{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T15:26:48Z","timestamp":1793978808728,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Dr. Salom\u00f3n Hakim (1922\u20132011), a Colombian physician of Lebanese descent, is widely known for leading a paradigm shift in neurosurgery. In a landmark contribution to neurological medicine, he was the first to identify and characterize a previously unrecognized clinical entity now known as normal pressure hydrocephalus, or Hakim\u2019s syndrome, marking a pivotal moment in modern understanding of the disease. Dr. Salom\u00f3n Hakim was inspired by his father and, since childhood, increasingly curious about physics and the natural sciences. This curiosity led him to develop abilities that would later contribute to valuable advances in medicine and neurosurgery. His interests through early life were conveyed in what he called the \"world\u2019s largest lab: the human body.\" Through hard work, Dr. Hakim left a legacy and intellectual heritage that has saved and improved thousands of lives. The work herein aims to share unedited and previously unpublished personal and family archives provided by his son, Fernando Hakim, showcasing Dr. Hakim\u2019s valuable contribution to history from the first identified cases of normal pressure hydrocephalus to the creation of Hakim\u2019s valve, as well as its current impact.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2026.2.jns251746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:36Z","timestamp":1784073636000},"page":"1533-1541","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dusting off the personal archives of Salom\u00f3n Hakim: unveiling the mind behind normal pressure hydrocephalus"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"145","author":[{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Ram\u00edrez-Romero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario Fundaci\u00f3n Santa Fe de Bogot\u00e1"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad de la Sabana, Ch\u00eda, Cundinamarca;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Ramos-M\u00e1rquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario Fundaci\u00f3n Santa Fe de Bogot\u00e1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego F.","family":"G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario Fundaci\u00f3n Santa Fe de Bogot\u00e1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan F.","family":"Ram\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario Fundaci\u00f3n Santa Fe de Bogot\u00e1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgar G.","family":"Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez-Rubiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario Fundaci\u00f3n Santa Fe de Bogot\u00e1"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Fundaci\u00f3n Universitaria de Ciencias de la Salud\u2014Hospital de San Jos\u00e9, Bogot\u00e1, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Hakim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario Fundaci\u00f3n Santa Fe de Bogot\u00e1"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"b1","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"117","article-title":"Symptomatic occult hydrocephalus with \"normal\" cerebrospinal-fluid pressure: a treatable syndrome","volume":"273","author":"Adams RD","year":"1965","unstructured":"Adams RD, Fisher CM, Hakim S, Ojemann RG, Sweet WH. Symptomatic occult hydrocephalus with \"normal\" cerebrospinal-fluid pressure: a treatable syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1965;273(3):117\u2013126. doi:10.1056\/NEJM196507152730301"},{"key":"b2","series-title":"Premio Nacional al M\u00e9rito Cient\u00edfico 1993: Salom\u00f3n Hakim Dow","author":"Fog Corradine L","year":"1996","unstructured":"Fog Corradine L. Premio Nacional al M\u00e9rito Cient\u00edfico 1993: Salom\u00f3n Hakim Dow. Asociaci\u00f3n Colombiana para el Avance de la Ciencia; 1996."},{"issue":"1","key":"b3","series-title":"J Med Biogr","first-page":"10","article-title":"Salom\u00f3n Hakim, MD (1922-2011): A honeymoon with neurosurgery","volume":"32","author":"Jaramillo-Vel\u00e1squez D","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jaramillo-Vel\u00e1squez D, Hakim F, Demetriades AK. Salom\u00f3n Hakim, MD (1922-2011): A honeymoon with neurosurgery. J Med Biogr. 2024;32(1):10\u201319. doi:10.1177\/09677720211054025"},{"issue":"10","key":"b4","series-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr","first-page":"746","article-title":"Salom\u00f3n Hakim: the man behind normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"77","author":"Pedro MKF","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pedro MKF, Silva JFCD, Rocha SFBD,  Salom\u00f3n Hakim: the man behind normal pressure hydrocephalus. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2019;77(10):746\u2013748. doi:10.1590\/0004-282X20190096"},{"key":"b5","series-title":"Some Observations on C.S.F. Pressure: Hydrocephalic Syndrome in Adults with \"Normal\" C.S.F. Pressure (Recognition of a new syndrome)","author":"Hakim S","year":"1964","unstructured":"Hakim S. Some Observations on C.S.F. Pressure: Hydrocephalic Syndrome in Adults with \"Normal\" C.S.F. Pressure (Recognition of a new syndrome). Thesis. Javeriana University School of Medicine;1964."},{"issue":"1","key":"b6","series-title":"Pract Neurol","first-page":"15","article-title":"Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: historical context and a contemporary guide","volume":"23","author":"Carswell C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Carswell C. Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: historical context and a contemporary guide. Pract Neurol. 2023;23(1):15\u201322. doi:10.1136\/pn-2021-003291"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"b7","series-title":"Neurosurg Rev","first-page":"67","article-title":"The scientific history of hydrocephalus and its treatment","volume":"22","author":"Aschoff A","year":"1999","unstructured":"Aschoff A, Kremer P, Hashemi B, Kunze S. The scientific history of hydrocephalus and its treatment. 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