl):3-12. doi:10.3171\/ped.2007.106.1.3"},{"issue":"5","key":"b17","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1350","article-title":"Neurosurgical treatment of craniopharyngioma in adults and children: early and long-term results in a large case series","volume":"114","author":"Mortini P","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mortini P, Losa M, Pozzobon G, Neurosurgical treatment of craniopharyngioma in adults and children: early and long-term results in a large case series. J Neurosurg. 2011;114(5):1350\u20131359. doi:10.3171\/2010.11.JNS10670"},{"issue":"4","key":"b18","series-title":"J Neurol Surg B Skull Base","first-page":"375","article-title":"Evolution of surgical outcomes in endoscopic endonasal resection of craniopharyngiomas","volume":"84","author":"Yu S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yu S, Taghvaei M, Reyes M, Evolution of surgical outcomes in endoscopic endonasal resection of craniopharyngiomas. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2023;84(4):375\u2013383. doi:10.1055\/s-0042-1751291"},{"issue":"4","key":"b19","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1163","article-title":"Preserve or sacrifice the stalk? Endocrinological outcomes, extent of resection, and recurrence rates following endoscopic endonasal resection of craniopharyngiomas","volume":"131","author":"Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez-Rubiano EG","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez-Rubiano EG, Forbes JA, Morgenstern PF, Preserve or sacrifice the stalk? Endocrinological outcomes, extent of resection, and recurrence rates following endoscopic endonasal resection of craniopharyngiomas. J Neurosurg. 2019;131(4):1163\u20131171. doi:10.3171\/2018.6.JNS18901"},{"key":"b20","series-title":"Front Immunol","first-page":"753472","article-title":"Pharmacological activation of cGAS for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"12","author":"Garland KM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garland KM, Rosch JC, Carson CS, Pharmacological activation of cGAS for cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol. 2021;12:753472. doi:10.3389\/fimmu.2021.753472"},{"issue":"2","key":"b21","series-title":"Pituitary","first-page":"34","article-title":"Outcomes of endoscopic endonasal surgery for pediatric craniopharyngioma with a focus on morphological preservation of the pituitary stalk and endocrine functions","volume":"28","author":"Kino H","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kino H, Akutsu H, Tanaka S, Outcomes of endoscopic endonasal surgery for pediatric craniopharyngioma with a focus on morphological preservation of the pituitary stalk and endocrine functions. Pituitary. 2025;28(2):34. doi:10.1007\/s11102-025-01506-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"b22","series-title":"Otolaryngol Clin North Am","first-page":"21","article-title":"Anatomy, physiology, and laboratory evaluation of the pituitary gland","volume":"49","author":"Hong GK","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hong GK, Payne SC, Jane JA Jr. Anatomy, physiology, and laboratory evaluation of the pituitary gland. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2016;49(1):21\u201332. doi:10.1016\/j.otc.2015.09.002"},{"issue":"4-5","key":"b23","series-title":"Acta Histochem","first-page":"355","article-title":"A journey through the pituitary gland: development, structure and function, with emphasis on embryo-foetal and later development","volume":"117","author":"Musumeci G","year":"2015","unstructured":"Musumeci G, Castorina S, Castrogiovanni P, A journey through the pituitary gland: development, structure and function, with emphasis on embryo-foetal and later development. Acta Histochem. 2015;117(4-5):355\u2013366. doi:10.1016\/j.acthis.2015.02.008"},{"issue":"2","key":"b24","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"355","article-title":"Normal pituitary stalk: high-resolution MR imaging at 3T","volume":"31","author":"Satogami N","year":"2010","unstructured":"Satogami N, Miki Y, Koyama T, Kataoka M, Togashi K. Normal pituitary stalk: high-resolution MR imaging at 3T. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010;31(2):355\u2013359. doi:10.3174\/ajnr.A1836"},{"issue":"4","key":"b25","series-title":"Am J Anat","first-page":"441","article-title":"Observations on the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal vasculature in the developing human fetus","volume":"157","author":"Thliveris JA","year":"1980","unstructured":"Thliveris JA, Currie RW. Observations on the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal vasculature in the developing human fetus. Am J Anat. 1980;157(4):441\u2013444. doi:10.1002\/aja.1001570411"},{"issue":"1","key":"b26","series-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am","first-page":"1","article-title":"Normal physiology of hypothalamic pituitary regulation","volume":"37","author":"Sam S","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sam S, Frohman LA. Normal physiology of hypothalamic pituitary regulation. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2008;37(1):1\u201322,vii. doi:10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.10.007"},{"key":"b27","series-title":"Endotext","article-title":"The neurohypophysis: endocrinology of vasopressin and oxytocin","author":"Christ-Crain M","year":"2000","unstructured":"Christ-Crain M, Ball S. The neurohypophysis: endocrinology of vasopressin and oxytocin. In: Feingold KR, Adler RA, Ahmed SF, , eds. Endotext. MDText.com; 2000. Accessed April 17, 2026. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK279157\/"},{"issue":"8","key":"b28","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","first-page":"785","article-title":"Intraventricular craniopharyngiomas: topographical classification and surgical approach selection based on an extensive overview","volume":"146","author":"Pascual JM","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pascual JM, Gonz\u00e1lez-Llanos F, Barrios L, Roda JM. Intraventricular craniopharyngiomas: topographical classification and surgical approach selection based on an extensive overview. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2004;146(8):785\u2013802. doi:10.1007\/s00701-004-0295-3"},{"issue":"8-9","key":"b29","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","first-page":"628","article-title":"Origin of craniopharyngiomas: implication on the growth pattern","volume":"21","author":"Wang KC","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wang KC, Hong SH, Kim SK, Cho BK. Origin of craniopharyngiomas: implication on the growth pattern. Childs Nerv Syst. 2005;21(8-9):628\u2013634. doi:10.1007\/s00381-005-1203-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"b30","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"3","article-title":"Total removal of craniopharyngiomas","volume":"73","author":"Ya\u015fargil MG","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ya\u015fargil MG, Curcic M, Kis M, Siegenthaler G, Teddy PJ, Roth P. Total removal of craniopharyngiomas. J Neurosurg. 1990;73(1):3\u201311. doi:10.3171\/jns.1990.73.1.0003"},{"issue":"1","key":"b31","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E6","article-title":"Expanded endonasal approach: fully endoscopic, completely transnasal approach to the middle third of the clivus, petrous bone, middle cranial fossa, and infratemporal fossa","volume":"19","author":"Kassam AB","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kassam AB, Gardner P, Snyderman C, Mintz A, Carrau R. Expanded endonasal approach: fully endoscopic, completely transnasal approach to the middle third of the clivus, petrous bone, middle cranial fossa, and infratemporal fossa. Neurosurg Focus. 2005;19(1):E6. doi:10.3171\/foc.2005.19.1.7"},{"issue":"1","key":"b32","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"3","article-title":"Craniopharyngioma in adults and children: a study of 122 surgical cases","volume":"97","author":"Van Effenterre R","year":"2002","unstructured":"Van Effenterre R, Boch AL. Craniopharyngioma in adults and children: a study of 122 surgical cases. J Neurosurg. 2002;97(1):3\u201311. doi:10.3171\/jns.2002.97.1.0003"},{"key":"b33","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"167","article-title":"Outcome of radical surgical resection for craniopharyngioma with hypothalamic preservation: a single-center retrospective study of 1054 patients","volume":"102","author":"Shi X","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shi X, Zhou Z, Wu B, Outcome of radical surgical resection for craniopharyngioma with hypothalamic preservation: a single-center retrospective study of 1054 patients. World Neurosurg. 2017;102:167\u2013180. doi:10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.02.095"},{"key":"b34","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"162","article-title":"Clinical study on microsurgical treatment for craniopharyngioma in a single consecutive institutional series of 335 patients","volume":"167","author":"Guo F","year":"2018","unstructured":"Guo F, Wang G, Suresh V, Clinical study on microsurgical treatment for craniopharyngioma in a single consecutive institutional series of 335 patients. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2018;167:162\u2013172. doi:10.1016\/j.clineuro.2018.02.034"},{"issue":"3","key":"b35","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"572","article-title":"Adult craniopharyngiomas: surgical results with a special focus on endocrinological outcomes and recurrence according to pituitary stalk preservation","volume":"111","author":"Jung TY","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jung TY, Jung S, Choi JE, Moon KS, Kim IY, Kang SS. Adult craniopharyngiomas: surgical results with a special focus on endocrinological outcomes and recurrence according to pituitary stalk preservation. J Neurosurg. 2009;111(3):572\u2013577. doi:10.3171\/2008.10.JNS0880"},{"issue":"3","key":"b36","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"741","article-title":"Effect of pituitary stalk preservation during craniopharyngioma removal on pituitary function, extent of resection, and recurrence: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"142","author":"Kamaludin AI","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kamaludin AI, Amoo M, Henry J, Reischer G, Javadpour M. Effect of pituitary stalk preservation during craniopharyngioma removal on pituitary function, extent of resection, and recurrence: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurosurg. 2025;142(3):741\u2013755. doi:10.3171\/2024.5.JNS232790"},{"key":"b37","series-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg","first-page":"107","article-title":"Endocrine outcomes of endoscopic versus transcranial resection of craniopharyngiomas: a system review and meta-analysis","volume":"169","author":"Qiao N","year":"2018","unstructured":"Qiao N. Endocrine outcomes of endoscopic versus transcranial resection of craniopharyngiomas: a system review and meta-analysis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2018;169:107\u2013115. doi:10.1016\/j.clineuro.2018.04.009"},{"issue":"1","key":"b38","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"100","article-title":"The endoscopic endonasal approach for the management of craniopharyngiomas: a series of 103 patients","volume":"121","author":"Cavallo LM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cavallo LM, Frank G, Cappabianca P, The endoscopic endonasal approach for the management of craniopharyngiomas: a series of 103 patients. J Neurosurg. 2014;121(1):100\u2013113. doi:10.3171\/2014.3.JNS131521"},{"key":"b39","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"465","article-title":"Clinical outcome after extended endoscopic endonasal resection of craniopharyngiomas: two-institution experience","volume":"103","author":"Park HR","year":"2017","unstructured":"Park HR, Kshettry VR, Farrell CJ, Clinical outcome after extended endoscopic endonasal resection of craniopharyngiomas: two-institution experience. World Neurosurg. 2017;103:465\u2013474. doi:10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.04.047"},{"key":"b40","series-title":"Brain Spine","first-page":"100910","article-title":"Role of endoscopic endonasal approach for craniopharyngiomas extending into the third ventricle in adults","volume":"2","author":"Zoli M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zoli M, Guaraldi F, Zenesini C, Role of endoscopic endonasal approach for craniopharyngiomas extending into the third ventricle in adults. Brain Spine. 2022;2:100910. doi:10.1016\/j.bas.2022.100910"},{"key":"b41","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"737743","article-title":"Endocrine disorder in patients with craniopharyngioma","volume":"12","author":"Zhou Z","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou Z, Zhang S, Hu F. Endocrine disorder in patients with craniopharyngioma. Front Neurol. 2021;12:737743. doi:10.3389\/fneur.2021.737743"},{"key":"b42","series-title":"World Neurosurg","first-page":"424","article-title":"Quality of life in craniopharyngioma: a systematic review","volume":"164","author":"Castle-Kirszbaum M","year":"2022","unstructured":"Castle-Kirszbaum M, Shi MDY, Goldschlager T. Quality of life in craniopharyngioma: a systematic review. World Neurosurg. 2022;164:424\u2013435.e2. doi:10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.05.038"},{"issue":"9","key":"b43","series-title":"Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo)","first-page":"722","article-title":"Craniopharyngioma in children: long-term outcomes","volume":"55","author":"Steinbok P","year":"2015","unstructured":"Steinbok P. Craniopharyngioma in children: long-term outcomes. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2015;55(9):722\u2013726. doi:10.2176\/nmc.ra.2015-0099"},{"issue":"1","key":"b44","series-title":"Endocrine","first-page":"123","article-title":"Long-term outcomes in patients with adult-onset craniopharyngioma","volume":"78","author":"Dogra P","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dogra P, Bedatsova L, Van Gompel JJ, Giannini C, Donegan DM, Erickson D. Long-term outcomes in patients with adult-onset craniopharyngioma. Endocrine. 2022;78(1):123\u2013134. doi:10.1007\/s12020-022-03134-4"},{"issue":"5","key":"b45","series-title":"Exp Ther Med","first-page":"1055","article-title":"Pituitary stalk management during the microsurgery of craniopharyngiomas","volume":"7","author":"Xiao G","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xiao G, Yuan X, Yuan J, Pituitary stalk management during the microsurgery of craniopharyngiomas. Exp Ther Med. 2014;7(5):1055\u20131064. doi:10.3892\/etm.2014.1561"}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Focus"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/60\/6\/article-pE2.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/60\/6\/article-pE2.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/60\/6\/article-pE2.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T00:00:36Z","timestamp":1780444836000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/neurosurg-focus\/60\/6\/article-pE2.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2026.2.focus251166","relation":{},"ISSN":["1092-0684"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1092-0684","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]}}}